UNIT-II FIBER OPTICAL SOURCES AND COUPLING: Direct and indirect band gap materils-LED structures -Light source materials -Quantum efficiency and LED power, Modulation of a LED. Lasers diodes-modes and Threshold condition -Rate equations -Extermal quantum efficiency -Resonant frequencies - Temperature effects. Introduction to Quantum laser and Tunable Laser. Power Tausching and coupling-Lensing schemes-Fiber-to- Fiber joints-Fber splicing Introduetion to optical amplifiers = [Dacct and Trdaech Band Gopap eda eleetson > transition . fe take jolace to ot ic iASIOD tem dhe cerMtuction barch tet abaesption oe vo helen, hats hogy 4 rrmrmentars tush be cory 4 a .. idernablk 2neoge y Though & pholen have consi 44 i real). Tb rementan hye wb voy 4 sap Depending on aha Hens 4 the yap - wominium k, “4 4 Semicerdurtes — ae \ : © tpdnect E ad op Bare bap ft Bart Gap’ (DBO) . : Die ee tien on ekchn +4 helt a at cempanied by tie emiaston 4 a probe* Simplest + most probable aecombination proce * Th this arcombimiion proces, the obeken 4 hole eth, game momentum valu. Thin a a dieet bard gep rralewal: [Makvink > GoA, Gath TAs. ek J > Tndirect Bardgap' Cr pa) * Concluction bard minimum + the vale the cea bend maxiroom energy tevels occer at aijeent Volues A momentum. * Since ‘ofp = momentan is band-to-band’ accrmbinalicn must invdhve a postrck called phonons (eg. evgsta) Aatkee vibrations) to comenve moments Crea 2 $i, Ge, GaP) vey «reall, ts ing “LEDS “Hig? Blectren Reobinibot Bild Erelgap meant hand : eS elechors es Direct baal Ejeotaco sian 4 : ; alia LAP Sant erty ho- Eg, \ Va bere ES df ee ees — > Nonunturo k Elechon Recorebimtion — Trdliaset barelqap CB olectrons Phonon 4, oretty Fm J Prater Om aq fsa Pin, = By + ez eregy 9 b= Bind +p he ee a the fe Nalines bani 3 Nomentum ke=> Light Emitling Picdes (Leds): eo =e When bit rah is low than loo — AooMbls, i : light Sou | cervemiuchita rene” oni’iaicli? the bak” choca + LED sequins dei cormplex clair inc daser dreeles a eee ¥ No thera! optical Atohilization cach ane needled x They can be fabricated doa expensively with higher yields. ¢ aa To be weful ath fide transmission application, an LEB must have a high 2cliarce elP, Wa ot emission Aesponte Hie + fia high quantum efficiency. 1) Racliamce (Oe Bajghtnet e measeaed © dn voathr ¥ moaswe athe optical pews nadiated tnton unit Aolicl angle” per unit cee of the orciting sunface. x High Aocliances one mesons to couple hagh. optical Iivels into: a fiber iy Emigsion Responiet Nica ten of 0 ceosunt pube. x» Firne alelay bho The app! + He ornet 4 optical emiasion. la, Aimib the Bw with which the x This time ae dowa in produlated © eliwectly by veogig he injected Cevaent. Ii) Quankann efficiency! 3 nolated the ftecten 4 injected elechen a hole pains Hhat recombine — radiatively. d1 To achieve high Aarlianee 4 high qpontum efficiency LBD ahuefuse mat provide a means | confining the Change commie 4 Hu dlimelated optical emidion vp thy active region of tte pn Junction where Aaclintive Accorobination Aakes place * Carmier Zonfinement “ wed fo achiove a high Arve} 4 nocliative aecorbiralion uh Ihe active ne jon othe cave hes Y's 4 high quantum efoerey. ? Do inmporlant jer ven tin, absorption he emilird radiation by the material zwrow i) the ire upaei & Deuble~ heloroshuchne @& heterojunction (DHJ adlevite witty two oligfeent alley layers ot gamle nde tthe “acl reqrers Ala + Sy This searrlwich Ahuctun ch 2 alley lnyess, both the ceomions + He ophen! fel ont Confined Ain cental netive layer. pFAeier + eptical ronfinemet] ¥ Bard-gap diffosres “4 achacent slayos ton} Abe change camions, whib oliffeocre ais the indices q H 2 fs ashroction confine ite _ optical yield to the onbal tive | i" is nf lua) confinement cheacl, to high at 4 high newliarce By De pclo in|lusra Fhe ‘devia performma Pen pe m1 pepe 7 inelucte ne Sepial absexplinntin the active s2qien (sell abseechs > cooler necerobiration at Ihe hatctostuctinn. nae conterdvatton Ba active lay 2 deprrs > Injection coomien