B. Raw materials Ill.

Storage, blending beds, sampling stations

Introduction

Ill. Raw f'!laterials storage, blending beds, Introduction

samphng stations
The intermediate storage of raw materials between the quarry and the raw mill has
By D. Schmidt traditionally formed the stockpile from which a steady supply of materials for
processing in the cement works has been maintained. In addition, it has in recent
years become increasingly important for the purpose of pre-blending or pre-
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . homogenizing of the crushed stone. In a few cases, final homogenization is even
65
2 Bed-blending theory . . . . . . . . . achieved in this way. The principle of "bed-blending" by longitudinal stockpiling
66
2.1 Mode of operation of the blending bed and transverse reclaiming of bulk materials has already long been practised in the
66
2.2 Assessment of a blending bed . . . . . . . . coal and ore mining industries, such stockpiles being known as blending beds. It is
69
2.3 Estimating the homogenizing effect in advance. being increasingly used in the cement industry for the homogenization of raw
71
3 Machinery and process engineering methods. 73 stone or the blending of different raw materials, but also for the homogenization of
3.1 Stacking methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . clinker, blastfurnace slag and coal.
73
3.1 .1 Chevron method. There are a number of reasons for providing intermediate storage of raw materials
73
3.1.2 Windrow method in the form of a stockpile:
73
3.1.3 Horizontal layers. 75 processing in the works is thus made largely independent of the operations
3.1.4 Strata method . . . 75 in the quarry;
3.1.5 Cone-shell method. 75 multi-shift working in the quarry is rendered unnecessary by the use of high-
3.1 .6 Chevcon method . . . . . . . . 76 capacity loading, haulage and primary crushing machinery;
3.2 Stacking and reclaiming machines . . . . 77 noise and dust emission are reduced in that they are limited to shorter periods
3.2.1 Chevron stacking and end-on reclaiming. 77 of time;
3.2.1.1 Stacking machines. . . . . . . . . . . 77 the stockpile safeguards the uninterrupted supply of material to feed the
3.2.1.2 Reclaiming with front-acting machines . . .
3.2.2 80 present-day large kilns;
Blending bed system with windrow stacking . 83
3.2.2.1 Stacking machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . the stockpile can deal more efficiently, in terms of material handling, with
3.2.2.2 83 sticky materials than storage in silos can;
Reclaiming by side-acting scrapers . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.2.3 the stockpiling and reclaiming operations can be satisfactorily automated;
Blending bed systems with horizontal and inclined stacking . 87
3.2.3.1 round-the-clock operation of the finish-blending and preparation plants fed
Stacking machines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.2.3.2 Reclaiming machines. . . . . . . . . . . . from the stockpile enables full advantage to be taken of cheaper electricity at
3.2.4 88 nights and week-ends.
Blending bed based on the cone-shell method . 88
3.3 Arrangement of blending beds
3.3.1 89 The following considerations are additionally applicable to a blending bed for raw
longitudinal stockpiles. 90
3.3.1.1 Parallel stockpiles .. material homogenization:
90
3.3.1.2 In-line stockpiles . . . better utilization of inhomogeneous raw material deposits;
90
3.3.2 Circular stockpile . . . . . . . pre-blending of different raw material components is possible;
91
3.3.3 Homogenizing tanks or troughs . . . . better uniformity of the raw meal and therefore of the clinker is achieved, so
92
3.4 Measures to combat end-cone problems. that the quality of the cement is more nearly constant.
4 93
Sampling stations . . . . . . . 93
4.1 Sample quantity . . . . . . . . As a rule, new cement works are equipped with blending beds of various types,
94 with or without sampling stations. Similar arrangements are provided under most
4.2 Process engineering features . . 94 modernization schemes for existing works. The following types of blending bed are
4.2.1 Sampling installation 1 (MIAG). 94 to be distinguished, all of which can be designed as longitudinal (straight) or
4.4.2 Sampling installation 2 (FLS). 97 circular beds:
4.3 Checking the sampling system 97 - Storage stockpiles
References. . . . . . . . . . . No special requirements as to pre-homogenizing efficiency are applied, and no
99 sampling station is needed. Stacking and reclaiming the material are done by
methods not involving the use of expensive and sophisticated machines.
64
65
B. Raw materials Ill. Storage, blending beds, sampling stations Bed-blending theory

Double stockpiles, for raw materials containing a high and a low percentage of Reclaiming the material from the pile is done transversely to the direction of
lime, respectively, are basically similar to the single-component stockpile. The stacking by what is in principle a slicing action, more particularly if a side-acting
"high" and the "low" material are simultaneously reclaimed from the blending scraper is used. With this type of reclaimer the material is removed in a certain
stockpiles and are used for approximately proportioning the raw mix. Further thickness all the way from the ridge to the toe of the stockpile. With a front-acting
corrective materials are added ahead of the raw mills. reclaimer the entire cross-section of the pile is simultaneously acted upon by the
raking-down device, so that the material removed in this way cannot really be
Blending beds with specified target values regarded as a "slice". All the same, for the present purpose, such layers of reclaimed
Single-component blending bed: This type of blending bed is intended more material will likewise be conceived as thin slices.
particularly for the stockpiling of limestone confirming to specified characteris- On these assumptions, the reclaiming operations can be described as follows:
tic values (lime standard, CaC0 3 , CaO). The stacking operations for building
Because of the superposition of the input variations in the composition of the
up the stockpile are monitored by a sampling station. In order to ensure a good
material stacked on the stockpile, the material reclaimed in slices at right angles to
homogenizing or blending effect, the stacking and reclaiming equipment is
the stacking layers will be subject to certain output variations, which are of two
more elaborate than that used in the ordinary storage stockpile.
kinds:
Proportioning stockpile: In this variant the required mix proportioning is (a) variations within an individual slice of material (short-term deviations);
obtained by the simultaneous or successive stacking of different raw material (b) variations in the average values of the slices (longer-term deviations).
components in the same pile. The input of materials has to be monitored by a
sampling station. Here, too, elaborate stacking and reclaiming equipment is
essential to achieving the bler:1ding effect. In practice, however, this type of
x(t)
blending bed has not come into widespread use.
In general, it can be said that pre-homogenization of the raw materials can very
seldom enable subsequent homogenization of the raw meal to be dispensed with.
Depending on the layout of the blending bed and its equipment, some variations in
the composition of the reclaimed raw materials are bound to occur, and these are quantity (t)
passed on to the subsequent stages of processing. Such variations have to be Menge (t)
evened out mainly by homogenization of the raw meal. In planning the in-
stallations it is therefore necessary to consider the blending bed and the raw meal
homogenization system as a single whole. If the blending bed is designed to stacking in equal reclaiming in slices
achieve a high blending or homogenizing effect, the subsequent homogenizing layers
·AT transversely to the layers
treatment applied to the raw meal need be correspondingly less elaborate. Aufbau in gleichen Abbau in Scheiben
Conversely, ifthe blending bed is designed to a lower standard of homogenization, Schichten quer zu den Schichten
the raw meal homogenization system will have to compensate for this. material quantity
material quantity
per layer = AT per slice A a
Materialmenge pro Materialmenge
Schicht Ar pro Scheibe A Q
2 Bed-blending theory
2.1 Mode of operation of the blending bed
Homogenization of materials in a blending bed can be explained as follows:
The stacking (or stockpiling) system disposes the incoming raw material in the
longitudinal direction of the pile by continual to-and-fro movements, so that a
number of relatively thin layers of material are deposited. In this way the raw
material flow is divided into quantities of At tonnes, each corresponding to one
layer. The longer-term variations in chemical composition, which depend on a
particular system of working or a particular working cycle in the quarry, are thus Fig.1: Variations in the raw material composition homogenized in the
"cut up" and superimposed one upon another in an irregular sequence. blending bed

