LAB :04

TO PURFORM TENSILE TEST ON STEEL.

OBJECTIVES:
 To become familiar with tensile testing system
 To learn how to develop stress-strain curve from load-displacement curve for
materials
 To learn how to extract important material properties from these curve such as
engineering stress, strain, yield stress, percentage of elongation…etc
 To evaluate the properties of steel rods namely Young’s modulus, Ultimate Strength
and Percentage Elongation.

SPECIMEN:

APPARATUS:
1. UTM(Universal testing machine).
Universal testing machine applies a tensile load when one end of the test
sample is attached to the movable crosshead with the other end fixed to a
stationary member. The crosshead is then driven in such a manner as to pull
the sample apart. Compressive loading is achieved by driving the crosshead
against short stubby cylinders placed on the stationary machine plate.
 Attachments are used to hold various shaped specimens, but tensile sample
is usually made in a ‘dog-bone’ shape.

PROCEDURE:

1: PREPARE THE TEST PIECE

The ruler is utilized to record a circle in the first measure range to partition the check length
into ten equivalent lengths. Utilize a vernier caliper to quantify the breadth at two parts of
the bargain's unique measure length and in the center at two commonly opposite bearings.
Accept the number-crunching mean an incentive as the measurement of the segment at
that area, and afterward utilize the base estimation of the three-segment diameters to
calculate. This is the original section area of the test piece of steel.

2: ADJUST STEEL TENSILE TEST MACHINE

Compute the most extreme heap of the specimen dependent on the tensile strength of the
steel and the first cross-sectional region, design the comparing pendulum, and select the
fitting power estimation dial. Start the analyzer and raise the worktable by about 10mm to
dispose of the impact of the worktable framework's own weight. Change the dynamic
pointer to the zero points, move the pointer and the dynamic pointer closer, and alter the
programmed drawing device.

3: SET UP THE SPECIMEN

First clip the test piece in the upper cinch, at that point move the lower clasp to the best
possible clipping position, lastly brace the lower end of the steel test piece.
4: CHECK AND TEST RUN
Check the above steps to finish the circumstance. Start the analyzer, preload a modest
quantity of load relating to the pressure can not surpass the material furthest reaches of the
proportion and afterward emptied to zero to check whether the test machine is working
appropriately.

5: TEST
Turn on the tester and slowly and gradually and equitably load. Watch the pivot of the force
hand and the drawing of the drawing device. Focus on catching the yield load esteem,
record it to compute the pressure esteem at the yield point, pay attention to observe the
slip phenomenon in the yield stage. After the yield stage, the stacking rate can be quicker.
At the point when the most extreme worth is to become to, watch the necking
phenomenon. Stop the test piece following the break and record the most extreme burden
esteem.

6: REMOVE THE TEST PIECE AND RECORDING PAPER

Test of steel is exposed to a wide assortment of mechanical tests to gauge their quality,
versatile constants, and other material properties just as their exhibition under an
assortment of real use conditions and situations.
Steel is generally utilized in different fields of life, design, spans, logical research, and so on.
The nature of steel is dependent upon an assortment of mechanical tests to guarantee their
quality, flexible constants and other material .

PURPOSE OF TENSILE TESTING:

Generally, a tensile test is intended to be run until the example falls flat or breaks under the
heap. The qualities that might be estimated from this kind of test can go from however are not
restricted to rigidity, extreme quality, extension, modulus of versatility, yield quality,
Poisson's proportion, and strain solidifying. The estimations taken during the test uncovers
the attributes of a material while it is under a tensile load.
Steel metal tensile testing machines incorporate an assortment of choices including elastic
wedge activity, mechanical or pressure-driven hydraulic grips or jaws which are good with
hard metal test tests. Test resources tensile testing machines can cover an expansive scope of
steel items, for example, metal steel wire, carbon steel chain, level plate, hound bone, steel
welded plate, strengthening bar or rebar, pole, link, strand, pipe, castings, forgings, latches,
sheet, foil, overwhelming plate sections and billets, hot moved plate and strip, and welded
plate. Steel rigidity testing machines, pressure analyzers and tractable test gear highlight
discretionary ductile testing programming and extensometers.

CALCULATIONS:
Following calculations are made after recording the values:

Modulus of Elasticity = Stress (within elastic limit) / Strain

Yield Stress = ( Load at yield point / original c/s area)

Normal Wreaking Stress = Breaking load / Nominal breaking stress

Actual Breaking Stress = Breaking Load / Neck area

Percentage Elongation = (Change in length / Original Length) * 100

Percentage Reduction in Area = (Change in length / Original Length) * 100

SPECIMEN:

D 1=5.38

D2=5.65

D3=6.05

D 1+ D 2+ D 3
D Avg=
3

5.38+ 5.65+6.05
=
3

= 5.7

D
r=
2

5.7
=
2

= 2.84
A = πr 2

= 25.504

GAUAGE LENGTH:
L =9.1cm
91mm

GRAPH ANS TEST VALUES:

CONCLUSION:
The tensile test of steel had consistent and accurate results. It was shown
that the strength and stiffness properties of steel . The experimental results for the material
properties tested of the two specimens were close to the established values. This shows that
the test procedure used was accurate and the material tested were free of major flaws. The
slight variations of the results from the established values were properly due to instrumental
error and variations of the atomic structure properties of the materials used.
COMMENTS:
We learn so many things from this teacher just in a single class. He is very
nice and cool teacher.