Test Bank For International Politics On The World Stage Brief 8th Edition 8th Edition

Test Bank For International Politics on the World Stage, Brief 8th Edition 8th Edition
Test Bank For International Politics on the World

Stage, Brief 8th Edition 8th Edition
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Chapter 6
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of states?
A. sovereignty
B. territory
C. universal suffrage
D. diplomatic recognition
2. A state has sovereignty when it
A. has a territory.
B. has an internal organization.
C. does not recognize as legitimate any higher authority.
D. has independence.
3. In the United Nations, there is a legal equality between states because of the principle of
A. reciprocity.
B. distributive justice.
C. sovereignty.
D. analyticity.
4. ____________ has the smallest population of any state while ________ has the largest population.
A. Luxembourg; India
B. Liechtenstein; China
C. San Marino; Brazil
D. The Holy See (Vatican); China
5. According to some, which state does not have physical borders?
A. Albania
B. Bosnia-Herzegovina
C. Palestine
D. the Holy See
6. Nationals of which state can continue to vote in presidential elections even though they have
emigrated to the United States?
A. Mexico
B. Jamaica
C. Canada
D. Cuba
7. All of the following are true about the conditions surrounding the founding of Israel except
A. the United States recognized the state of Israel.

B. the Soviet Union recognized the state of Israel.
C. most Arab nations considered the new state the result of Zionist invaders.
D. its Arab neighbors immediately granted diplomatic recognition.
8. Israel declared its independence in
A. 1776.
B. 1948.
C. 1980.
D. 1977.
9. Which of the following is not an important reason for states to seek diplomatic recognition?
A. States are the only legal entities that can buy weapons from another state.
B. States are the only legal entities that can sell government bonds.
C. Diplomatic recognition helps states to establish geographic boundaries.
D. It is much easier to establish international trade relations with other states.
10. An example of a state that continues to exist legally in spite of lacking internal organization would be
A. Somalia.
B. Kenya.
C. Puerto Rico.
D. Taiwan.
11. When a state's population grants it the authority to make rules and to govern, the state has
A. sovereignty.
B. legitimacy.
C. nationhood.
D. popularity.
12. Separatist movements challenge which of the following criteria for a state?
A. internal organization
B. diplomatic recognition
C. domestic support
D. population
13. The "state of nature" refers to
A. the way the world is.

B. a condition in which there is no political organization.
C. the ecological health of a given territory.
D. a situation in which each person is treated equally by law.
14. The informal agreement that is forged between citizens and the state is often know as
A. the social contract.

B. the constitution.
C. the state of nature.
D. sovereignty.
15. Hobbes argued that humans abandoned the state of nature for which of the following reasons?
A. To better conquer other peoples

B. To improve life through cooperation
C. Nationalism
D. Life without government is dangerous
16. Locke argued that humans abandoned the state of nature for which of the following reasons?

C. Nationalism
17. Democratic peace theory is the notion that
A. if democracies disband their militaries, war can be eliminated from the world.
B. democracies refuse to go to war.
C. democracies prefer to negotiate, but go to war if necessary.
D. democracies will go to war, but only against authoritarian countries.
18. The instrumental theory of government could be summarized as
A. government is a means to achieve goals for society.

B. government is a source of political identity.
C. government is an instrument of the powerful.
D. government functions like an orchestra with many parts working together.
19. Realists are often concerned about which misuse of power?
A. doing things that are morally objectionable

B. wasting power on marginal goals
C. going against the will of international organizations
D. fighting unprovoked wars
20. Persuading others to follow your lead is known as
A. hard power.
B. relative power.
C. fuzzy power.
D. soft power.
21. Which perspective is most likely to dismiss the concept of soft power?
A. realism
B. liberalism
C. constructivism
D. Marxism
22. An example of absolute power would be a country's
A. economic growth rate.

B. nuclear arsenal.
C. population base.
D. leadership.
23. When scholars evaluate the power capacities of countries in relation to one another they are
examining
A. hard power.
B. soft power.
C. relative power.
D. balance of power.
24. Power is often presented as a zero-sum game. This means that
A. a gain by one actor means a loss by another.

B. nobody can win in the struggle for power.
C. no matter how hard countries try they can not change the distribution of power.
D. power is not real but merely a game.
25. Which powerful country has a limited impact on international politics because it has a limited "will to
power?"
A. China
B. India
C. Russia
D. Japan
26. Many are concerned that the Iraq War has diminished U.S.
A. hard power.
B. soft power.
C. relative power.
D. relational power.
27. Which of the following is not considered part of a country's power assets?
A. Military strength
B. Economic strength
C. Leadership
D. Age
28. Multilateral diplomacy involves
A. conferences involving a number of nations.

