Test Bank For Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry Seventh Edition

Test Bank For Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry

Seventh Edition

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1. Which molecules or substances contain, or are derived from, fatty acids?
A) beeswax
B) prostaglandins
C) sphingolipids
D) triacylglycerols
E) All of these contain or are derived from fatty acids.

2. Triacylglycerols are composed of:

A) a glycerol backbone.
B) three fatty acids.
C) amide linkages between the fatty acids and the glycerol.
D) both a glycerol backbone and three fatty acids.
E) a glycerol backbone, three fatty acids, and amide linkages between the fatty acids
and the glycerol.

3. Which factor is NOT a consequence of partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils?

A) longer shelf life
B) lower melting temperature
C) reduction of some cis double bonds to single bonds
D) conversion of some cis double bonds to trans double bonds
E) increased risk of cardiovascular disease upon consumption by humans

4. Biological waxes are all:

A) triesters of glycerol and palmitic acid.
B) esters of single fatty acids with long-chain alcohols.
C) triesters of glycerol and three long chain saturated fatty acids.
D) sphingolipids.
E) None of the answers is correct.

5. Which statement is TRUE of lipids?

A) Many contain fatty acids in ester or amide linkage.
B) Most are simply polymers of isoprene.
C) Testosterone is an important sphingolipid found in myelin.
D) They are more soluble in water than in chloroform.
E) They play only passive roles as energy-storage molecules.

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 6. Which statement concerning fatty acids is CORRECT?
A) A fatty acid is the precursor of prostaglandins.
B) Phosphatidic acid is a common fatty acid.
C) Fatty acids all contain one or more double bonds.
D) Fatty acids are a constituent of sterols.
E) Fatty acids are strongly hydrophilic.

7. _____ contain(s) an ether-linked alkyl group.

A) Cerebrosides
B) Gangliosides
C) Phosphatidyl serine
D) Platelet-activating factor
E) Sphingomyelin

8. Sphingosine is NOT a component of:

A) cardiolipin.
B) ceramide.
C) cerebrosides.
D) gangliosides.
E) sphingomyelin.

9. Which statement about membrane lipids is TRUE?

A) Glycerophospholipids are found only in the membranes of plant cells.
B) Glycerophospholipids contain fatty acids linked to glycerol through amide bonds.
C) Lecithin (phosphatidylcholine), which is used as an emulsifier in margarine and
chocolate, is a sphingolipid.
D) Some sphingolipids include oligosaccharides in their structure.
E) Triacylglycerols are the principal components of erythrocyte membranes.

10. Which compound is NOT a glycerophospholipid?

A) phosphatidylcholine
B) phosphatidylethanolamine
C) phosphatidylserine
D) cardiolipin
E) ceramide

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11. Which statement is TRUE of sphingolipids?
A) Cerebrosides and gangliosides are sphingolipids.
B) Phosphatidylcholine is a typical sphingolipid.
C) They always contain glycerol and fatty acids.
D) They contain two esterified fatty acids.
E) They may be charged, but are never amphipathic.

12. A compound containing N-acetylneuraminic acid (sialic acid) is:

A) cardiolipin.
B) ganglioside GM2.
C) phosphatidylcholine.
D) platelet-activating factor.
E) sphingomyelin.

13. Which statement is NOT true?

A) Phospholipase A1 hydrolyzes the fatty acid from the 1-position on the glycerol
backbone.
B) Phospholipase B1 hydrolyzes the fatty acid from the 2-position on the glycerol
backbone.
C) Phospholipase C hydrolyzes the complete phospho-head group from the glycerol
backbone.
D) Phospholipase D hydrolyzes just the head group from the phospho-glycerol
backbone.

14. Which statement about sterols is TRUE?

A) All sterols share a fused-ring structure with four rings.
B) Sterols are found in the membranes of all living cells.
C) Sterols are soluble in water, but less so in organic solvents such as chloroform.
D) Cholesterol is the principal sterol in fungi.
E) The principal sterol of animal cells is ergosterol.

15. Fatty acids are a component of:

A) carotenes.
B) cerebrosides.
C) sterols.
D) vitamin D.
E) vitamin K.

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16. Which statement is NOT true of sterols?
A) Cholesterol is a sterol that is commonly found in mammals.
B) Sterols are commonly found in bacterial membranes.
C) Sterols are more common in plasma membranes than in intracellular membranes
(mitochondria, lysosomes, etc.).
D) Serols are precursors of steroid hormones.
E) Sterols have a structure that includes four fused rings.