66 67
B. Raw materials IlL Storage, blending beds, sampling stations Bed-blending theory

x(t)
Because of the slice-by-slice reclaiming technique the variations within the slice
are evened out to a greater or less extent, depending on the type of reclaiming
machine. The variations in the averages of the respective slices are predetermined
by the quantities~,; and the number of layers N. For correct blending bed design
the quantities of material per layer and the number of layers should be so chosen
that the remaining variations from one slice to another are reduced to a minimum.
The blending effect can be improved and indeed theoretically be made infinitely
good - by increasing the number of layers in building up the stockpile and by
using a reclaiming system that will efficiently homogenize the material.
These considerations indicate that the cycle of operations in the quarry deserves
closer attention. True, the standard deviation of the input variations cannot be
altered by changing the cycle, but it is possible to improve the variations from one
slice to another, the more so as the quantity of material per stacked layer exceeds
the loading capacity of one or more loading machines. The procedure in the quarry,
I
1st slice I
3rd slice
1. Scheibe 3. Scheibe
kth slice mth slice
k·te Scheibe m-te Scheibe
e. g., the loading and haulage from several qualitatively different rock piles, may
conceivably be correlated with the stockpiling of the material in the blending bed,
2nd slice length of bed so that quantities of material with similar characteristics of quality or composition
2. Scheibe Mischbettli:inge
are stacked on top of one another in the same parts of the bed. This undesirable
Fig. 2: Frequency distribution within the individual reclaimed slices of situation, which diminishes the blending effect achieved, can be remedied by
an ideal blending bed suitably varying the operations in the quarry, so as to achieve an irregular sequence
of delivery of the material to the bed.
Figs. 2 and 3 show two theoretical blending bed reclaiming models. The material
x(t) slices and the statistical frequency distributions of the input and output variations
are shown.
H(x) Fig. 2 relates to reclaiming from an ideal blending bed. The continuous line
represents the input variations, the dotted line the output variations. "Ideal"
stacking of the material signifies that the chemical composition at every cross-
section of the blending bed is equal to the overall average composition:
x; =x.
The remaining output variations exist only within the slices of material. There are
no variations between one slice and another.
In an actual, as opposed to an ideal, blending bed there additionally occur
variations from slice to slice, as Fig. 3 shows. Even though the variations within the
slices remain unchanged, their average (or mean) values are now no longer equal
to the overall average of the chemical composition:
x, =/=- x.
I
1st slice 3rd slice kth slice mth slice 2.2 Assessment of a blending bed
1. Scheibe 3. Scheibe k-te Scheibe m-te Scheibe For assessing the homogenizing performance of a blending bed, the following
2nd slice length of bed parameters will be considered.
2. Scheibe Mischbettlange Four of these are introduced as estimated values of the statistical variance:
Fig. 3: Real frequency distribution within the individual reclaimed slices overall variance of the input variations
from a blending bed overall variance of the output variations
68 69
B. Raw materials ill. Storage, blending beds, sampling stations
Sa2 variance of the output variations within the reclaimed slice
Sx2 variance of the averages of the slices.
Other parameters to be considered are:
N the number of layers
~1:[t] the quantity of material per layer
~Q[t] the quantity of material per reclaimed slice.
The variations within the slices (Sa} are short-term ones. In the reclaiming
operation they are evened out to a greater or less extent, depending on the type of
reclaiming equipment. This can be most readily visualized when considering the
action of a side-acting scraper, a reclaimer which removes the material from the pile
in successive slices. The contents of each slice comprise marked variations, which
are passed on to the processing equipment further down the line from the blending
bed. With front-acting reclaimers the slices are thinner, the reclaiming action
comprises the entire cross-section of the pile, and the variations in each slice are
substantially smaller. In general, variations in the raw material are not equalized to
any appreciable extent in the raw grinding plant. Hence they will have to be
removed in the raw meal homogenizing system.
If reclaiming is done by side-acting machines, the output variations, i.e., the
variations in the material coming out of the blending bed, will be greater than if
front-acting machines are used. Therefore, with the former method it will be
necessary to provide suitably effective raw meal homogenizing facilities, whereas
these can be simpler if the latter method is used. If each slice of reclaimed material is
regarded as a unit the variations within it (sa} can be neglected, so that then only
the variations between the individual slices (s,.) remain to be considered. The latter
are ionger-term in character. Smce the averages of these raw material slices differ
from the overall average, these variations cannot be removed by raw meal
homogenization, but only by means of a suitable components proportioning
system upstream of the raw mill.
The effectiveness of a blending bed is expressed by the concept of "homogenizing
effect" (e). namely, the ratio of the standard deviations of the raw material
characteristics on entering and leaving the blending bed respectively; thus·
Sa.
e=
Sp
However, this criterion by itself is not sufficiently informative. In addition, the
absolute values of the output variations should be available. In the planning of new
installations these values determine the performance requirements applicable to
the proportioning devices before the mills and/or to the homogenizing equipment
for the raw meal. With a well designed bed-blending system it is possible to
achieve good homogenizing effects, by which is more particularly to be under-
stood: low final variations in the chemical composition of the material. despite
possible high input variations of the material stockpiled in the bed.
The homogenizing (or blending) effect of a blending bed depends on the method
of stacking and on the characteristics of the reclaiming machinery. Once these two
70
Bed-blending theory
aspects have been determined, and the appropriate thickness or number of. layers
to build up the bed has been decided, the homogenizing effect ofthestockp~le as a
whole will have been predetermined. The final variations are bound up With the
output variations in the material reclaimed from the bed. In o.t~er words: whe~ the
design and operation of a bed have been fixed, the homogen1z1ng effect~~ a~h1eves
will be constant. Higher input variations will result in higher output vanat1ons.
2.3 Estimating the homogenizing effect in advance
The blending bed design methods reported in the literature are mainly concerned
with the variations between the slices of reclaimed material. The following method
is generally employed. It presupposes that the raw material values of the individual
slices conform to a normal distribution and are statistically independent.
For estimating the output variations the following relation is available:
Theoretically, high homogenizing effects can be attained by making the number of
layers large enough, i.e., using very thin layers. . . . .
On the other hand, the presupposed statistical independence d1m1n1shes w1~h
decreasing layer thickness, for the quality characteristics of ~djacent raw maten~l
layers stacked in the blending bed tend to be correlated w1t~ one another. T_h1s
phenomenon can most easily be visualized at the reversal po1nts of the stackmg
operation. At the end of each forward pass and the beginning of each return pas~ of
the stacker, material possessing the same properties is stack~d i~ two succes~•.ve
layers. Thus the condition that the material must be stacked In d1screte quant1t1es
~1:[t] is fulfilled only after every second layer, i.e., only every second layer
contributes to the homogenization achieved in the blending bed. .
The relationship between the standard deviation and the number of layers as shown
in Fig. 4 for single-component and multi-component bl~n?in~ beds .. It emerg~s
that a worthwhile reduction in the output standard dev1at1on IS attamed only 1f
there are at least about 50 layers. With increasing number of layers the rate of
improvement diminishes, so that from about 500 layers onwards there is hardly any
further improvement in the homogenizing or blending effect, while the sheer
technical effort and expense of building up the bed in so large a number of layers
would not be commensurate with the advantage gained.
The following conclusions are to be drawn from all this:
Predictive estimates in accordance with the method indicated above are to be
regarded only as approximate. With increasing number of layers the results
found for the homogenizing or blending effect increasingly tend to over-
estimate the effect. (This has been verified by check calculations based on
accurate measured data.}
71
B. Raw materials Ill. Storage, blending beds, sampling stations Machinery and process engineering methods