B. direct negotiations between two countries.
C. the participation of the UN.
D. the threat of force.
29. The major tensions between the United States and North Korea in recent years have been over which
issue?
A. Trade relations between the two countries

B. North Korea's nuclear program
C. North Korea's support for terrorism
D. The return of prisoners from the Korean War
30. Taiwan, has a curious legal status because
A. it lacks a government.
B. many countries officially consider it to be a part of China.
C. it has declared independence seven different times.
D. it is a territory officially shared by the United States and China.
31. The U.S. toppling of the Taliban in Afghanistan was prompted by the
A. high levels of opium being produced in Afghanistan.

B. development of biological weapons by the Afghan government.
C. September 11 attacks launched by al Qaeda.
D. destruction of ancient Buddhist statues by the Taliban.
32. Which of the following is not a form of authoritarianism?
A. Monarchism
B. Communism
C. Fascism
D. Hard power
33. Prior to the 20th century most diplomacy was
A. public.
B. bilateral.
C. multilateral.
D. parliamentary.
34. Multilateral diplomacy has increased for all of the following reasons except
A. its attractiveness to small states.

B. growing norms of international cooperation through IGOs.
C. technology that makes more frequent contacts possible.
D. the reduction of war in international relations.
35. In 2002, negotiations broke down between U.S. President George W. Bush and German Chancellor
A. Gerhard Schroder
B. Angela Merkel
C. Henry Kissinger
D. Nicolas Sarkozy
36. According to the authors, which of the following is not an advantage of leader-to-leader diplomacy?
A. Face-to-face meetings can have high symbolic value

B. Leaders often make dramatic and surprising progress when negotiating directly.
C. Face-to-face meetings can facilitate further communications between the two countries.
D. Political leaders make statements that cannot be easily retracted.
37. One of the drawbacks to leader-to-leader diplomacy is that
A. travel can place a tremendous strain on leaders.

B. important things rarely happen.
C. they are very expensive.
D. they often creates problems for professional diplomats.
38. Negotiation through debate and voting in IGOs is known as
A. open diplomacy.
B. parliamentary diplomacy.
C. multilateral diplomacy.
D. democratized diplomacy.
39. The infusion of interest groups, legislatures and public opinion into the foreign policy process is
referred to as
A. open diplomacy.
40. The idea that for negotiations to be successful solutions must be acceptable at the international and
domestic level is known as
A. balance-of-power theory.
B. two-level game theory.
C. a zero-sum game.
D. the negotiator's dilemma.
41. U.S. efforts to win votes for a UN Security Council resolution supporting the U.S. invasion of Iraq would
be an example of
A. parliamentary diplomacy.
B. democratized diplomacy.
C. public diplomacy.
D. multilateral diplomacy.
42. A drawback of open diplomacy is that
A. war is more likely.

B. the amount of diplomacy has become excessive.
C. it may be difficult to make concessions in negotiations.
D. nothing ever gets accomplished.
43. An effort to craft an image of one's country to project to the world is known as
A. open diplomacy.
B. democratic diplomacy.
C. image diplomacy.
D. public diplomacy.
44. Indirect negotiations are often used when
A. countries do not want to legitimize another country through direct contact.

B. countries do not have the resources to establish a permanent embassy.
C. countries have little to talk about.
D. two countries are at war.
45. An advantage of low-level diplomacy is that
A. states can float "trial balloons" by testing out new policies.

B. countries are more likely to pay attention to professional diplomats than heads of state.
C. because-low level officials cannot change policy they have a strong negotiating position.
D. there are rarely miscommunications.
46. A potential drawback to the use of coercive diplomacy is that
A. it is rarely effective.
B. countries may have to follow through on their threats.
C. it makes it impossible to use incentives.
D. states often are unaware of threats being made against them.
47. According to the authors, minimizing a dispute means to
A. frame an issue narrowly, avoiding overreactions and distraction from other issues on the agenda.
B. invoke images of national survival or world peace.
C. put an issue before the UN or other IGO to avoid media attention.
D. limit a leaders access to information on an issue.
48. When states attempt to frame an issue as a core principle, then they are attempting to
A. maximize the issue.

B. centralize the issue.
C. legitimize the issue.
D. downplay the issue.
49. Since the middle of the 20th century the number of states has
A. remained constant.
B. increased slightly.
C. doubled.
D. decreased slightly.
50. In what way has sovereignty changed in the recent past?
A. strengthened a great deal

B. gradually strengthened
C. gradually eroded
D. eroded a great deal
51. Which of the following is not an example of sovereignty weakening?
A. NATO's attack on Yugoslavia to stop the attacks on Kosovar Albanians.

