7

8
9
1
1
1
1
1
 Ca
Mg
Ca
Mg Ca
Mg
Mg

1
1
1
1
19
20
21
22
23
24
27
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
55
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
89
9
91
9
93
9
95
9
 C
CCC CCCC C C
C C C

H HC
HCOH H H
HC HHH
H H H COH
HC CH
H CH CH H

97
 C

9
99
 H

C
H C C H

H C C
HC
H

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
109
110
– –

111
 – –

Enlaces sigma Enlaces pi

112
 HC
H C H CH3 CH2
H HC H H H CH3

115
 HC H H
H C H C
H H H C

H H

11
 HCH HH
H H H CC H
HH

H H CH
HCH
HC H CH H

H H CH
HCH
HC H CH H

H CH
HCH C H
H H H H

CH

11
11
11
12
12
12
12
 H 2C C
C
H 2C
CH2
CH2

CH2
H CCH2
2
CH2 CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2
CH2CH2
H2C CH2
CH2

CH3
Cl CH2 H CCH2

CH2
2
CH2 CH2 CH2CH2
H2C Br
CH2 CH2 CHCH2
2
CH2 CH3

12
12
 H
C

H C CH

C
H CH
C
H

12
 O

O C CH3

12
12
12
 Efectos de la lluvia ácida

13
13
 C C

C C
C C
C H2
HC CH H2C C CH2
2 2

H2C CH2 H2C CH2

HC2 HC2
H

C
H C C H

H C C H
C
H

C C H

13
 O O
C
C C C H3C CH3
C
O O
R OH
CH3 C
OH
O O
C C CH3
R OR’ H3 C O
O
R R’
R1 H
R3 N N CH3
R2 H
O
O
C R’’ CH3 C
R N NH2
R’
El significado de las siguientes representaciones: R: cualquier radical alquílico o arílico / X: significa halógeno (F,Cl,Br, I)

13
 R CH2 OH CH3 CH2 CH2 OH

R CH R’ CH3 CH2 CH CH3

OH OH

R CH3
R C OH CH3 CH2 C OH
’
R’’ CH3

13
 C O

O
RC
H

O
R C
R’

13
 O
RCOH

13
 O
RC
OR’

13
13
H HN R1 R1 R1
H N N R3 N
H H H R2
R2

O
CN R’ R’’
R

13
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
15
 CH3
CH3 C CH2 CH CH3
CH3 CH3
CH2 CH2 CH3
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
CH2
CH3 C CH3
CH3
CH CH2
CH3 CH CH3 CH CH3
CH3 CH2 CH3
CH CH3

CH3 CH3
CH3 CH CH CH CH
2 3

CH2 CH3

CH3

15
 CH
CH3 CH CH2 CH3
CH2 3
CH2 CH CH3 CH3 CH C CH2 CH CH2
C
CH3 CH3
CH3 C CH3 Cl
CH3
CH3
CH2 CH CH3
CH2 C CH CH2 Cl CH3

CH3 CH C CH CH2 CH2 CH3

CH2 CH2 CH3
CH3

CH2 CH2
CH CH CH CH CH2 CH2 Cl
Br CH3 CH CH2 CH3
CH2 CH3

CH2 CH3
CH2 CH2 CH CH2 C C CH CH2 CH3
CH3 C CH2 CH2 CH C CH Br CH3 CH CH3 CH3
CH2 Cl

15
 CH3
CH3 C Br
CH3 CH3 CH C C CH CH2 CH CH2 C CH3
CH C CH CH2 CH2 CH CH CH3 CH3 CH2 CH CH3 Cl

CH2 CH2 CH2 I

CH3 CH CH3 CH3
CH3

15
 OH
O
OH

Cl

15
 CH3 CH2 CH CH2

CH3 CH CH CH2 CH3

CH2 CH CH2 CH CH3

CH3

CH3 CH C CH CH
CH2 CH3

CH3 (CH2)5 CH3

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3

CH3
CH3 C CH2 CH CH3
CH3 CH3

CH3 (CH2)3 CH3

155
 CH C
CH2 CH2 CH3

CH3 C CH CH2 CH3

C
CH3

CH CH C CH CH3
C
C
CH3 CH2 CH2
CH3

CH3
CH3 CH
CH2 C CH3
C CH
CH3

CH3
CH3
CH C C C C C CH2 CH3
CH3 CH3
156
 CH2 CH CH2 CH CH3
CH3

CH3 CH C CH CH2 CH3

CH3 CH3

CH3 CH CH CH2 CH2 CH3

CH3 CH3
CH2 CH CH CH2
CH3 CH2 CH3

CH3
CH3 CH CH CH CH C CH3
CH3 CH2 CH3
CH3

CH C CH CH2 CH3
CH2 CH3

157
158
 CH3 CH2 CH3
CH3 C (CH2)4 C CH3
CH3 CH3

CH3
CH3 CH C C H

CH3 C CH
Cl

CH3 CH CH2 CH2 CH3

CH2 CH3

CH2

CH2 CH2

159
160
CH2 = CH - CH2 - CH - CH3
CH3

CH3 = C C - CH3

161
 CH3 CH2 CH3

CH CH2
C C H

162
163
 O
C C H

164
 H O
H C C
H O H

165
 H O
H C C
O H
H

166
 Cl
CH3 CH CH3
O
CH3 C CH3
H H
H C C OH
H H
O
CH3 C
NH2
O
CH3 CH2 CH2 C H

167
168
171
17
 O H
HC HCOH

H OHC C OH
C CHCOH OH C O
H H OH
HH OH C C HC OH
C OH
H H HH OH

17
17
17
17
 H
O
H C
H
C
N O
H R

17
17
17
18
18
 II

18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
19
191
192
193
194
195
196