5(%) standard deviaiion 3 Machinery and process engineering methods

from mean
\5 ~~a~d~ig~?.;:;fhung 3.1 Stacking methods
3.1 .1 Chevron method
The raw material is deposited by a stacking device moving continually to and fro
over the longitudinal centre-line of the stockpile. In this way individual layers
5 comP.onent s, . . containing equa I quantities of material are disposed one upon another in the shape
- mean 1nput vanat1on
5 Kom!><)neonten of a series of ridged roofs. This means that, subject to ignoring the short-term
mitt!. Eingangsschwankung variations, all cross-sections have the same composition. The material discharged
from the stacker slides and rolls down the sides ofthe pile, thus causing a degree of
particle segregation depending on the properties of the material concerned. The
coarser particles will tend to accumulate at the base of the pile. The arrow (Fig. 5)
indicates that building up the pile requires only one central throw-off point of the
10 20 stacking device in the longitudinal direction and can be achieved with relatively
simple equipment.

Fig. 4: Blending effect as a function of the number of stacked layers of

material

When using the formula s. = sa!VN it is advisable to introduce only half the
actual number of layers.
There is no point in using fewer than 50 or more than 500 layers.
Attempts to make more accurate predictions of the homogenizing effect of a
blending bed usually fail for the following reasons:
the input variations in the material coming from the quarry are not known and Fig. 5: Chevron stacking method
are then mostly over-estimated;
the thickness of the layers stacked in the blending bed is not constant, this
being due to variations in performance of the handling and stacking
systems;
3.1.2 Windrow method
the bed-blending stockpile comprises two end cones where the conditions are
different from those in the rest of the pile and which, depending in part on the The drawback of particle segregation can be avoided by using the windrow
particle size of the material to be homogenized, have a marked detrimental method of stacking, in which the layers ("windrows") are disposed longitudinally
influence on the homogenizing effect. over and beside one another. Although some segregation may occur during the
stacking of the individual rows, it is limited to each individual row. Besides, this
Despite all its imperfections, the method of predicting the homogenizing effect as
outlined above is now widely used. effect can be minimized by appropriate choice of the height and spacing of the
rows of stockpiled material. The larger the number of rows, the more favourable
According to Hasler, experience to date shows that with present-day bed-
will be the particle size distribution in the pile.
blending technology the following values of the homogenizing effect can be
obtained: In actual practice, however, the windrow method in its pure form, as illustrated in
e 3 to 6 if the overall variations are considered (long-term and short-term Fig. 6, is hardly ever employed. Much more often a combination ofthis method and
output variations) ; the chevron method is adopted.
e 6 to 15 if the short-term variations are left out of account (i.e., ignoring the A drawback ofthe windrow stacking technique is that it requires several throw-off
variations within each slice). positions, necessitating expensive slewing boom stackers.

72 73
 B. Raw materials Ill. Storage, blending beds, sampling stations Machinery and process engineering methods

3.1.3 Horizontal layers

Step-by-step advancing of a bridge stacking system in conjunction with continual
slewing of the stacker belt conveyor on its boom will produce a stockpile whose
individual layers are disposed horizontally one on top of another. With this method,
bulk materials differing in their angle of repose and consisting of particles in
relatively wide size ranges can be stacked in layers varying in thickness, without
appreciable segregation.
It is also a suitable method for circular stockpiles, the stacking being done by
means of a belt whose throw-off point moves in a meandering path.