B. The trial of former Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic at the International Criminal Court.
C. The demands of the UN secretary-general that Sudan halt its massacre of people in Darfur.
D. the nationalist demand for Kurdish independence from Turkey
52. Of people killed in wars over the last 500 years, the 20th century has seen
A. the vast majority of the combat deaths.

B. a slightly higher portion of combat deaths.
C. a slightly diminished portion of combat deaths.
D. only a relative handful of battle related deaths.
53. Which of the following is not a major purpose of sates?
A. Providing physical safety

B. Providing economic prosperity
C. Providing international prosperity
D. Providing for the general welfare
54. Disease transmission is increasingly becoming a global rather than national issue because
A. people travel across borders faster and more frequently.

B. most states do not have effective health systems.
C. diseases are mutating as a result of pollution.
D. states simply do not care about the issue.
55. A common criticism of the national interest as a guide for foreign policy is that
A. it is too concerned with the common good.

B. it makes states too cautious about engaging in war.
C. there is no objective national interest.
D. it is hard to get people to support something that is in the national interest.
56. The dominant political class within a country is known as the
A. political party.
B. power elite.
C. management gurus.
D. activists.
57. One argument that states are destructive rests on their tendency to kill their own citizens. How many
people, according to one estimate, have died as a result of tyranny and genocide?
A. 800,000
B. 8 million
C. 80 million
D. 800 million
58. Which of the following is not cited as a reason that states are destructive?
A. states kill their own citizens

B. states pursing their own interests leads to conflict
C. states are unstable
D. states often harm their own economies through over taxation.
59. Scholars predict the demise of the state for all of the following reasons except that the state is
A. too destructive.
B. too limited.
C. too powerful.
D. no longer functional.
60. When asked about the future of the sovereign state as a mode of political organization, most political
scientists
A. recognize not only the decline of the state, but are reasonably certain that it will be displaced by a
new mode of political organization sometime in the 21st century.
B. recognize the decline of the state, but do not predict its demise in the foreseeable future.
C. dismiss claims on the decline of the state as belonging to a small minority of scholars.
D. dismiss claims on the decline of the state and assert that, to the contrary, the state has only grown
stronger in recent years.
61. The most important political characteristic of a state is territory.
True False
62. Sometimes a small country, though sovereign, is so dominated by a powerful neighbor that its
independence is questionable.
True False
63. San Marino is a member of the United Nations.
True False
64. Idealists see power as a zero-sum game.
True False
65. Power is a relatively easy concept to define and measure
True False
66. A zero-sum gain in power by one state inevitably means a loss by another state.
True False
67. A state's power depends in part on the situation and context in which the power is being applied.
True False
68. Today multilateral diplomacy is more common than it was several hundred years ago.
True False
69. Leader-to-leader diplomacy rarely accomplishes anything because it involves only low-level officials.
True False
70. Political executives are generally the only political actors shaping foreign policy.
True False
71. The politics that occur within IGOs are sometimes referred to as parliamentary diplomacy.
True False
72. Crafting a positive public image of a state is an important part of modern diplomacy.
True False
73. A major disadvantage of low level diplomacy is that it often closes off options and results in inflexible
positions.
True False
74. One reason states are increasingly seen as obsolete is that many problems require coordinated
international efforts to solve.
True False
75. The future of the state as a mode of political organization is well-known.
True False
76. What is a state?

77. What are the six characteristics that define a state?
78. Describe the motivations put forward by Locke and Hobbes for the creation of governments.
79. What does it mean for a state to be "sovereign"?
80. What is the difference between hard and soft power?

81. Identify four sources of state power.
82. Why has multilateral diplomacy increased?
83. How has the democratization of diplomacy affected the power of political executives to make foreign
policy?
84. What does it mean for negotiations to be a "two-level game?"

85. When might it be useful for diplomats to remain vague?
86. How might a diplomat "maximize" an issue?
87. Why do realists tend to place great emphasis on the concept of national interest?
88. List three arguments that some scholars use against an emphasis on national interest.
89. Briefly explain the two alternatives to national interest.
90. List three reasons why states are likely to remain the major political units of the international system.
91. Discuss how the criteria for a state are somewhat flexible. Cite examples.
92. Explain the instrumental theory of government and reflect upon how Locke and Hobbes would have
seen the purpose of the state.
93. Attempt to rank the five most powerful states in the international system. Justify your ranking
according to the concepts presented in the text.
94. What are the characteristics of modern diplomacy? What has driven this change in the art of
diplomacy?
95. Leader-to-leader diplomacy has become increasingly common. What are the advantages of this type of
diplomacy? What are the drawbacks?
96. What is meant by the "democratization of diplomacy?" How does the democratization of diplomacy
affect negotiations?
97. What is public diplomacy (give examples)? How does public diplomacy relate to a state's power?
98. What diplomatic maneuvers can be used to make a strong stand on an issue?
99. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of using national interest as a standard of conduct. In your
opinion, which type of interest should drive foreign policy? Why?
100. Scholars continue to argue about the future role of states. What is your prediction? Be sure to include
the various arguments and offer examples.
Chapter 6 Key
1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of states?