density 4 > active layer ThicknessLED Corpiqurattent - “at ; © estan ervittes (Bdrm © [rot ersta) ( Surfecce_ernifter + e plane ap Hu acfive light-emitting segien ‘is oriented perperdicataaty to thy are 4 the f ¥ A ull as cieked| through fre 4ubshrots 4 the clevice. e Ther i comented accept the emitted light: % Cireules active crea > Drameler — Fp Thickree — upho 2.5pe * Enuaston pattem is isckopic teith @ 120° holt into the well ined fo power bear wich + This -tselrophic patiean fee suas erty wd called a Larcbertian pattean - tlambertian pattern! ¥ Swe’ wv equal ancy oliacction, oe wohore 8 > angle bho the viewing fe Ha surface. x When = 60, power dower bo 57. 4 1b peok a» the fokal half, ~proers beam watch is 1208- bright pohen Viewed “ter lirninighn, a8 CoE” direction + tha nome) Ww Celgene tne Tent 14 an axctie Junction “argicn , which ws dha sour, wa inrohoert light + 400 quidieg Jaye. ight "tt in a dnsction panollel te “Tt -bea an eflipfical patfian PN- janchor pares¥Bructing region have a acfiactive jncler tower than the active region but highs than He seonrincting — material. y This sNactiae forms a waveguicl channel tral obaccl thy optical radiation Aousarch. a phen te ¥ Pelge emillory (0-10) pine tofole : active vegteo length Con —1 50) Mrr- + Emission pallesn £1 rnete dincetreral. ¥ Tn a geld paaltd to the Junction» Tho a Be voaveguic effect, dle enied bearre is Kaeabestian worth half power toi ts 4 O).= 20. * Toa plane perclcctlon fo the junc, ie hl pow hears tilts Oy 2 grna)) ay 25-35", a, eres Hi LED fig Surface eroittr ofan Boreecg mail — seyy rato 7 I< nee LEAT poyble, Copy } Beem Heat SinI Active veqien reales metal Contact ‘ Hy! Fge ernittien LED Cat tenterct (Aafire actives Active area Metalzathen Gone. alien aye able hebesuretin t Sv eagest% The xemicorductr materral which o trad for the aecfive legen of an optical owe must have oa dlinec? band. ; 4 Tn diacet bard -gap semicanduets, electors 4 heles recemire ctinectly acrom the bandgap toithout needing a tir pooticte fo earseive. momentuin, ¥ Tn dict barel-gap material, Agclintve Aecombi aration is high to produc an adequate devel of optical emission x Most irepodant dinect bardgap malerialsar re ar dhe TD -Z materrabs 4 s Thee rateial an nach jer cempourels 4 qeup B elernent Ceg Al, lia, Ts) 4 0 gop ® Blieenk feq, P, As , SB) y Vovioun ferray + galery Cine - op wentorigh ce suilrble + + Try S00 $5 ION apechurn, An prind pal rrateniql wed is derrany alley Gare Ale As- ye reo = aluminiury ovsenide to aveniclh determine the hardaap 4 the alley 4 the coavelingt 4 the peeks emitted Aediation 9) 220-08 we The peak ol peroer occur at 8tonm. The width the spechal Haan at it half power peint Weclts half maximum (FWHM) & poche] combirntiens 22 alo ic optical AOU. Hiarn known on the te width + FUNM épechal width oF 4s 3&nm # At longer wavelingihs, He primey rrateval sed 2 quaterrce: f . we ype J aadtey Tony Gon Aty Frey» By saniieg tte mole fiections x 44 ath Hie active arta, LEDS with peak olP power at an voavelera ty blo 1.0 and htm ean be contracted © oy yy a 5. ea = £ Es eh r : of. cy 3 i t MW ol en on At nel froin “ey Sper pt “tiqr . at Bion. 2g! Spectral eminsfen porters s j a 3 a Benne 7 We 19 13e heh ve spun 1 ” Swe Gogh ° ial re mee D> Emission wave len sgt Com) ST Alleys. Ga AMS 4 nga AsP ase chen fe make A0omicorduetor light douences. ¥ A very clse match bo the erydal latte. name bors the Aadjeining hefercjunctions .t requiaed eto reduce irlenfacia Artech 4 bb minimize, atrains tn Me lovin ay ithe temperate vanies ¥ The pei Ainectty ated the aactiative. effrciorey 4 litle’ a hat Bounce,Using the Jurdorental gpentam - mechanical ® 7eclationship blo eregy E and {9 v, E ahd. he aise a show ash yohem | ND Peak emission wavelength (pr) can be exprowed ara fr nd stip electron volt i the 2 fr barel-gapenogy Ey .2hO —@ Elev) A hilorajenction toith reatching lattice pooorelos dis eealed by chosing & malerial compositions Pat fave he Aame date conslant bat aliffesnt band-gap