17. Which term BEST describes the cholesterol molecule?

A) amphipathic
B) nonpolar, charged
C) nonpolar, uncharged
D) polar, charged
E) polar, uncharged

18. Tay-Sachs disease is the result of a genetic defect in the metabolism of:
A) gangliosides.
B) phosphatidyl ethanolamine.
C) sterols.
D) triacylglycerols.
E) vitamin D.

19. An example of a glycerophospholipid that is involved in cell signaling is:

A) arachidonic acid.
B) ceramide.
C) phosphatidylinositol.
D) testosterone.
E) vitamin A (retinol).

20. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) like aspirin and ibuprofen act by
blocking production of:
A) biological waxes
B) prostaglandins
C) sphingolipids
D) vitamin D
E) None of the answers is correct.

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21. Which vitamin is NOT fat soluble?
A) A
B) C
C) D
D) E
E) K

22. Which vitamin is derived from cholesterol?

A) A
B) B12
C) D
D) E
E) K

23. Identify the molecule(s) derived from sterols.

A) arachidonic acid
B) gangliosides
C) phosphatidylglycerol
D) prostaglandins
E) cortisol

24. Which technique is NOT commonly used to analyze lipid composition?

A) selective extraction using apolar solvents
B) adsorption chromatography
C) x-ray crystallography
D) hydrolysis using enzymes with specificity for certain linkages
E) mass spectroscopy

25. What is the abbreviated nomenclature for octadecanoic acid with two double bonds?
A) 16:1
B) 14:2
C) 18:2
D) 18:0
E) 18:1

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26. Which statement is TRUE about fatty acids?
A) Fatty acids with longer chains have higher melting points.
B) Fatty acids with longer chains have lower solubility in water.
C) Fatty acids with more double bonds have higher melting points.
D) Fatty acids with longer chains have higher melting points and lower solubility in
water.
E) None of the statements is true.

27. What is the abbreviated nomenclature for a 14-carbon omega-3 fatty acid that contains
no other double bonds?
A) 14:1(11)
B) 17:1(14)
C) 14:1(3)
D) 13:1(11)
E) 14:0(11)

28. Humans make which omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid from alpha-linolenic acid
(ALA)?
A) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
B) arachidonic acid (ARA)
C) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
D) both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA)
E) both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

29. Which type of chemical linkage is used to join fatty acids to glycerol?
A) an ether linkage
B) a peptide bond
C) an ester linkage
D) a double bond
E) a peroxide bond

30. Commercial vegetable oils can be converted from liquid forms to solid forms and have
their shelf lives increased due to which process?
A) partial desaturation
B) unsaturation
C) partial hydrogenation
D) hydrolysis
E) complete esterification

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31. Waxes are BEST described as:
A) esters of glycerol and three fatty acids.
B) esters of one long-chain fatty acid and one long-chain alcohol.
C) polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids.
D) esters of two long-chain fatty acids.
E) ethers of glycerol and short-chain alcohols.

32. _____ is NOT a biological use of waxes.

A) Energy storage
B) Lubrication
C) Structure
D) Insulation
E) Waterproofing

33. Human adipocytes contain which enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of
triacylglycerols?
A) glycerase
B) lipase
C) fatase
D) esterase
E) triacylase

34. Which statement BEST describes why lipids typically float on water?
A) Lipids are nonpolar, while water is polar.
B) Lipids have lower specific gravities than water does.
C) Lipids have higher melting temperature than water does.
D) Lipids store more energy than water does.
E) Lipids contain carbon, while water does not.

35. Advantages to using triacylglycerols, rather than polysaccharaides, to store energy

include which reason(s)?
A) The carbon atoms of triacylglycerols are more reduced.
B) Triacylglycerols contain more oxygen than polysaccharides and therefore are more
efficient to oxidize.
C) Since triacylglycerols are hydrophobic, excess water does not need to be stored
along with them.
D) The carbon atoms of triacylglycerols are more reduced, and since triacylglycerols
are hydrophobic, excess water does not need to be stored along with them.
E) Triacylglycerols contain more oxygen than polysaccharides and therefore are more
efficient to oxidize, and since triacylglycerols are hydrophobic, excess water does
not need to be stored along with them.