(p. 132)
A. sovereignty
B. territory
C. universal suffrage
D. diplomatic recognition
Boyer - Chapter 06 #1
2. A state has sovereignty when it

(p. 132)
A. has a territory.
B. has an internal organization.
C. does not recognize as legitimate any higher authority.
D. has independence.
3. In the United Nations, there is a legal equality between states because of the principle of
(p. 132)
A. reciprocity.
B. distributive justice.
C. sovereignty.
D. analyticity.
4. ____________ has the smallest population of any state while ________ has the largest population.
(p. 133)
A. Luxembourg; India
B. Liechtenstein; China
C. San Marino; Brazil
D. The Holy See (Vatican); China
5. According to some, which state does not have physical borders?
(p. 133)
A. Albania
B. Bosnia-Herzegovina
C. Palestine
D. the Holy See
6. Nationals of which state can continue to vote in presidential elections even though they have
(p. 134) emigrated to the United States?
A. Mexico
B. Jamaica
C. Canada
D. Cuba
7. All of the following are true about the conditions surrounding the founding of Israel except
(p. 134)
A. the United States recognized the state of Israel.

B. the Soviet Union recognized the state of Israel.
C. most Arab nations considered the new state the result of Zionist invaders.
D. its Arab neighbors immediately granted diplomatic recognition.
8. Israel declared its independence in

(p. 134)
A. 1776.
B. 1948.
C. 1980.
D. 1977.
9. Which of the following is not an important reason for states to seek diplomatic recognition?
(p. 134)
A. States are the only legal entities that can buy weapons from another state.
B. States are the only legal entities that can sell government bonds.
C. Diplomatic recognition helps states to establish geographic boundaries.
D. It is much easier to establish international trade relations with other states.
10. An example of a state that continues to exist legally in spite of lacking internal organization would
(p. 135) be
A. Somalia.
B. Kenya.
C. Puerto Rico.
D. Taiwan.
11. When a state's population grants it the authority to make rules and to govern, the state has
(p. 136)
A. sovereignty.
B. legitimacy.
C. nationhood.
D. popularity.
12. Separatist movements challenge which of the following criteria for a state?
(p. 136)
A. internal organization
B. diplomatic recognition
C. domestic support
D. population

13. The "state of nature" refers to
(p. 136)
A. the way the world is.

B. a condition in which there is no political organization.
C. the ecological health of a given territory.
D. a situation in which each person is treated equally by law.
14. The informal agreement that is forged between citizens and the state is often know as
(p. 136)
A. the social contract.

B. the constitution.
C. the state of nature.
D. sovereignty.
15. Hobbes argued that humans abandoned the state of nature for which of the following reasons?
(p. 136)

C. Nationalism
16. Locke argued that humans abandoned the state of nature for which of the following reasons?
(p. 136)

C. Nationalism

17. Democratic peace theory is the notion that
(p. 140)
A. if democracies disband their militaries, war can be eliminated from the world.
B. democracies refuse to go to war.
C. democracies prefer to negotiate, but go to war if necessary.
D. democracies will go to war, but only against authoritarian countries.
18. The instrumental theory of government could be summarized as

(p. 137)
A. government is a means to achieve goals for society.

B. government is a source of political identity.
C. government is an instrument of the powerful.
D. government functions like an orchestra with many parts working together.
19. Realists are often concerned about which misuse of power?

(p. 142)
A. doing things that are morally objectionable

B. wasting power on marginal goals
C. going against the will of international organizations
D. fighting unprovoked wars
20. Persuading others to follow your lead is known as

(p. 142-
143)
A. hard power.
B. relative power.
C. fuzzy power.
D. soft power.

21. Which perspective is most likely to dismiss the concept of soft power?
(p. 143)
A. realism
B. liberalism
C. constructivism
D. Marxism
22. An example of absolute power would be a country's

(p. 144)
A. economic growth rate.

B. nuclear arsenal.
C. population base.
D. leadership.
23. When scholars evaluate the power capacities of countries in relation to one another they are
(p. 144) examining
A. hard power.
B. soft power.
C. relative power.
D. balance of power.
24. Power is often presented as a zero-sum game. This means that

(p. 144)
A. a gain by one actor means a loss by another.