enongies The energy gap vin electten volt. for voles 4x bho zor 4 0.37 a foard fem fhe ern) meal em, [Epa tees $t.2b662 +0.26627] —@® Th Qaanm, FWHM Apeckal void th, qtee iA 250m Dround (1300 te iboo)nnn, FWHM Apocter) tvictth around (Hoto/to) nme. Ne ici Pp x An ences 4 eo? 4 hols th P+ polyp camo) vs rweated vin o emi concer ctor ight pounte by canniee injection at the clewe contact. J we The | exces clensi ties eon 4 holes p are egal Ne injected covnins cae Joured + aecembine in paca io accodare wilh the naqiterrent fer chenge Pachety in the cnydal ( a we When canien injection atop, Mee ceooten tensity returns to the eqilibsire valece “The exces camnten density decays ex porantially (pro) = waterials (roinevityWith time acceding ate Hu relation, ST nant tahoe Ne > initial injected exceeds electron clerk TD comie Jide Fre Cavrier lifetime Ct): * Impertant eperatt pameler en elecks optic biesp Spereney pe 4 ¥ T valus dongs jer mrs be focters 475 The 2102 Comieon. can pscembint, eithe ractiatiely or Pem-aadiattwely . : . > Rediative rsrermbination: xa prokn eresay ho, equa) to the band GAP emeay (ios = &5) dy evsitled > New-cadiatve _recornbmtien . < Tee Include Uptical absorption fin He acting Aegion Cecil absorption), covatts Aecombirn tien at tee hakeostuchise Iribenfocts the Pages preci a uteal te nelare Hu creas dlusirg cn clactren hale 7 decombinalion + & harafoned. bo noth camie in te fem 4 leone tic freq) 7 When Hex 2 a content ceorent tes inte an LED, an Lqpilibrium condition is established The total awake at whieh conten ox ae reruted a Une sure a Ha arterally supplied 4 he Herrrally u v geroatid nabs. The ertanally supplied r pai PPake - J ae where To conent tensity (Ale?)> eltchoo chan a) als ticknes 4 aecombinatron aegion. The therm! genoation Rak . i "The Rat 2qp fer cawie pecombiratren tn an Lep an ao Tn ae gal oe Te eqsi hbviewws conditicn vis found by setting eO equal bb ZO0 wor # —e Thi relationship ives the Abrady stat electron density un Hu active gion when a coretant cunent wo fieisirg trough it. > Inlornal quantur ¢, ¥ This epee an eleclrer- héle pow Hat necembine He active nagien ais the packer aM radiative’ " : a i nA qpantewn efgterey (Nint) othe patio 4 Mn pactiative recombination Aah by the foal pa corohicaltcs naib % Nint = = —© Ret Ror tohene Ry, > nactiative Rmy > Pon~ radiative “Sox exponential olecay of ercens Carnie thé Pecembina tion lifetime we Tar pecombination Aatr necornbiration rate radiateThe ren radiative recombination Hetime -b GB. 72 —Eé : Ls ot = Thus, the foferra) quanturs : 4y Opkcal powea gervaded inlerrally to the LED is Pent ink a pe = hs a —® whee, hd > photon eregy: eticiee eperionn pte (ni To find the erie power, Yo Hs racded . e dutinad as tre Aatio ig thu photons ercitted form tu LED be the number 4 inkernally rede plrtons Ptaibeten elf 4 18D ak be Auofone as neeclid 40 fied Neeal “hg: Light 4olling valun a cote cared by tne® oitical orale vill be emited flere an epkcal soune Led tout Ab Hu tntoyace qo matoial bourdangy» only a faction 4 Light Hling within a bene Aepined by dhe critical arale dee Be till enon the interfou & = Alp ( 2x) whos 1m Drspoctive neler 4 the Acrnicarcluctes reatenia) ha srafortive indir +. outids material. ain with Dawe) The zrterna} slur effrderuy ts calculated ftom To rerrd “Net > in [reevan 410g) dg } whe Tt) > Frese) Tertmiasion to etident er Frere) branamiasin’ 11d) clepends on the incidence angle $. ‘The expronion { nora) Inudence i “fej a 27 Pa ‘(Pi tna)=n, Aazume eordtide medfurn 1 Qn + Ack on, To) = me de. and & aches 4 Feet ix al aap 0 $ « — cong, +6080] = 22 Sand. near f i nye 2m J an p-cnk'J 222) ea (E o) be-%-8) eee = iu | 8) =, & (ain( sn 2 ime * > diy L'- Nulipy ry en finpel Met > a2 [o Outacke mucin oi bas j men es Tee = teat eo me . hy re The ophical pouser emitted foo Tha LED Pint ; ntnny 7 Pe Mert Pint > eaten The peqgeery amespome 4 an LED determined by 3 fact! J dn thu active region Waoping” ve i) injected camie Vifetione T un the accombiration