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36. Which health effect is NOT associated with consumption of trans fats?
A) lowering of HDL cholesterol
B) increased inflammatory response in the body
C) raising of LDL cholesterol
D) increased joint flexibility due to additional membrane fluidity
E) increased risk of heart disease

37. Which molecule is MOST commonly used as a backbone the linkage of three fatty acids
to form fats?
A) glycogen
B) glycerol
C) sphingosine
D) glucose
E) phosphoglycerol

38. Which term BEST describes the polarity of membrane lipids?

A) ambidextrous
B) completely nonpolar
C) amphipathic
D) completely polar
E) amphibolic

39. Which statement describes a distinct difference between membrane lipids in archaea and
membrane lipids in eukarya?
A) Archaeal membrane lipids have alkyl acids that are ether-linked to glycerol at both
ends.
B) Eukaryotic membrane lipids consist of glycerol that is ester-linked to three fatty
acids.
C) Only eukaryotic membrane lipids are amphipathic.
D) Archaeal membrane lipids always contain sphingosine.
E) Eukaryotic membrane lipids always have a phosphate group attached to glycerol.

40. Which compound is NOT a type of membrane lipid?

A) sphingolipid
B) glycerophospholipid
C) sulfolipid
D) sterol
E) triacylglycerolipid

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41. Which glycerophospholipid has a net charge of zero at pH 7?
A) phosphatidylserine
B) phasphatidic acid
C) phosphatidylcholine
D) phosphatidylglycerol
E) phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate

42. Which phospholipid head group is positively charged at pH 7?

A) serine
B) ethanolamine
C) choline
D) both serine and ethanolamine
E) both ethanolamine and choline

43. Platelet-activating factor is much more water soluble than most other
glycerophospholipids due to which feature?
A) its ether-linked alkyl chain at the C-1 of glycerol
B) its ester-linked acetic acid at the C-2 of glycerol
C) its ethanolamine head group
D) its lack of any long alkyl chains linked to glycerol
E) the presence of sphingosine, rather than glycerol, as a lipid backbone

44. Which types of membrane lipids are modified to determine blood type in humans?
A) phosphatidylserines
B) glycosphingolipids
C) galactolipids
D) plasmalogens
E) sphingomyelins

45. Which types of membrane lipids make up 70% to 80% of the total membrane lipids in a
vascular plant?
A) phosphatidylserines
B) glycosphingolipids
C) galactolipids
D) plasmalogens
E) sphingomyelins

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46. Fatty acids are attached to sphingosine by what type of chemical linkage?
A) an ether linkage
B) an amide linkage
C) an ester linkage
D) a peroxide linkage
E) a alkyl linkage

47. You are working in a laboratory trying to design a drug that specifically binds to the
surface of certain cells. To which membrane lipid constituents should your drug bind in
order to achieve this specificity?
A) sphingomyelins
B) phosphatidylcholines
C) gangliosides
D) triacylglycerols
E) sterols

48. What feature do Tay-Sachs disease, Fabry disease, and Niemann-Pick disease have in
common?
A) defects in enzymes responsible for synthesizing membrane lipids
B) defects in enzymes responsible for breaking down membrane lipids in the
lysosomes
C) hyperactive membrane lipid degradation enzymes
D) defects in enzymes responsible for cholesterol synthesis
E) All of the answers are correct.

49. Bile acids are derived from which lipid?

A) cholesterol
B) sphingomyelin
C) ceramide
D) digalactosyldiacylglycerol
E) phosphatidylcholine

50. Which types of signaling lipids are produced by platelets to aid in the formation of
blood clots?
A) prostaglandins
B) thromboxanes
C) arachidonates
D) lipoxins
E) leukotrienes

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51. Overproduction of which types of signaling lipids causes asthmatic attacks?
A) prostaglandins
B) thromboxanes
C) arachidonates
D) lipoxins
E) leukotrienes

52. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit the synthesis of which signaling
lipids from arachidonic acid?
A) prostaglandins
B) thromboxanes
C) leukotrienes
D) both prostaglandins and thromboxanes
E) both thromboxanes and leukotrienes

53. The steroid hormones testosterone and beta-estradiol are derived from which lipid
molecule?
A) phosphatidylcholine
B) cholesterol
C) lipoxin A
D) arachidonic acid
E) geraniol

54. Which membrane lipid serves as a reservoir of messenger molecules for signal
transduction?
A) taruocholic acid (TA)
B) phosphatidylserine (PS)
C) phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)
D) thromboxane A2 (TXA2)
E) sphingomyelin (SM)

55. If a patient you are treating has asthmatic attacks due to the overproduction of
leukotrienes, which drug would you prescribe to help treat that condition?
A) testosterone
B) ibuprofen
C) aspirin
D) prednisone
E) warfarin

Page 11
56. A patient you are treating appears to be deficient in vitamin D. You have previously
prescribed vitamin D supplements, but they do not appear to be working. Which organs
and/or tissues should you check to make sure that the enzymes they produce are
functioning appropriately?
A) the liver
B) the kidneys
C) the pancreas
D) both a the liver and the kidneys
E) the liver, the kidneys, and the pancreas

57. Which compound can be cleaved in half to generate a molecule important in vision?
A) calcitol
B) beta-carotene
C) arachidonic acid
D) tocopherol
E) isoprene

58. Which feature allows certain lipid molecules to be used as colorful pigments in plants
and animals?
A) Their high oxygen content helps electrons circulate, which allows absorption of
visible light.
B) Their conjugated bond structures allow absorption of visible light.
C) Their four-fused ring structure allows visible light reflection.
D) Their hydrophobicity bends light around them.
E) Their low specific gravities cause light to reflect from their surfaces.