B. nobody can win in the struggle for power.
C. no matter how hard countries try they can not change the distribution of power.
D. power is not real but merely a game.

25. Which powerful country has a limited impact on international politics because it has a limited "will to
(p. 145) power?"
A. China
B. India
C. Russia
D. Japan
26. Many are concerned that the Iraq War has diminished U.S.
(p. 143)
A. hard power.
B. soft power.
C. relative power.
D. relational power.
27. Which of the following is not considered part of a country's power assets?
(p. 144)
A. Military strength
B. Economic strength
C. Leadership
D. Age
28. Multilateral diplomacy involves

(p. 147)
A. conferences involving a number of nations.

B. direct negotiations between two countries.
C. the participation of the UN.
D. the threat of force.

29. The major tensions between the United States and North Korea in recent years have been over
(p. 147- which issue?
148)
A. Trade relations between the two countries

B. North Korea's nuclear program
C. North Korea's support for terrorism
D. The return of prisoners from the Korean War
30. Taiwan, has a curious legal status because

(p. 134)
A. it lacks a government.
B. many countries officially consider it to be a part of China.
C. it has declared independence seven different times.
D. it is a territory officially shared by the United States and China.
31. The U.S. toppling of the Taliban in Afghanistan was prompted by the
(p. 151)
A. high levels of opium being produced in Afghanistan.

B. development of biological weapons by the Afghan government.
C. September 11 attacks launched by al Qaeda.
D. destruction of ancient Buddhist statues by the Taliban.
32. Which of the following is not a form of authoritarianism?

(p. 138)
A. Monarchism
B. Communism
C. Fascism
D. Hard power

33. Prior to the 20th century most diplomacy was
(p. 147)
A. public.
B. bilateral.
C. multilateral.
D. parliamentary.
34. Multilateral diplomacy has increased for all of the following reasons except
(p. 147)
A. its attractiveness to small states.

B. growing norms of international cooperation through IGOs.
C. technology that makes more frequent contacts possible.
D. the reduction of war in international relations.
35. In 2002, negotiations broke down between U.S. President George W. Bush and German Chancellor
(p. 149)
A. Gerhard Schroder
B. Angela Merkel
C. Henry Kissinger
D. Nicolas Sarkozy
36. According to the authors, which of the following is not an advantage of leader-to-leader
(p. 149) diplomacy?
A. Face-to-face meetings can have high symbolic value

B. Leaders often make dramatic and surprising progress when negotiating directly.
C. Face-to-face meetings can facilitate further communications between the two countries.
D. Political leaders make statements that cannot be easily retracted.

37. One of the drawbacks to leader-to-leader diplomacy is that
(p. 148-
149)
A. travel can place a tremendous strain on leaders.

B. important things rarely happen.
C. they are very expensive.
D. they often creates problems for professional diplomats.
38. Negotiation through debate and voting in IGOs is known as

(p. 150)
A. open diplomacy.
39. The infusion of interest groups, legislatures and public opinion into the foreign policy process is
(p. 149) referred to as
A. open diplomacy.
40. The idea that for negotiations to be successful solutions must be acceptable at the international
(p. 149) and domestic level is known as
A. balance-of-power theory.
B. two-level game theory.
C. a zero-sum game.
D. the negotiator's dilemma.

41. U.S. efforts to win votes for a UN Security Council resolution supporting the U.S. invasion of Iraq
(p. 150) would be an example of
A. parliamentary diplomacy.
B. democratized diplomacy.
C. public diplomacy.
D. multilateral diplomacy.
42. A drawback of open diplomacy is that

(p. 150)
A. war is more likely.

B. the amount of diplomacy has become excessive.
C. it may be difficult to make concessions in negotiations.
D. nothing ever gets accomplished.
43. An effort to craft an image of one's country to project to the world is known as
(p. 157)
A. open diplomacy.
B. democratic diplomacy.
C. image diplomacy.
D. public diplomacy.
44. Indirect negotiations are often used when

(p. 152)
A. countries do not want to legitimize another country through direct contact.

B. countries do not have the resources to establish a permanent embassy.
C. countries have little to talk about.
D. two countries are at war.

45. An advantage of low-level diplomacy is that
(p. 152-
153)
A. states can float "trial balloons" by testing out new policies.

B. countries are more likely to pay attention to professional diplomats than heads of state.
C. because-low level officials cannot change policy they have a strong negotiating position.
D. there are rarely miscommunications.
46. A potential drawback to the use of coercive diplomacy is that

(p. 153)
A. it is rarely effective.
B. countries may have to follow through on their threats.
C. it makes it impossible to use incentives.
D. states often are unaware of threats being made against them.
47. According to the authors, minimizing a dispute means to

(p. 156)
A. frame an issue narrowly, avoiding overreactions and distraction from other issues on the agenda.
B. invoke images of national survival or world peace.
C. put an issue before the UN or other IGO to avoid media attention.
D. limit a leaders access to information on an issue.
48. When states attempt to frame an issue as a core principle, then they are attempting to
(p. 156)
A. maximize the issue.

