High Health Vocation institute In Basrah

Microbiology

Professor BY :MRS.HANAN DAGHER

 Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis
 Tuberculosis : an infectious disease affects the lungs, but
can also affect other parts of the body.
 It is the most common cause of infectious disease–related
mortality.
Morphology of M. tuberculosis
slightly curved thin rod-shaped bacilli.
Non-sporing, non-motile, non-capsulated bacteria.
Acid-fast bacilli Gram +ve
During acid-fast stain, they appear bright red to intensive purple with
green/blue background.
They measure 0.5 µm x 3 µm.
Appears in single, in pairs, or small chumps.
The high content of mycolic acid (50 to 60 %).
The cell wall is rich in lipids and waxes.
 A. Lipids
Mycobacteria are rich in lipids. These include mycolic
acids and waxes.
 B-proteins
That produce the tuberculin reaction.
 C-Polysaccharides
 They residecolorization by acid or alcohol so called acid
fast bacilli
 when infected persons cough, sneeze, or
speak.

Mycobacteria are secreted in droplets

organisms are set down in alveoli.

One to 2 months after exposure,

infection appear in the lung.
 RISK FACTOR
A healthy immune system can often successfully fight TB bacteria,
but your body can't mount an effective defense if your resistance is
low.
HIV/AIDS
Diabetes
Chemotherapy
Malnutrition
Advanced age
Alcoholism
Immunosuppressive medications
1-Fatigue
2- chronic cough spitting of blood .
3-weight loss
4- fever and night sweats
 Is tuberculosis(TB) within a location other than
the lungs.
 This occurs in 15–20% of active cases,
 Extrapulmonary TB occurs more commonly
in immunosuppressed persons and young children.
 Examples on Extrapulmonary tuberculosis :
 Gastrointestinal tuberculosis
 Tuberculous meningitis
 Urogenital tuberculosis
 Bones and joints tuberculosis
  1-Chest X-ray and CT

2-Smear for Microscopy

Sputum is examined for acid-fast
bacilli by Ziehl-Neelsen staining
 A standard dose of 5 tuberculin units (TU - 0.1 ml), is
injected intradermally and read 48 to 72 hours later.
 An infected person is expected to mount an immune
response in the skin containing the bacterial proteins.
 A selective agar media
 (eg Löwenstein-Jensen )
 Incubation is
at 35–37°C in 5–10% CO2
for up to 8 weeks.
 Treatment continued for six months:
 1- Isoniazide (INH)
2-Rifampicin.
3-pyrazinamide
4-ethambutol