59. Which drug is NOT lipid based?

A) prednisone
B) warfarin
C) erythromycin
D) aspirin
E) lovastatin

60. Which eicosanoids contains a five-carbon ring as part of its structure?

A) thromboxanes
B) prostaglandins
C) lipoxins
D) leukotrienes
E) arachidonates

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61. Phospholipase C hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to form which
signaling molecule that triggers Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum?
A) diacylglycerolphosphate (DAGP)
B) inositol 5-monophosphate (IP1)
C) diacylglycerol (DAG)
D) inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)
E) inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (IP2)

62. Which lipid compound is NOT at least partially made from the condensation of isoprene
units?
A) sterols
B) limonene
C) beta-carotene
D) vitamin E
E) phosphatidylinositol

63. Which technique would you NOT use to separate and/or analyze lipids in a laboratory?
A) gel electrophoresis
B) thin-layer chromatography
C) adsorption chromatography
D) mass spectrometry
E) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

64. If you wanted to analyze membrane lipids from a biological sample, which solvent
would MOST effectively extract those lipids?
A) benzene
B) methanol
C) water
D) chloroform
E) ethyl ether

65. When a tissue sample is homogenized in a extractant composed of chloroform,

methanol, and water, followed by addition of more water to separate the liquid phases,
which molecules will remain in the methanol/water phase?
A) lipids
B) proteins
C) sugars
D) both lipids and proteins
E) both proteins and sugars

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66. The study and classification of the complete set of lipids produced in an organisms is
called:
A) proteomics.
B) lipidomics.
C) genomics.
D) lipidification.
E) fatification.

67. Which statement BEST describes how the volatility of lipids is increased for analysis by
gas chromatography?
A) The lipids are transesterified to convert fatty acids into fatty acid methyl esters.
B) The lipids are cleaved with phospholipase enzymes .
C) The lipids are degraded by treatment with mild acid or base.
D) The lipids are dissolved in chloroform.
E) The lipids are desaturated by reaction with a platinum catalyst.

68. Specific hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine can be achieved by which technique?

A) treatment of the lipid with phospholipase C
B) treatment of the lipid with mild acid
C) dissolving the lipid in chloroform
D) treatment of the lipid with both phospholipase C and mild acid
E) both treatment of the lipid with phospholipase C and dissolving the lipid in
chloroform

69. Which technique separates lipids based on their affinity for a silica gel material?
A) thin-layer chromatography
B) adsorption chromatography
C) mass spectrometry
D) both thin-layer and absorption chromatography
E) both thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry

70. In high-performance liquid chromatography of lipid mixtures using a column packed

with a silica gel, which types of lipids will elute first?
A) positively charged lipids
B) neutral lipids
C) negatively charged lipids
D) polar lipids
E) zwitterionic lipids

Page 14
71. Which solvent is a commonly used to extract all the lipids from homogenized tissue
samples and subsequent separation of the lipids from the proteins and sugars present in
those samples?
A) ethanol
B) benzene
C) a mixture of chloroform, methanol, and water
D) water
E) a mixture of chloroform and benzene

72. Which types of lipids would NOT have their fatty acids completely hydrolyzed by
treatment with acid or alkali?
A) triacylglycerols
B) galactolipids
C) sphingomyelins
D) plasmalogens
E) phosphatidylcholines

73. Which method can be used to visualize lipids that have been separated by thin-layer
chromatography by reversibly reacting with double bonds in fatty acids?
A) ethanol
B) iodine fumes
C) low-wavelength UV light
D) rhodamine
E) ethidium bromide

74. Which solvent is NOT used to dissolve lipids?

A) ethyl ether
B) water
C) benzene
D) methanol
E) chloroform

75. Which technique used to analyze lipids is the fastest but may not be the most accurate?
A) thin-layer chromatography
B) high-performance chromatography
C) nuclear magnetic resonance
D) direct mass spectrometry
E) gas chromatography

Page 15
76. Circle the fatty acid in each pair that has the higher melting temperature.
(a) 18:19 18:29,12
(b) 18:0 18:19
(c) 18:0 16:0

77. Describe the dependence of the melting point of a fatty acid upon (a) chain length and
(b) unsaturation; (c) explain these dependencies in molecular terms.