Fig. 6: Windrow stacking method 3.1.4 Strata method

In terms of cross-sectional distribution of the material in the stockpile, this method
cross- section of bed is equivalent to the preceding one, but with the drawback of a certain amount of
Mi schbl!' It qu er schnitt
segregation due to accumulation of the coarser particles at the bottom of the pile.
height The layers in this system are inclined at an angle of about 32• to 38·.
Hohenlag•
--8 This type of stockpile is especially suitable for reclaiming by side-acting
----7 machines.
----6

I I
strip No. 2 3 5 6 7
Strll'lfll'n Nr

Fig. 1: Actual stacking in a blending bed

Fig. 9: Strata stacking method

3.1.5 Cone-shell method

As contrasted with the methods so far described, in which the stacking device
travels continually to and fro, in the cone-shell method the stacker a belt
conveyor that can be moved along the length of the pile or a fixed- boom stacker -
forms a series of conical piles heaped one against another. As soon as such a pile
has been built up to the appropriate height, the stacker moves on. In this method a
distinction is to be drawn between continuous stacking and alternate stacking
(Figs. 10 and 11 ).
The homogenizing or blending effect achieved with this method is less good than
Fig. 8: Stacking in horizontal layers
that achieved with the methods described above, while there is a further
74
75

B. Raw materials Ill. Storage, blending beds, sampling stations
disad~a~tage in that the coarser particles tend to accumulate at the base of the pile.
Reclau~mg can be done only by side-acting scrapers or by underfloor
extractton.
F.:f7::r- ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
Fig.10: Continuous stacking method (numbers denote sequence)
~=r- r r r r r rrrr rr ~
Fig.11: Alternate stacking method (numbers denote sequence)
3.1 .6 Chevcon method
The firm of PHB offers this method as a hybrid of the chevron and the cone-shell
method. It is suitably only for circular stockpiles.
The s~a~king proced~re is similar to that used in the chevron method, but instead of
remammg over the ndge of the pile, the throw-off point of the stacker is varied a
rad~al dista~c~ ALi~ the course of each to and fro cycle. The slope of the face from
whach recla1mmg w1ll subsequently be done can be varied by appropriate alteration
of A L. For constant stockpiling rates the angle a of the slope will then remain
unchanged (see Fig. 12).
This ~ethod. very effectively overcomes the "end-cone problems" that are
associated w1th bed-blending stockpiles and will be further discussed later in this
chapter. In ad~iti?n, thanks to the overlapping of old and new material in the pile,
long-term varaat1ons. or the effects of possible sudden changes in incoming
b~tches of raw matenal can be cancelled. The number of layers comprised in each
~hceta~e~ by the reclaimer isabout30%greater (n + k) than the number {n) sliced
rn recla1mmg from ~he chevron pile with its flanks sloped at the natural angle of
repose of the matenal. As a result, a better homogenizing effect is obtained. Also,
76
Machinery and process engineering methods
schematic diagram
Schematische Darstellung
Fig.12: Chevcon stacking principle
there is very little segregation into coarser and finer particles. The stacker belt can
continue to deposit the incomimg material even in the immediate vicinity of the
reclaimer, so that utilization of the full capacity of the blending bed can be attained
at all times. Since stacking is done continuously, a circular bed built up on this
principle can justifiably be called an infinite blending bed.
3.2 Stacking and reclaiming machines
Over the years, a large number of systems and machines have been developed, and
from these have evolved certain types of blending bed, which will be described
here.
The combination of chevron {or, where applicable. chevcon) stacking with front-
acting reclaimers is to be regarded as the most favourable procedure, as it involves
the least expenditiure on machinery. The process engineering disadvantages
associated with the chevron method of stacking are cancelled by the use of front-
acting reclaimers. Such reclaiming machines are used also for stockpiles built up in
horizontal layers.
The alternative system consists in windrow stacking with reclaiming by means of
side-acting scrapers. The MIAG "step-back" method is more particularly suitable
for this purpose.
Good homogenizing or blending effects are also attained with the strata method
and side-acting scraper reclaimers.
The homogenizing effect of bed-blending stockpiles built up by the cone-shell
method and operating with side-acting scrapers or underfloor extraction is poor,
and for this reason it is a system little used for blending beds.
3.2.1 Chevron stacking and end-on reclaiming
3.2.1.1 Stacking machines
Blending beds may be of the outdoor type or be accommodated in suitable
buildings. In the latter case the material can be stacked by belt conveyors mounted
under the ridge of the roof or by mobile floor-mounted stackers travelling the
77
 Machinery and process engineering methods
B. Raw materials Ill. Storage, blending beds, sampling stations

length of the building. The arrangement and installation of belt conveyors will
depend on the type of roof construction. These handling devices have the
advantage of being relatively inexpensive and not taking up so much space as a
floor-mounted mobile machine, so that the cross-sectional dimensions of the
building can be correspondingly smaller. A disadvantage associated with belt
stacking is the large height of fall of the material onto the pile. With dry material this
can throw up much dust.
Stackers with fixed or movable booms (which can be raised and lowered) are used
for covered as well as for outdoor blending beds. For reasons of cost it is not a good
idea to install permanently mounted belt conveyer systems over outdoor stock-
piles. A drawback associated with fixed-boom stackers is that dust nuisance may
arise, and the attachment of telescopic discharge spouts or similar devices to Fig. 15: Boom stacker with movable (luffing) boom (longitudinal
stockpile)

Fig. 16: Stacking in a circular blending bed with simple chevron method

Fig. 13: longitudinal stockpile with overhead stacker belt and tripper

Fig. 17: Circular blending bed with "infinite" stacking on the chevcon
fig.14: Boom stacker with fixed boom (longitudinal stockpile) principle
79
78
combat this nuisance is not without problems. It is preferable, under such
circumstances, to employ a movable-boom stacker enabling the height of free fall
of the material to be kept down to a minimum.