B. centralize the issue.
C. legitimize the issue.
D. downplay the issue.

49. Since the middle of the 20th century the number of states has
(p. 159)
A. remained constant.
B. increased slightly.
C. doubled.
D. decreased slightly.
50. In what way has sovereignty changed in the recent past?

(p. 160)
A. strengthened a great deal

B. gradually strengthened
C. gradually eroded
D. eroded a great deal
51. Which of the following is not an example of sovereignty weakening?

(p. 160)
A. NATO's attack on Yugoslavia to stop the attacks on Kosovar Albanians.

B. The trial of former Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic at the International Criminal Court.
C. The demands of the UN secretary-general that Sudan halt its massacre of people in Darfur.
D. the nationalist demand for Kurdish independence from Turkey
52. Of people killed in wars over the last 500 years, the 20th century has seen
(p. 161)
A. the vast majority of the combat deaths.

B. a slightly higher portion of combat deaths.
C. a slightly diminished portion of combat deaths.
D. only a relative handful of battle related deaths.

53. Which of the following is not a major purpose of sates?
(p. 161-
162)
A. Providing physical safety

B. Providing economic prosperity
C. Providing international prosperity
D. Providing for the general welfare
54. Disease transmission is increasingly becoming a global rather than national issue because
(p. 162)
A. people travel across borders faster and more frequently.

B. most states do not have effective health systems.
C. diseases are mutating as a result of pollution.
D. states simply do not care about the issue.
55. A common criticism of the national interest as a guide for foreign policy is that
(p. 162-
163)
A. it is too concerned with the common good.

B. it makes states too cautious about engaging in war.
C. there is no objective national interest.
D. it is hard to get people to support something that is in the national interest.
56. The dominant political class within a country is known as the

(p. 162)
A. political party.
B. power elite.
C. management gurus.
D. activists.

57. One argument that states are destructive rests on their tendency to kill their own citizens. How
(p. 164) many people, according to one estimate, have died as a result of tyranny and genocide?
A. 800,000
B. 8 million
C. 80 million
D. 800 million
58. Which of the following is not cited as a reason that states are destructive?
(p. 163-
164)
A. states kill their own citizens

B. states pursing their own interests leads to conflict
C. states are unstable
D. states often harm their own economies through over taxation.
59. Scholars predict the demise of the state for all of the following reasons except that the state is
(p. 161-
164)
A. too destructive.
B. too limited.
C. too powerful.
D. no longer functional.
60. When asked about the future of the sovereign state as a mode of political organization, most
(p. 166) political scientists
A. recognize not only the decline of the state, but are reasonably certain that it will be displaced by
a new mode of political organization sometime in the 21st century.
B. recognize the decline of the state, but do not predict its demise in the foreseeable future.
C. dismiss claims on the decline of the state as belonging to a small minority of scholars.
D. dismiss claims on the decline of the state and assert that, to the contrary, the state has only
grown stronger in recent years.

61. The most important political characteristic of a state is territory.
(p. 132)
FALSE
62. Sometimes a small country, though sovereign, is so dominated by a powerful neighbor that its
(p. 132) independence is questionable.
TRUE
63. San Marino is a member of the United Nations.

(p. 132)
TRUE
64. Idealists see power as a zero-sum game.

(p. 133)
FALSE
65. Power is a relatively easy concept to define and measure

(p. 141)
FALSE
66. A zero-sum gain in power by one state inevitably means a loss by another state.
(p. 144)
TRUE
67. A state's power depends in part on the situation and context in which the power is being applied.
(p. 145-
146)
TRUE
68. Today multilateral diplomacy is more common than it was several hundred years ago.
(p. 147)
TRUE

69. Leader-to-leader diplomacy rarely accomplishes anything because it involves only low-level
(p. 148) officials.
FALSE
70. Political executives are generally the only political actors shaping foreign policy.
(p. 149)
FALSE
71. The politics that occur within IGOs are sometimes referred to as parliamentary diplomacy.
(p. 150)
TRUE
72. Crafting a positive public image of a state is an important part of modern diplomacy.
(p. 157)
TRUE
73. A major disadvantage of low level diplomacy is that it often closes off options and results in
(p. 152) inflexible positions.
FALSE
74. One reason states are increasingly seen as obsolete is that many problems require coordinated
(p. 160- international efforts to solve.
161)
TRUE
75. The future of the state as a mode of political organization is well-known.