78. What is the effect of a double bond on fatty acid structure?

79. In cells, fatty acids are stored as triacylglycerols for energy reserves. (a) What is the
molecule to which fatty acids are esterified to form triacylglycerols? (b) Define the
logic behind cells storing fatty acids in esterified form.

80. What is the most significant chemical difference between triacylglycerols and
glycerophospholipids that leads to their different functions?

81. Describe three functions of triacylglycerols in mammals and one function in higher
plants.

82. What are the chemical components of a biological wax, and what is their general
structure?

83. Draw the structure of phosphatidylserine in the ionic form it would have at pH 7.

84. Give the structure of phosphatidylethanolamine containing one palmitate and one oleate.
Show the ionic form expected at pH 7. How many ester bonds are there in this
compound?

85. Draw the structure of phosphatidylcholine. Circle the part of the molecule that is polar
and draw an arrow to the part that is nonpolar.

86. Show the basic structure of all glycerophospholipids.

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87. What chemical features distinguish a plasmalogen from a common
glycerophospholipid?

88. Show the structure of sphingosine and indicate the relationship between sphingosine and
ceramide.

89. What chemical features distinguish a cerebroside from a ganglioside?

90. Match the compounds on the left with the important roles they play listed on the right.
(Answers are used only once.)
(a) prostaglandins ___ blood clotting
(b) vitamin E ___ intra-tissue messengers
(c) sphingolipids ___ necessary for sight
(d) thromboxanes ___ mediates pain and inflammation
(e) vitamin A ___ important component of myelin membranes
(f) steroids ___ reducing agent

91. The venom of some rattlesnakes contains phospholipase A2. a) Explain why a snake
bite causes rapid pain and inflammation. b) Based on your biochemical understanding
of the mechanism of the pain, suggest a possible treatment. c) If too much
phospholipase A2 enters the bloodstream, the significant accumulation of one of the
products of the reaction acts as a powerful detergent, causing the lysis of red blood cells
and potential death. What is this dangerous product and what makes it such a good
detergent?

92. Describe the differences between the glycosphingolipids corresponding to the A, B, and
O human blood group antigens.

93. Explain the cause of hereditary diseases of sphingolipid metabolism, such as Tay-Sachs
and Niemann-Pick diseases.

94. Match each of these vitamins with its biological role: Vitamins A, D, E, K.
____ blood clotting
____ vision
____ Ca2+ and phosphate metabolism
____ prevention of oxidative damage

Page 17
 95. Show the structure of isoprene; explain what is meant by isoprenoid compounds and
give an example.

96. What do all these compounds have in common: vitamin A, vitamin K, ubiquinone, and
dolichol?

97. Explain why extraction of lipids from tissues requires organic solvents.

98. If beeswax, cholesterol, and phosphatidylglycerol were dissolved in chloroform, then

subjected to thin-layer chromatography on silica gel using a mixture of
chloroform/methanol/water as the developing solvent, which would move fastest?

99. Describe why saturated fatty acids have higher melting points than do unsaturated fatty
acids that have the same chain length.

100. You are working in a lab studying a bacterial organism, but you are continually having
problems with contamination from fungal growth. What might you add to your growth
media to address this contamination issue and why?

101. Describe how vitamin A1 (all-trans-retinol) is altered to produce the visual pigment used
in rhodopsin to absorb visible light. Include in your description what is structurally
altered in this visual pigment upon light absorption.

102. Describe the process of column chromatography of lipid extract mixtures, including
which types of lipids elute first and how lipids of progressively higher polarity can be
eluted from the silica gel column.

Page 18
Answer Key
1. E
2. D
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. A
7. D
8. A
9. D
10. E
11. A
12. B
13. B
14. A
15. B
16. B
17. A
18. A
19. C
20. B
21. B
22. C
23. E
24. C
25. C
26. D
27. A
28. E
29. C
30. C
31. B
32. D
33. B
34. B
35. D
36. D
37. B
38. C
39. A
40. E
41. C
42. E
43. B
44. B

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45. C
46. B
47. C
48. B
49. A
50. B
51. E
52. D
53. B
54. C
55. D
56. D
57. B
58. B
59. D
60. B
61. D
62. E
63. A
64. B
65. E
66. B
67. A
68. D
69. D
70. B
71. C
72. D
73. B
74. B
75. D
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.

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Test Bank For Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry Seventh Edition

91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.

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