3.2.1.2 Reclaiming with front-acting machines

All front-acting reclaimers, i.e., machines for "end-on" removal of material from
stockpiles, are equipped with some form of handling device which is only able to
carry away the material from the toe of the pile. The material is dislodged from the
pile by the action of a raking-down device which sweeps across the cross-
sectional face. Each cycle of the device removes a thin "slice" comprising all the
layers in the pile, and in the process of sliding and tumbling down the sloping face
the material of the various layers is mixed together. To obtain a good homogenizing
effect it is of course essential for the raking-down device to involve the entire face
of the pile.
Fig.19: Bridge-type scraping reclaimer with harrow attachment
Bridge type scraping reclaimer:
The bridge on which the raking-down device is mounted accommodates a ~craper
chain conveyor whose blades shift the dislodged material along to a collectmg belt
conveyor that extends along one edge of the stockpile.
Advantages:
Good homogenizing action because thin slices are removed from the entire

_A
~-- Q Q
_I_
Q
cross-sectional area of the pile.
The rate of reclaiming and handling of the material is constant and quite simple
to regulate.

building.
. . .
The machine takes up only a modest amount of cross-sectiOnal space ms1de a

harrow rope-operated scraper chain The direction of reclaiming can conveniently be reversed.
Egge scraper Kratzerkette
Seilraumer Disadvantages:
Fig.18: Raking-down devices There is an upper limit to the handling rate.
Along the edge of the pile beside the collecting conveyor a scrape feeding shelf
has to be provided, which must not be covered with material during stacking
and which thus restricts the utilizable stockpiling width
These devices are of various kinds (Fig.18):
Harrows are triangular structures fitted with renewable teeth and so inclined as
to suit the angle of repose of the stockpiled material. The latter is dislodged by
the to-and-fro movement of the harrow across the face of the pile.
The rope-operated scraper comprises two ropes which pass around pulleys at
the top a frame near the apex of the pile and are attached to a slide or carriage
which moves to and fro on the supporting bridge. As a result of this shuttling
motion of the slide, the ropes perform movements somewhat like those of a car
windscreen wiper and thus dislodge the material from the entire face of the
pile. For dealing with difficult material, the two ropes may be interconnected by
pivotably attached cross-members fitted with teeth, thus substantially increas-
Fig. 20: Bucket-wheel reclaimer, bridge-mounted type
ing the loosening effect and reducing wear on the ropes.
Scraper chains are more particularly appropriate for dealing with very difficult
material requiring considerable effort to dislodge it from the face of the pile. In Bridge mounted bucket-wheel reclaimer.
the course of its to-and-fro movement the scraper chain sweeps across the This type of machine comprises one or more bucket-wheels and a raking-down
entire face and actively scrapes the material down to the toe. device which together are moved to and fro on the bridge across the face of the
Associated with these raking-down systems there are, in the main, four different stockpile. The material dislodged from the pile is scooped up at the toe of the face
types of front-acting reclaimer; these are illustrated in Figs. 19 to 22. by the bucket-wheel
81
80
B. Raw materials Ill. Storage, blending beds, sampling stations
Advantages:
Good homogenizing action. The variations due to the fact that the material is
not constantly taken from the entire face of the pile during the to-and-fro cycle
of the bucket-wheel are of short duration and can without difficulty be
averaged out in the subsequent processing stages.
The handling rate is virtually unlimited. For high rates, two or more bucket-
wheels can be mounted on the same bridge.
Sideways transport of the material to the longitudinal collecting belt conveyor
is done by a belt installed in the bridge. This arrangement saves energy in
comparison with the scraping reclaimer and moreover enables a low toe wall to
be constructed as a lateral boundary to the stockpile. Thus there is no risk of
overfilling the pile, while the amount of space occupied is kept down to a
minimum.
Disadvantages·
The rate of material handling during the transverse movement of the bucket-
wheel is not constant. This is compensated by using three different transverse
travel speeds for the bucket-wheel which are applied at successive stages of its
to-and-fro cycle. The drawback is that such three-speed operation requires
more elaborate control arrangements.
The cross-sectional space requirements are greater than those of the bridge-
type scraping reclaimer.
On reversal of the reclaiming direction the buckets have to be turned over.
Fig.21: Bucket-wheel reclaimer with slewing boom
Bucket-wheel reclaimer with slewing boom.
The bucket wheel is mounted at the end of the boom which swings to and fro
across the stockpile, so that the reclaiming face is slightly curved. ln other respects
the action is similar to that of the bridge-mounted bucket-wheel reclaimer.
Advantages:
These are as already mentioned for the bridge-mounted machine.
The track rails are within the width ofthe pile (and buried by it), so that a further
saving in space is obtained.
82
Machinery and process engineering methods
Disadvantages
These are also as mentioned for the bridge-mounted machine. .
Turning the machine round requires much space, which can be a senous
drawback inside a building.
Drum reclaimer:
The material dislodged from the face of the stockpile .is picke~ up by scoops
mounted on a revolving cylindrical drum or tube and. 1s ?epos1ted o.nto a b~lt
conveyor installed inside the drum. This type of ma~hme .•s characten.ze~ by 1ts
good homogenizing or blending effect, since the ent1re w1dth. of the _Pile 1s at all
times being acted upon. However, the elaborate and expe.ns1ve des1gn featu.res
make the drum reclaimer uneconomical except for very h1gh rates of handling
(above 2000 t/hour).
Fig. 22: Drum reclaimer
3.2.2 Blending bed system with windrow stacking
3.2.2.1 Stacking machines
Stacking by the windrow system can, like chevron stacking, also be done in
buildings with ridge-mounted belt coveyors a.nd appropriate trans~erse belt
conveyors, but all the disadvantages already menttoned - e. g., great he1ght ~f f.all,
etc. are applicable in this case too. It is better to use ?oom stackers for bu1ldmg
up the stockpiles. There are three types of such machmes:
(a) stacker with fixed boom and telescopic belt conveyor; .
(b) stacker with movable boom (luffing motion) ~nd tel~s~op1c belt con~eyor,
(c) stacker with movable boom comprising luffmg (ra1smg and lowenng) and
slewing motion.
Type (a) has the disadvantage that the material falls from a great hei~h.t. just ~sit
does from a belt conveyor mounted under the ridge of the roof of a ?~•ldmg. ':V•th a
boom stacker of type (b) the height of fall can be kept?own to a r:n•mmum. Fmally,
type (c) is a universal machine, which is more particularly su1table where two
83
B. Raw materials Ill. Storage, blending beds, sampling stations
parallel stockpiles have to be formed side by side, in which case the stacker travels
longitudinally between the piles, these being built up as required, by slewing the
boom in either direction.
Fig.23: Boom stacker with fixed boom and telescopic belt
Fig. 24: Boom stacker with movable (luffing) boom and telescopic belt
Fig.25: Boom stacker with movable (luffing and slewing) boom
84
Machinery and process engineering methods
The windrow system of stacking can be applied to any type of blending bed, i.e.,
straight or circular. In the latter case it must be borne in mind that the outer r.o.ws
contain more material than the inner. Another advantageous method of stockpiling
consists in depositing the material in large homogenizing troughs or tanks such as
those constructed by the engineering firms of FLS and MIAG.
The windrow method applied to a circular blending bed is illustrated in Figs. 26
and 27.
Fig. 26: Boom stacker with luffing boom and telescopic belt conveyor
for a circular stockpile
Fig.27: Slewing bridge with movable belt conveyor, supported on
central tower and external rail
3.2.2.2 Reclaiming by side-acting scrapers
Any of the front-acting machines described in 3.2.1.2 can be used for reclairr:'ing
from bed-blending stockpiles built up by the windrow metho~t Such machm.es
would certainly effect some further, though slight, improvement m the homogeniz-
ing effect. However, the use of scraper chain reclaimers, operating either as front-
acting or side-acting machines, has become established practice for such blending
beds. More particularly the so-called step-back method of MIAG has been
developed for the purpose. The material is reclaimed from one side of the pile by a
machine which travels short distances to and fro in conjunction with raising and
85
 B. Raw materials Ill. Storage, blending beds, sampling stations Machinery and process engineering methods

