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LEMBAR PENGESAHAN

Buku Praktikum Biokimia

Oleh:
Tim Biokimia

Buku ini disusun sebagai pedoman dan acuan dalam pelaksanaan Praktikum di Bagian Biokimia Fakultas
Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan Universitas Jambi Prodi Kedokteran mahasiswa semester 2.

Dinyatakan dapat Digunakan

Disahkan pada tanggal 11 September 2021

Mengetahui,
Ketua Prodi Ketua Bagian

dr. Esa Indah Ayu. M. Biomed dr. Ahmad Syauqy. M. Biomed


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