(p. 166)
FALSE

76. What is a state?
A state or country is a tangible sovereign entity. It has territory, population, diplomatic recognition,
internal organization, and domestic support.
77. What are the six characteristics that define a state?
Sovereignty, territory, population, diplomatic recognition, internal organization, domestic support.
78. Describe the motivations put forward by Locke and Hobbes for the creation of governments.
Hobbes believed that people sought security; Locke believed that people sought to create a better
life through cooperation. Nuanced answers might draw on their similarities too.
79. What does it mean for a state to be "sovereign"?
A sovereign is sovereign when it possesses supreme legal authority over a given territory.
Sovereignty also marks an equality between states, as seen in the UN and other IGOs.

80. What is the difference between hard and soft power?
Hard power is the ability to make a state do something. Soft power is the power of attraction, and
provides a positive image.
81. Identify four sources of state power.
Military resources, economic resources, population, domestic infrastructure, image (soft power),
diplomatic skill.
82. Why has multilateral diplomacy increased?
Technology makes communication and travel faster, problems that cannot be solved by one or two
states, growing norms of multilateralism.
83. How has the democratization of diplomacy affected the power of political executives to make
foreign policy?
More actors are involved in the foreign policy process (legislatures, interest groups, public opinion).
This leaves political executives less influential than they once were.

84. What does it mean for negotiations to be a "two-level game?"
For negotiations to be successful a solution must be acceptable to the other country (the
international level) and to the political actors within ones own country (the domestic level).
85. When might it be useful for diplomats to remain vague?
It can "paper over" differences and also leaves the door open for a retreat from a policy position.
86. How might a diplomat "maximize" an issue?
Maximizing an issue usually involves linking it to some core principle. This makes it very hard for a
state to back down on the issue.
87. Why do realists tend to place great emphasis on the concept of national interest?
Realists argue that we live in a Darwinian political world, where states that do not promote their
own interests will become prey for those that do.

88. List three arguments that some scholars use against an emphasis on national interest.
It is subjective, assumes that a common interest exists, leads to conflict and inequity, reflects the
interests of the powerful, and is shortsighted.
89. Briefly explain the two alternatives to national interest.
Global interest: The world would be better served if people defined themselves politically as citizens
of the world along with, or perhaps in place of, their sense of national political identification.
Individual interests: Individuals are concerned with their own welfare and interests, such as political
identification, that may shift from issue to issue.
90. List three reasons why states are likely to remain the major political units of the international
system.
Nationalism remains a strong force, states can adapt to the changing world, there has been an
increase in the number of services demanded from states, sovereignty has always been relative,
states may be the best available form of organization, IGOs have not yet proven effective
governance mechanisms, the national interest can not be set aside.

91. Discuss how the criteria for a state are somewhat flexible. Cite examples.
Sovereignty may be compromised if a weak country is dominated by a strong country (Bhutan by

India or the marshal Islands by the United States). Although territory is important the Palestinian
Authority really does not control territory but is often recognized as a "state." Population may vary
widely. Diplomatic recognition is necessary in the long run but the US did not recognized China until
the 1970s. Internal organization is important but states continue to exist legally even though the
internal governance has collapsed (Somalia).
92. Explain the instrumental theory of government and reflect upon how Locke and Hobbes would have
seen the purpose of the state.
States are instruments to achieve purposes and are legitimate only as long as they achieve these
ends. Although both Locke and Hobbes argued that humans left the "state of nature" and formed
social contracts between individuals and the state, they differed in their explanations for what drove
this process. Locke emphasized that humans could only create a better life through cooperation,
which required government. Hobbes argued that the state of nature was highly dangerous and
states emerged to provide stability and safety.
93. Attempt to rank the five most powerful states in the international system. Justify your ranking
according to the concepts presented in the text.
A good answer will list five countries and reference both specific elements of power (military,
economic, population, image, leadership, and so on). A stronger answer will link these elements of
power to concepts such as soft and hard power, absolute and relative power, subjective and
objective power and will to power.

94. What are the characteristics of modern diplomacy? What has driven this change in the art of
diplomacy?
Emphasis should be placed on technology as enabling more frequent contacts and the proliferation
of states following the collapse of colonialism. Also, the increase in the number of democratic
states has changed diplomacy by interjecting public opinion and legislatures into the foreign policy
process. Strong answers will link these changes to the rise of multilateralism.
95. Leader-to-leader diplomacy has become increasingly common. What are the advantages of this type
of diplomacy? What are the drawbacks?
A good answer will identify the symbolic value of summit meetings as well as their potential for
producing break thoughts. The drawbacks include potential for miscommunication, the
personalization of relations should things go wrong, and the tremendous physical toll travel can take
on leaders. A strong answer will also emphasize the value of forging personal friendships between
leaders and will note the dangers of miscommunication resulting from telephone discussions.
96. What is meant by the "democratization of diplomacy?" How does the democratization of diplomacy
affect negotiations?
Democratized diplomacy bring more actors into the policy process (interest groups, the public,
legislatures). Good answers will note that this constrains political executives. A strong answer will
also link the democratization of diplomacy to two-level game theory.