I
I longitudinal section
1st reclaiminq step1 Liingsschnitt
1. Abbauschritf ' 1 I
I I I I
2nd reclaimingtsf~p ---1
2. Abbauschritt ' _ _--olI
_ _ _1..,._ I

f-- -~
Fig. 31 : Reclaiming by portal scraper
Fig. 28: MIAG step-back reclaiming principle

Fig. 32: Reclaiming by front end scraper

Fig. 29: Reclaiming by side scraper lowering of the scraper arm. During reclaiming from the top to the toe of the pile the
reclaimer travels slowly back, so that the face of the pile is scraped away in the
shape of a helically curved surface. The effect achieved in this way is similar to that
of reclaiming with a front-acting machine. The reclaiming action does not
comprise the entire face simultaneously.
Reclaiming with side scrapers has the disadvantage that the rate of flow of the
reclaimed material is not constant, while the homogenizing effect is less good than
that obtained with front-acting machines.

3.2.3 Blending bed systems with horizontal and inclined stacking

Fig. 30: Reclaiming by semi-portal scraper
3.2.3.1 Stacking machines
A bed-blending stockpile can be built up in horizontal layers by means of a
slewing-boom stacker or an overhead belt conveyor (mounted under the ridge of
the roof) with slewing throw-off belts. A luffing-boom stacker or a ridge-mounted
belt conveyor with simple transversely movable throw-off belts can alternatively be
used for building up stockpiles consisting of inclined layers. These stacking
machines have already been described. Stacking in horizontal layers is widely used

86 87
 B. Raw materials Ill. Storage, blending beds, sampling stations
Fig. 33: Travelling scraper and strata stacking method
also f?r ~e~osi.ting materials into trough or tank type homogenizing systems.
~tackmg m mclmed layers by the strata method, and reclaiming by a slow-moving
Side scraper, are illustrated in Fig. 33.
3.2.3.2 Reclaiming machines
Scraper chains ar~ unsuita~le for reclaiming from a stockpile built up in horizontal
layers. Front-a?t1~g machmes, as described in 3.2.1.2, must be used for the
purpose .. Recla1mmg from piles with inclined layers may be done not only with
front-actmg but also with side-acting scrapers.
Reclaiming fro~ homogenizing troughs can be done with scrapers or with bucket-
ladder (or cham-bucket) machines.
The homogenizing e.ffect o~tained wi~h a trough type blending bed is generally
better than that obtamed w1th a blendmg stockpile built up by the strata method.
Both systems are to be rated as very efficient, however
Fig. 34: Homogenizing trough with bucket-ladder reclaimer
3.2.4 Blending bed based on the cone-shell method
This ~~thad, illu.strated i~ F!g. 35, calls for no special comment. The stacking and
~ecla1mmg m.ac.hmes are s1m1lar to those already described. In terms of homogeniz-
mg effect th1s 1s not a good system, however.
88
Machinery and process engineering methods
Fig. 35: Stacking and reclaiming of a blending bed based on the cone
shell-method: overhead stacker belt, longitudinally travelling scraper
reclaimer
3.3 Arrangement of blending beds
As already stated, a distinction is to be drawn between longitudinal (straight)
stockpiles and circular stockpiles, while the trough or tank type, in which the
material is stored substantially below ground. level, is a third main variant. With the
longitudinal arrangement the blending bed will generally comprise two stockpiles,
worked discontinuously in that one is being built up by the stacking equipment
while material is being reclaimed from the other. On the other hand, with a circular
pile the two operations stacking and reclaiming can proceed simultaneously
on the same pile, one end of which is being built up while the other is being
reclaimed, so that these operations can proceed continuously. The chevcon
method is more particularly suitable for circular blending beds, in which case
virtually the entire capacity of the pile is effectively available and the stacking and
reclaiming operations proceed in an "infinite" cycle.
In the case of homogenizing troughs the two operations - stacking and reclaim-
ing are usually carried out simultaneously in that reclaiming takes place in one
part of the trough while stacking proceeds in another part of the same trough.
In deciding which layout to choose for a bed-blending system the following
considerations are applicable:
how much space is available for accommodating the bed?
what scope for possible future extension is there?
do subsoil conditions (bearing capacity) have to be taken into account in
planning the bed?
It is not possible to make any generally-valid statements as to the size (capacity) of
the stockpiles, as the blending bed for each cement works has to be laid out to suit
the particular requirements of the case. Roughly speaking, however, it can be said
that a stockpile should contain about one week's supply of raw material for the
cement works.
89
B. Raw materials Ill. Storage, blending beds, sampling stations

bridge-mounted
3.3.1 Longitudinal stockpiles scraping reclaimer
stacker
Longitudinal {straight) bed-blending stockpiles may be arranged either parallel or Stacker Brlickenkratzer
in line.