regen Wi) pooaaitic capacitarer 4 LED y Ah drive ceooant 4 moclulated at a peperrey wo, the optical olp power of Ahe device twill vony as Pres) © Rpt cory] _owhere fo — power emitted at rere mocluletien jae Casi # The parasitic capacitance ately the tojection into ithe active juretieo & thus atelawy th aptcal olP ¥ This olelay iy xrmal) Cregligibb) A a temall consdaot forward bias dappled to Hu olvede. + Moke lation Aesporse ty limited only boy Fhe cmon Accombinaton time The medulation bandwidth 4 an LED & aafinad aithon tilachtanlts ‘oy ly optical foxes Electrical feamat 1 x tr wed when Bw dh delermined via te axodatid electrical iver & Medulatifs 8Wok ditined at Hu point woh he electrical power ples) in cropped, fo hal} 1 constarst value rosulticn fore Ra modulated Postion he — optical Tha 2 He electncal SAB port, Wah i ie fepered at which +h ol ebcbical power * mduad by 3d& wnt the Cl? plectvical power ee Rosponte an-oplical Aounee Ze ee eT Ct, ) lectical 3-olB point ae pe a Xe 3-18 point ! ? Electrical i a ey 3 Cervunt gatio 5 LeAn optical dounte exhib a linear relaticraslup blo tight power + cement Sinte plea) = gaily lhe ratio oy te ie ebchical pewa at the peqery vo fo the power at zero modulation Roto, a oy [ES] - lo 40g [se)0 whee Tes) > electrical eb ain the detection circuitry The elechica) 3-AB point ecces at that fuquercy pacl whim the detected electrical Jrewer pe = Pleo). This happens when 2 x . ee km Or Tled/erg = +E = 707 The 3-dB Bw ib olbtemined peor the ratio + the optica] power af fey 0 be tha - Unmedduleta value 4 Me oplicel power i decked ceooant: bs ctincetly proportional dp the optical oi this ratio is Pled 7) 10 Lee LOY Ratios ~ wed! Sy i © The eplical 3-18 point occeas of te fequerey where Abe ratio 4 the cement vo squeal to.> Phaser Ri indes]- ® av laser comes Lin many mms AANgLN: the. 20 x ain 4 salt a je steel ae tae dorm » lasing medium can be a a liquid, an vinculerting crystal Cacti tate) ea Aemitonduetes ¥ Mor optical rhe Ayden, “series love dal amp widely usec! Josey socrees + To conventional xelid— tah + gee dosen, the elk nadiaton is hi gly menoclaonnatic 4 the lighly beam iy very Ainictional. Laser “action is the “raul 9 3 key processes’ w photon absesptien W) Apontanecus emission + (id Shroulated emiasion Se enegy frvel diagrams whee E> greand alate snogy E.2 excited tate enc.gy. W Absoxplion’ Acconci el the absor plow Or amiaion Yo Planck's Jato, a baansition bho Yhese too state fa proto eres hv, = B28, nue a system WB in tHe eu Atate , When ao probe 4 enogy bis imp on the d upton, an electran in stake i absorb the pheton ereay 4 be evcited be state F. . Cg (0))' S process involved in laren action =e Eo BR. «. bys Linda — : hy. a, Cin pe ) ABsorpti; i cg ’ PR sorption tb) Sperlanems fe Sterulated Gh emision ernisiro & shat 4 MIR IOw / WME) THELESS an unstable state, he om vil wig Pete tel the Pound Atak, thereby eroittnn qd photon erergy hi... This ercea taitimedt ong | external stimulation ets culled spevkineees_enminsion Thae bamitevers cng aso pie. ee yarelers phase A Hee APPEA BS A namewhband i 7 dcr tmulatin Aa The e~ can be Jinduced to make a dewmwad sharsitico for He erated Jovel to the curd—astate evel Sinuladed emission: Tpa pheton 4 erongy hoe Timpingeson the. systorn, ves Ha em ik ARID in i emeited stake, oe e & fromudialely slinulated to chop hy the, gourd Bote 4 gre 4 a photon 4 eneae) hy The ormithe proton ws in phwe with the incidart Photon, ard the resultant emiaion Known ax stimulated errission. by an extoral stimulationTr thermal eqpulibvium, the deruty 4 ovihd™ elechons via Very armall. Mest pholone inwclirt an dhe ie) as abseved, Ko tat stimulated emiaien es ne ieble. ri ulation invention! Stimulated gmiision usl! oxcced obseipier oly 'b sthe population of ta proted girs ty pe > stat a dhe gseurd stale. This conditien dh krowe = population inveation. Papell irwertion is nebicved by Dumdne techniques. a semicerducti Jase, pepuletic A ds acesmplidaed injecting ohechork into He rice! at