97. What is public diplomacy (give examples)? How does public diplomacy relate to a state's power?
Public diplomacy involves the crafting of an image that helps a state to achieve its larger goals. This
involves the invocation of symbols and the choreographing of communications. Examples include the
U.S. ad campaigns or radio and TV broadcasts as well as symbolic trips. Strong answers will link this
to the concept of soft power in which a states ability to influence others depends on the
attractiveness of the state as an example.
98. What diplomatic maneuvers can be used to make a strong stand on an issue?
Good answers will identify several different techniques available to states. This might include
maximizing an issue, linking an issue, using high- level diplomacy, and being precise.
99. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of using national interest as a standard of conduct. In your
opinion, which type of interest should drive foreign policy? Why?
Answers should include the realist argument for national interest and list the criticisms. Global and
individual interests should be listed as alternatives. Various arguments are outlined in the text.
Better answers will include the student's own analysis and recommendation.

100. Scholars continue to argue about the future role of states. What is your prediction? Be sure to
include the various arguments and offer examples.
Answers should be based on the arguments in the text regarding the continued existence of the
state. The state is a resilient phenomenon. States are being strengthened as increasingly complex
domestic and international systems create new demands for services. Sovereignty is a relative
principle and a dynamic concept. Sovereign states are more readily defendable than other forms of
political organizations. IGOs have yet to be proven to be effective alternatives to the state. Several
arguments were also made regarding the deteriorating nature of the state: The characteristics that
define states are ambiguous in many ways. Global and individual interests challenge national
interests. IGOs offer a potential means to combat issues like disease and economic support that
states alone cannot provide.

Test Bank For International Politics on the World Stage, Brief 8th Edition 8th Edition
Chapter 6 Summary
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Boyer - Chapter 06 100
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1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of states?

2. A state has sovereignty when it

A. the United States recognized the state of Israel.

8. Israel declared its independence in

13. The "state of nature" refers to

A. the way the world is.

A. the social contract.

A. To better conquer other peoples

A. To better conquer other peoples

17. Democratic peace theory is the notion that

18. The instrumental theory of government could be summarized as

A. government is a means to achieve goals for society.

19. Realists are often concerned about which misuse of power?

A. doing things that are morally objectionable

22. An example of absolute power would be a country's

A. economic growth rate.

24. Power is often presented as a zero-sum game. This means that

A. a gain by one actor means a loss by another.

28. Multilateral diplomacy involves

A. conferences involving a number of nations.

A. Trade relations between the two countries

A. high levels of opium being produced in Afghanistan.

32. Which of the following is not a form of authoritarianism?

33. Prior to the 20th century most diplomacy was

A. its attractiveness to small states.

A. Face-to-face meetings can have high symbolic value

37. One of the drawbacks to leader-to-leader diplomacy is that

A. travel can place a tremendous strain on leaders.

38. Negotiation through debate and voting in IGOs is known as

42. A drawback of open diplomacy is that

A. war is more likely.

44. Indirect negotiations are often used when

A. countries do not want to legitimize another country through direct contact.

A. states can float "trial balloons" by testing out new policies.

46. A potential drawback to the use of coercive diplomacy is that

47. According to the authors, minimizing a dispute means to

A. maximize the issue.

A. strengthened a great deal

51. Which of the following is not an example of sovereignty weakening?

A. NATO's attack on Yugoslavia to stop the attacks on Kosovar Albanians.

A. the vast majority of the combat deaths.

53. Which of the following is not a major purpose of sates?

A. Providing physical safety

A. people travel across borders faster and more frequently.

A. it is too concerned with the common good.

56. The dominant political class within a country is known as the

A. states kill their own citizens

61. The most important political characteristic of a state is territory.

63. San Marino is a member of the United Nations.

64. Idealists see power as a zero-sum game.

65. Power is a relatively easy concept to define and measure

75. The future of the state as a mode of political organization is well-known.

76. What is a state?

79. What does it mean for a state to be "sovereign"?

80. What is the difference between hard and soft power?

82. Why has multilateral diplomacy increased?

84. What does it mean for negotiations to be a "two-level game?"

86. How might a diplomat "maximize" an issue?

1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of states?