3.3.1 .1 Parallel stockpiles

Advantages:
Moderate length/width ratio on plan.
Fits in easily with the layout scheme for a cement works.
Capacity can easily be increased.
Disadvantages: Fig. 37: In-line stockpiles
Reclaimer has to be changed over from one pile to another.
Either a slewing stacker or a stacker with two booms is needed. Disadvantages:
Large number of belt conveyors and transfer points. Long buildings if the stockpiles are under roofed cover.
Long roof spans for stockpiles accommodated in a building. End-cone problems.
Extra space required for change-over of machines. High length/width ratio, besides requiring long buildings, makes such
End-cone problems. blending beds difficult to accommodate in a cement works layout.

bridge-mounted
scraping reclaimer 3.3.2 Circular stockpile
Brlickenkratzer

L stacker---·--·-·----
tripper Stacker traverser
Schleifenwagen Schiebeblihne
Fig.36: Parallel stockpiles

3.3.1.2 In-line stockpiles

Advantages:
No change-over of machines.
No slewing stacker required.
Only two belt conveyors.
Short roof spans for buildings.
Fig. 38: Circular stockpile
Capacity can be increased.
91
90
 B. Raw materials Ill. Storage, blending beds, sampling stations
Machinery and process engineering methods

Advantages:
Very short belt conveyors.
Simple roof construction for buildings, with central column as supporting
member.
It is relatively simple to keep the reclaiming output rate constant.
No end-cone problems.
Area on plan about 40% less than for straight stockpiles.
No change-over of reclaiming machines.
Disadvantages:
A circular stockpile is sometimes difficult to fit into the cement works layout.
Sticky or very moist material may choke the chutes in the central column.
The poke-holes for unblocking the chutes are relatively inaccessible.
Ground-water may cause difficulties in the material extraction tunnels.
Capacity can be increased only by setting up a second pile.
3.3.3 Homogenizing tanks or troughs
Under certain circumstances it may be advantageous to build a sub-surface
stockpile, more particularly in a suitably lined excavation formed, for example, by
blasting in rock, the object being to save on the cost of above-ground building
construction. However, in some cases trough-type blending beds at ground level,
i.e., not recessed into the ground, are recommended more particularly by the
engineering firm of FLS.
Advantages:
Very good space utilization.
No end-cone problems.
Roof can be of simple and light construction
Very good homogenizing or blending effect.
Disadvantages:
Trough is expensive to construct.
Expensive machinery.
Material falling from a great height throws up much dust.
3.4 Measures to combat end-cone problems
The end cones i.e., the semi-conical ends - of longitudinal bed-blending
stockpiles are liable to cause some problems. For one thing, it is difficult to ke~p the
rate of reclaiming constant at the ends of the pile because here the cross-sect1on of
the face from which the material is being reclaimed will vary from slice to slice.
Besides, not all the stockpiled layers are then simultaneously removed in each slice.
Especially when the reclaimer starts on the stockpile, the homogenizing effect is at
first liable to be very unsatisfactory, because there will have been considerable
segregation at the time of stacking. Vollmin mentions various methods of
counteracting these drawbacks:
If the capacity of a stockpile is to be increased, it is better to ~ake the pile
longer than wider, because the relative volume of the end cones IS smaller m a
narrower pile.
For a length/width ratio of 4 the end cones comprise about 15% of the volume
of the pile. This proportion increases to about 20% for a ratio of 3.
The end cone at the "far end" of the pile can be left standing or be only partly
reclaimed. This does mean some loss of effective stockpiling capacity,
however.
The reversal points of the stacker can be staggered in relation to the height
attained by the pile during the course of building it up. In this way the
segregation at the front end can be reduced. . . .
These end-cone problems are obviated if a circular stockpile 1s used, espec1ally
if the chevcon stacking method is adopted.

4 Sampling stations
For monitoring the operation of single-component or mul~i-compon~n.t blendi~g
beds which have to attain specified homogenizing or blendmg effects 1t 1s essential
to have suitable automatic sampling stations.
So far, not much information on such installations has appeared in the literature, so
that guidance on these matters must be sought from the manufactu~ers of cement
plant equipment. There is as yet no standardization of sampling stat1ons, and they
are always tailored to suit the requirements of each individual case, "":'hie~ more
particularly depend on the properties of the materials to be sampled. Th1s be1ng so,
the brief outline presented here can lay no claim to completeness of treatment of
Fig.39: Homogenizing trough the subject.
92
93
4.1 Sample quantity
According to available information, a representative sample of raw material in the
form of crushed stone will be something between 0.2% and 2% of the total
handling flow. If the chemical composition of the material entering the blending
bed is subject to large variations, or if it comprises a wide range of particle sizes,
sample quantities in excess of 1% should be taken. Stacking rates for modern
blending beds are between 400 and 1 000 t/hour, so that the sample quantities to

.
be taken and prepared for testing will range from 0.8 to 20 t/hour.
It is advisable to perform the sampling as a weight-dependent rather than as a time-
dependent operation. In the former case the sampler is controlled direct by a belt
weigher. The cumulative sample is homogenized in a special mixer after a certain
quantity (tonnage) of material has been collected. With both methods suitable belt
conveyors and automatic counting equipment are required. The samplers can be
mJ []] []]]
adjusted to take any desired quantity.
In order to obtain qualitatively correct samples it is necessary to take these from the
full cross-section of the flow of material being carried on the raw material belt
conveyor.

4.2 Process engineering features

Two raw material sampling systems in actual use at cement works wiil now be
described. In both cases the material in question is limestone.
In general, it is advisable to provide drying facilities, or a crusher that can be heated,
for dealing with material with a moisture content of 3% or more. The sampling
station is as a rule accommodated in a tower-like structure upstream of the
blending bed and comprises the various items of sample preparatory processing
machinery installed one above another. By making use of gravity inside the
c
sampling station the material handling equipment can be kept to a minimum and 0
the capital cost and operating expenses oft he sampling system be correspondingly ·,.:;
1'0
reduced. In cases where the sampling of the material can be done only at ground >- ti
level, it is advisable additionally to install a bucket elevator 5 0'1
'6 c
4.2.1 Sampling installation 1 (MIAG) '""o
O.,c c.
~_g E
1'0
Capacity of raw material handling ..JQ.I fll
system: 500 t/hour I e:= '4-
0
Sampling quantity: 1.2% 0.6t/hour r:::~
~
E
Sampling rate: at 2-minute intervals 200 kg/cycle ~ 1'0
Sample splitter (1 :50)· 4kg/cycle I
""
0'1
1'0
Sample mixer: 1 20 kg charge I
:a
Quantity from mixer for despatch ~
to laboratory (1 :600 division)· 200 g/hour. 0
u::
The samples are taken with a three-compartment chute which intercepts the raw 0
material flow every 2 minutes. The centre compartment diverts the material onto a "'t
slow-running belt conveyor which feeds it to a double-shaft hammer crusher a,
which reduces from 30 mm to below 2 mm product size. This crusher is heated, so u::
94 95
B. Raw materials Ill. Storage, blending beds, sampling stations Sampling stations