He devia contack to yi Hi lec eragy sete F Uthe conducten bard. " ; © Diodes Mados 4 When dhe hardwidth 2 $ Bomicerductor rejection lover died: Ja pafene lesa Aiecles = have 7espome time Lr > have opical Bw dnm an Lees 7 3 > capable coupli several fers Goren ae welu) Juminesant ‘peso into optica’ phew a a cotgs 4 arrall remds field ctiornsken, all hae Atak ax reulfilayecd lalewc¥erc tins devices. The Construction Jaser click. ix rex Compiz Breas He additional xquiserart 5 Thos hel confinement in sera dosing caw d «Simulated emidion an ser mrducte [aoe anne fern optical trarsihens Bhs cshibabers oferagy stale vin the valence ¢ conduction banda + This olippes frore ges + polid- slate losers, io which reciative dransifions. eccea blo disnete cholate) atomic os roctecerlan levels ¥ The racliator in the Jasrer clicde genoated verthin a. Mabry Rosot acsenabat_cavi ® This cavity ix much Arnall, 250-500 pro org, S-spire wile 4 ou -o-3 pom Heh & These dimensions cow nefoned to os The deraitudinal, Jaterl 4 jransvene. dlémensiont lea nelly 1 Fabry -forct Resonator cowi “eg ey fy ends aro 8) ae Pow Hical be taang t vegans oe lear tHe ff a ? hha pel” Rena : mes de fe Hen * a pang qlat, padtally sefechrg (ritcd ae directed fowad soch otha fo erclse the cavity ¥ The minnes jee ors conhucted byrroking two pasallel clefts along nahwoal elravage ® Planes 4 the demiconduckt on a ¥ There misncts provide 4) optical dock un the -lorgifuclinal alinection i os STE convert He obvice Info an oxcillatot with @ gain mechaniaro taf Cornpersales qe optical dowes in the cavily ¥ laser covily Love reany Aexorent {ep The cloviee oscilla at jhese Avsonant peg a the an d» Aufficierd to Overcome tu lewes. } + Siclos dhe cavity ane Bee now shan ute ad ie cbsvie | Ceuei urssanted soy up these dincclions w Pichibelel erect Joe (ores xcleave cof, oa et naquined fev optical ferdback. Construchon is bimilay to tabry - Perot w lasing actor in obtained frome Prerepy oe Leto gain of fonrecic variation 4 the ae dredax , we These ae incorporated i the mul fileye auclne alerg 2 th i fn : “tig? Dishibuted phe (268) Jaren ciods a i Corre Subsiats\ The ye opheal lp ix reacted only fer ths ont pot the Josen i ae Dielchie arcdireta i Aepesitod on the roar laser foret fo reduce ta optical Jers sin" the cowrly, vto avduc the HPaeshold ceonent olinsity 4 bo ifeare fhe grtesnal qrertar a ai Nectos : : ill radiation within The Azsorant cow SL a laser ttccle «eb, up.a pecttean 4 electric + rrognoltc fied tires called the taocky of Ma cow vw MN ane separated Inko two ioclependent sek 4 Jrarsvene ebrclic (TE) 4 Aantweue rete (TM) roortex, * Each sot reels is olescvibed in tena dorgituctinal, Jateyal 4 thansvenre half ~ Arnusciclal Neriotiors q EH fields along the proier axes of the cavity, Lor rbot ie coh 4 - 4 > arclated ro the Je L the covi > cbterrore thy Prirdpal atuetune 4 the fq eepactrune a Aha erviltod optical aadiation. - > when L> tpn, rary Aang tudinal nodes can enint je in the plane pp junction’ >deperd| oo the Aictun|) Preposadton 4 the voiclthy 4 the cavity. Solitermine the shape 4 He Jalea Hr ower bean TRarsveve rerles’ arcciated usith BN ye Aheam profile in } Profilehe olinection pp ypencbicer lax fo the plane 4 po junetil® > determine fhe laser chosaceristicn Auch as radiation Nern 4 Hueshold ceonsnt density. Jasiog sd the condition at which light amplification Becomes possible win the laser diode 7% is sila Laing Thvesheld Fyn) ® pepe Ie ks point at which the optical wa equal to the total lew a, un the Cavity « Tg Cmndition ee ipieocetle % no ! r = Fa a? oe In) whey OL? Round tip gain Wher 4) 3 minor lowe uh laiog AP Be Al ral Te tla ee ah TE alinla By hse srha ptetion a the lasirg negirn Pha prcoer Ve ob rae At igh ols, the alepe 4 Be conve clecemer « bros of jenetien heating. il The theshdd ef Aaeaity r ahimulahed eminin T,, atlated to desing - Hoesheld ophieal ace by ; : im > BI» vole po ap erds en the Specipe Avie enna babe bles opel alP. power & we Voser atede drive of Be : 38 Leg trl 2 emission T Sponten PC Tan loner dreds rive9 Loser Diede Kate EF uations | + The Acleticnship blo optical oP power + P ; “ta alindé hive cf. it determined by erasing ithe rab equation. . hi Ie B ress the interaction 4 phoos 4 electors in the active Argier +The fold) canien population 0 deteeniret by comier injection, Speotancous necombication a atirmulated emission: + for an po junction with a Canin confinement Aagion cipth d, the nate sqrt ore 97 4 ae = Crg + Ry -2 —O + Tpb ato = slime hs Ae Ae hoe which gerne numba a prolers ¢ + do 7-2-4 tat a eh ae Blectron_. digo Spon tanceus State. Rabe [iter Meskienteo erevasion veltch quiere Ha nos ai chars’ a. whoe C> toeffretent clescribirg the Shery th optiesl ahinrpHan 4 Cminian " interaction, Pate fanrous emiasten into the Jasin. Rap 2 Re a afer en 10) hsing i Tph 5 photon Infettrng E 7 Janeous Ae Combira Hon ligetion. Lo TS injection ~ceenemt lersityFo ag O, @ AE tem as a source 4 protons esatthing born Altralated eeiaion nd A fom > the no 4 photons Produced by Apeninnncs emission Carma) tan 14 Jes) steam decay an te ne. 4 photons Cetuced by [ows Rectan ath dhe faxing cavity In eq ®, +t on fem > Inasare tn em concenhatinn sin CB as Btonent fous a, into the obvie 437 heim > no qos Jost ftom CC econ to spontaneous alimalated tensitrans. »aoling O4B Jor dboody clare eontitions ge fos a erpnewsion toy the olf power. Wfor mbedoly stele cnatitin, LHS of eps +O fh equal to zee + In eqn O, Bseerre Sop > negligible. Ab iy ave, whan gs Aral « at ° enh = Toh 2-@© uf tn - __& rn must exceed thresheld valur nen ie orcler fe ts INoeare & Usroe of the “Presheld cxonents Jy needled be maintain an ean ©, Hoahsid value os enprewed stn “forma ynversion Level n= Py, ain the steady tate coher tha na, Toh, & pe my hotons $20, > ee qr | BH. -o-0 “| iat reqpiaed fo sustare anerces Des Usp Me& den ain athe faxer cohen aeportane ous emiaslon iy the only olocay mec haniam. Now, comico, the photon ae Ant ogra in Ue Abeacdyys Atett condn at the thy lasing ossheld Eqns © 2@ becoma bree 727 —® Creds 4 Ra - Oa Le Tph pede ad - | ~ Crna, a —© whee gs 9 ateady alert fe Avesity Adding eas O46, wsirg eqr® for fhe term we + aoltng for ds, a aa pumba of ia & t- du unit volume, ier 42 A ne in (#-3 "(2-3 HtpFp | —O Ie 2 Ne. 4 protons azwe Ning Pee sttiem > apeoniculy genes" nesalid photons. -+ > [Etom! Tpeamton FP iene. a exlecral difffvinfial qpiantun effforeey Hout ae dryirid an He nO 4 photons amibted per nadia lve @ hel. i asasimbirntin abit. Proahde. "i qn) Jun whee Jn, > gain ce “{ ycuenb 3 internal Guan hom eg cotn = > effect ahs a ‘i ay SS oro Atroulated Nene@ ab asm bop, mz 06-07 Experimentally, Nenq Calculated {tere the at line portion of the cuave the emitted optical power P Vs chive cwwsnt ZL which gives dp Crow) = OP 2 6. a Nene z 2 = 0.8065 > (pre) FE (A) vohoe 5 Si bandgap onesgiy fev) AP > ineervntl cParge tm emilled optical potseal Gz > jmererental charge tn chive ct CrmA) b> emission wavelength Cp) = Ressoank heyert} Eqr ghz) © ; Wu used to emamine the Aerchant pegs i laws, The cordn. tr eqn ® holds wher OBL = ante —4 whee m2 integer i Using Be m jer the prepeg? te’ tens tant, RSA «A. =. Ts Gs @2 ; os ipl pp ea ? 6 Alan a» = whee 290 | This dates tet He cavity pssonates starcli voave pattern exist cvoithin iE), when an rokege. nurnbor ro nl Iatf-taovolirgiha, pans the MEP blo the iany The roltionhip blo ger + fey cor be axsumed, te have the jan form, qanwion - oe gO = glo erp [> ce ® show DoD teavelingth af the cant of The apecher T > Apectra) void th Hu geir if Maximum gain gia & proportion) fo the pope onvo inversion Te fird she feperey pacing, corsicler fa Auccemive rood Gg fog V,,” and Uns aapacsente by athe integers m-) and m. “Frere eg. @, -)a Qh ® m-) aie 5 Ih all Jason, te gate a 4° 4 jepersy and r= ale yy. SB) c Subhecten en 646, ugetas = AL” (0,,- Yn) = 22 av —@ = Z The peppery apedng, Bd Sey “This ean be aclated to the veaveling ym “pa ng BA FHoceadh the rebtonship ao 5 on yietticg 4 2 