Fig. 41 : Sample divider and mixer
that the initial 3.5% moisture content is lowered to under 1 %. A screw conveyor
delivers the sample to a rotary-tube splitter whose discharge opening can be varied
from the outside by means of a sliding gate, so that the sample splitting ratio can be
adjusted to any desired value. The final reduced sample quantity is collected in a
mixer.
A belt weigher incorporated in the belt conveyer bringing the raw material from the
quarry records the quantity handled. Under adjustable electronic control, the
contents of the mixer are intensively mixed after every 500 t of material passing the
weigher. On completion of the mixing operation a quantity of about 200 g is
removed from the mixer by a pneumatically powered extraction device and is fed to
an automatically functioning pneumatic despatch station which sends the samples
to the laboratory. In the laboratory each sample is further dried and prepared for
analysis by pulverization in a vibratory mill.
The remainder of the sample material in the mixer is not required for testing and is
returned to the main material flow. When the mixer has been emptied, the sampling
cycle starts over again. The actual mixing operation is of relatively short duration.
No samples are taken during this period, so that there is no risk of the sampling and
testing procedure being falsified.
The sampling station has a dust collection system. The dust precipitated in the
latter is returned to the sample splitter, so that no dust losses occur.

4.2.2 Sampling installation 2 (FLS)

Capacity of raw material handling
system: 500t/hour
Sample quantity: 0.18% = 10 x 90 kg= 900 kg/hour
1st splitter (1 :1 0): 90kg/hour
2nd splitter (1 : 20): 4.5kg/hour
3rd splitter (1 : 20): 0.225 kg/hour.
The samples are taken with a swivelling chute which discharges the material onto a
vibratory feeder. The latter feeds it to a jaw crusher in which it is reduced from a
feed size of up to 50 mm to a product size of about 10 mm. The sampled quantity of
material is discharged into the first sample splitter. The reduced quantity is passed
through an electrically heated drying device, further crushed to below 1 mm
particle size and then further reduced in the second splitter. The sample from this
device is crushed for the third time, now to a product size not exceeding 0.2 mm. In
the third splitting stage, which then follows, the final sample quantity of about
225 g is obtained.

4.3 Checking the sampling system

Cumulative samples from automatic sampling stations may be affected by
Fig.42: Turntable in pneumatic systematic errors. The only way to detect such errors is by taking random samples
despatch station at the same time as the cumulative samples. The random samples are split, prepared

96 97
 B. Raw materials Ill. Storage, blending beds, sampling stations Sampling stations

~~-~
and analysed by hand. The errors that occur in these operations are greater with
increasing maximum particle size of the material from which the smaller subsample
has to be obtained by "splitting" the original sampled quantity. Investigations have

I t, --r-
;_.: shown that the error that this may involve in raw material of 0-30 mm particle size
_swivelling chute (sampler) range is ± 6.8 lime standard units. On the other hand, the error associated with
Drehschurre I Probeentneh mer )
belt conveyor ~ splitting a sample of comminuted and homogenized material is negligible.
Transportband ~-Vibratory feeder

{) V -~'""""''H" References

()

'---/
belt conveyor
Transportband
t
0
V,,.,.,~,
-jaw crusher
Backenbrecher

r--=- vibratory

_sample splitter 1
.,.,
feeder 2.

3.
4.
Duda, W. H.: Cement- Data- Book, 2. Auflage. - Wiesbaden und Berlin.
Bauverlag GmbH 1978.
Hasler, R. /Vollmin, K.: Stand der Mischbett-Technik in der Zementindustrie.
In· ZKG 28/1975/497.
Helming, B. Die Zementherstellung, Teil2. Fa. Polysius, Neubeckum.
Kamm, K.: Dosierung und VergleichmaBigung von Rohmaterial durch
Teiler 1 Abbaukratzer. - In ZKG 25/1972/89.
5. Schmidt, D.: Der VergleichmaBigungseffekt der gesamten Rohmaterialauf-
bereitungskette des Werkes Hardegsen. - In: ZKG 30/1977/532.
• b-vibratory feeder
9"' t Vibrationszuteiler 6. Weddig, H.-J.: Abbau-Kratzer und Bagger in Schuttguthalden. ln.
Aufbereitungs-Technik 1 0/1969/H 10.

t
• -belt dryer
Bandtrockner
7. Weddig, H.-J.: Methoden des Auf- und Abbaues von Schuttguthalden.- ln.
Aufbereitungs- Technik 12/1971 /328
8. Zimmer, K. E. I Frommholz, W .. Kreis lager als Homogenisierungsanlagen. - In:
Aufbereitungs-Technik. 16/1975/80.
~cr~1~~~ e~to~ 9. Information literature from the following firms.

~~
material
Becherwerk fUr a. Buhler-Miag GmbH, Postfach 3369, D-3300 Braunschweig
Ri.ickgut b. Buckau-Wolf (Maschinenfabrik), Postfach 69, D-4048 Grevenbroich
c. Weserhutte Otto Wolff GmbH, Postfach 940, D-4970 Bad Oeynhausen i. W.
d. Holderbank Management u Beratung AG (HMB), Technische Stelle
IMf4- sample splitter 2 CH-5113 Holderbank (AG)
l7d, Teiler 2

8if •t
,r;;,;:;;::J!l-vibratory feeder
~ + Vibrationsz.uteiler
e. PHB Pohhg-Heckei-Bieichert Vereinigte Maschinenfabriken AG,
Heckelstr. 1, D-6672 Rohrbach (Saar)
F L. Smidth & Co. AS, 77 Vigerslev Aile, DK-2500 Copenhagen-Valby

•
~-sample splitter 3
l7d, Teiler 3
•
I t If. Acknowledgements for illustrations
I IS Hasler/Vollmin, Technische Stelle Holderbank Management und Beratung AG
[81 t 1/ir
(HMB): Figs.· 1, 2, 3, 13, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 33, 34, 38, 39
lit 'grtss sample H Weddig, Buhler-Miag (BMB), Braunschweig· Figs.· 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15,
Sam mel probe 23,24,25, 26,27,35,36,40,41,42
Kamm/Zimmer/Frommholz, Pohlig-Heckei-Bieichert (PHB), Rohrbach· Figs.· 4,
12, 16, 17,29,30,31, 36,37
Schmidt, NORDCEMENT, Hannover: Figs.: 7, 28
Fa. Polysius, Neubeckum: Fig. 32
fig.43: Automatic sampling station for limestone (flS) F. L. Smidth (FLS), Kopenhagen: Fig 43
98 99