y-2X. . —® an The enact no. moods, Hed buignt 4 % rein, crap daperds on Bu taser coratructon. pep Or“hy! Goin Ve. ees plot S — Laser Dieele trac tues In addition te tansveue optical 4 casnig. comp ine ment bles heterojunction Jaye, the basic aagpuserant . eproent ‘operation 4 Jase, dicdaxs A that vthe — ctonent qlee rorat he aeshictod laterally to a namew Atri) aler athe length 44 the Jase holic apphical = confenement- dase lght an the “the Hee methods tuaed & boarding lateral ctiaection in_quicted_lasm ” Oct * a nameto clectrock stipe CS BHP wick) pure ale Hw — Length the dicde- y jel 4 pe frees! inks the. evice hse Srajrochave " 4 thy actie Lays « doeely tele the ah i The vofle thee injected core evak a rmpnes Ite tt lafewly. weak, complex vaavequuide that ¢ a i a os 8 This type G ani corner re? - guided Jaser. >* These Jase omit opted powers erceeclivng oo mw . * Thy have. sheng instabilities 4 have highly cutiqmalie , too ~pea' a beara ( Higted) method . “tig Optical confinement wg ocd eaten a Melallic Achve p~af- “ipo Lighashacth aoe age ade aoe ne& vegectve indix tructines oe povcated 7 positive inden (i Teoler- quiclee) laser: ol waliclefic wavegnic vin the dateral clineetion The vanialion ain tte aval refractive: frcker there Ahackwes conhel the lateral meclas sin the loser These clovices are called Aralan sepeatcaet dase. % 34 9 ponticalas alice laser supperk only He furdamental tranavese mode 2 He fundarrertal dongittidinal mele, if is knocen as single mode laser. kee cies alls ela, at alle 4 agit Het bas an infersiby pryile tohich. is a bel! shaped Gite ceave. ; stedir- quicld Jescu can have e7the pesitive. inder on negative indir wave ~confining structioes ive inelex toave guide * d . wcenhal aagien has a highen nefpectiog ire shan the otter regions f i sob Sh tna all dhe guided light is aaflecta a dielrcfric bounday ae 1 repack te all tll lie index 4 the wielth 4 He higher — irdee segin as dove! sce enky a furdetnephel~ daterl moda 0 MOPP q , Ne ative —incx woavequide! » Clee argion Ha actve lage has a lower peliaclive index tan te ouler vegrent ef tre dielchte boundovies, pat 4 the light ts Aefteced 2 Hie Mest & neftacked Wher dhe Hotterroaterial 4 a: lest: st fundarcankl make has to roctiation dove dian ony otha med 4 it iv te peor Pe Irclax -quickd Jarers are race ecg (Sed adhe re nolamental shrue tures! j | & buried” before cructiae ri) delectively obffoned emsbructen 61) Varying — Hbicknow structae a) bent —laugn comfiqenation (» Buried hetero - struct ! To rake a ‘bunied hekero structs, name> « mesa stipe is ckebed ix dub hetrrostrectae Te cd ery srt S” Tao ‘ | athe rratebed n-type with an appropria® bara 4 a Aw active index Fe vr + Thi ee ahor gly ra ps aspreated ight in a lateral wavequic “igi buried habevotbrachoe F P-SeAl As confining a delet TES th patting Contact + heat ok | _ p’ Gan BAS Ui Clact k aba AlAs, n-Gahlas, “t pirebe > fo Pas aubshely | pea —Di. (i) Selcitvely clitlered denshuction E as ie chemical clopant, such ax zine for Gro AlAs nT 4 codmiurn TrbiasP doses. liffesed roto Hh oebive — aryer irrmneclia ety betes tie metallic conteet Abrpe- v The clopant changin the raftactive preter te active v lun fe form a lafeal ssavequcl channe! ii) Vorging - The nek Abucheore ! Eee es apt x A clannel Crtsa or Fovace) D efched int ‘ Aubstrate jah. the x le crept] ae Then cr aia channel si Jiquicl phase gpriany » This cow Yi in the atiperciers a postially d vata Fiera dimolves the prohaisiont, “hore! euaticg un the thicknewes Mu active 4 yg dagen. x» When an optical uave erveunies, 9 loca} jrowae an The icknen, the thicker aca achs a pesitive ~indlex woaveguicte higha = trees traalental Gi) Bent —layr _atruchwe : q aa pel yal maa b etched tot) 5 Semicorduet’ roaterial Je Ane grown Arty fi Abruclone wing il inn opiery exactly replicate dhe esa” confiquarion » The active taupes hax a constant thickneu wilh Jaterg) | berets voave traveb alana te flat fp w Ax an optical Bu maa in te active once, the lower yncux outside the herds confine the ight channel veedenial along this Aedenalis empoatos _Epeet | te Thshold ceorent Tan lt) as teropera tune. * This parameter Incase with temperate ain all types porieoelucts lanat bres g Mout Coroplex ternporateor ~ deperdent er | Tp, can be The temperate Variation opprosienated by the empirical erprenier Ty) Te a © lative fe mparatioe. whoe To pmeastuo 4 the ae ridirtke insersitirtey Te > constant Te 7 (20 165%. At anew Ferep, wer, tee eso Aiocle, he Hrousheld crovent jit\b are by a qee co ‘about * Pena dosing resheld caer change Pre Joven 0" dyvel is 4° Te cerstant ephical elp__ power Ke raintained 02 the teropers hos 4 os) de. dese 990+ foe laser cha ot TE ub receusnny te adjus th de -bio coment del eb raethods {ev achievirg fin automatically, one eptica) edback 4 feedyorcomd gevernes , te ksponn ture — rratching Fuaralabes. prudistodter techniques eedback is cacnied cut by using 0 Optical photedstects ithe te Aerse the voniation sinoptica} porwr oroiHed fen te Roar jaunt & 4 Hu laren ov fo ep! off 4 manite & rma! etion ap the fiber. could ih he pront rocel. j it Powe shi i fer “tig! Variation with femperatoe of the sibowshold tronent Ty, fr a ype 4 laser Hiecles- Le Tal, fe ip 135°C os 2 ho ° 7s ternporatwe (*) x The photectefects. Compooes Be ophienl paver olP tot a peferenee Level + adjusts dhe de—bias “Cewntnt lvel automatically 49 maintain 9 covtank peak light olp nvlatie to “the nepnence Ts nhobeclotecfea wed rut have a stable ler fore espera tivite which Agrxim consent Over corde, tempercteat marge Th R00 —F00 NIN KEGivN, a elicen Pe ootrdirde exhibib thee chewactowstia. hock = stabilicing okt ws wed for - digit) transmis Tis a VT his scheme, dhe light tmegirg foro the near jacrt 4 dhe Jaa is naattlinal we ‘pin photoctieds e with Tha ct, the eleatrie vale 9 patlon is Compeved with the ophical olP devel 4 the ‘laser diode.+ This prevent the ferchack cRt for enereny aising The bias cb lee! dusing len aequares agi Pin Aaving a poved ath U ohich thee a ho lp aah. Be theovel Eig: Bix ckt that paovicle fodteck slabilizatia, Re Ly Bias Regeresated ‘rapier Oo}. Ty “ 7 > tes ES De. Reference (5,-5.2 in| protdtecle 2 -s.av “A 5.av Bock Z fro Night ftom laser = Tn this cineuit, the de aeporres trough resisia R, seb Hu bios cunent at Te propa + ing a oppatig po duairg "| Acguenin 4 Zech When thus sas ch in aolded Pe tha laser deve ck, jhe olesied peak olP poe ftom the doves. a obloined. Rs. balanes ha sgl nebawne peisnint agains the pe photocennt Te bie Comun| “Tp <2 adjusted fe rrauntain 0 balara bu Je date Asfeere 4 Fin photoewainh, Tha Armultorecesly a rodapertie! ly autoreatcall cents — bo!h bios ceoatnt 4 the medulator ceanent.Quantum Josew are spacial Kind of semieenduc +A Jawrs, usually emitting mid- inftared light. Buch a doses operates an Jase baansifiens not bleo diffeant chelrent, fords bub op totergubband fransitios of a pernicenclactr as} euctone tile Tnlertend trantitien io conventional SC ag Corduclion bard -4-4-4|-- ej bh Vatioa avd! || “tg gas gt of qpartam nten lo an 2 Injecked Hig(b shows that tohat habpers ile tll Pi into ths gain A on: Wb urdeangns & Chew PP 4G aubleb gia paren oceea Jaw transter on schich &Hmalabed pone aedia tive transition (space! rm welt eminion occes), then a do the Jovoest aublovel , before devel 4 He nexé aa up po The opera tna voltage a 4 te vel g (Ov. tenneting into he U tere eweHoe, Jaser emiaion w achieved throu. dt. we inforsu bard daansitrens Jin o tapeabd pen ermicorclucts toe lip porter tool helovoatrricterat. | Tiplersubbard Vj_iotevkord transitors’ Tn a semicerducfor exgstal, e may dale in ow hoo Confinucta emengy’ beards w valene han! > heawily ppopulated with Ao energy elections and tii) conduction Lard | > aposely populated woth hagh -anegy alontrcn. The two energies bards axa separate? by 20 nog bard ap Un which thoa oe ne porroited slate availiable }* e to occupy Conventoral se fosow genoa legnt by & dingls photon batrg. enith hun hagh 2 eo an the corcluction® hand Aeconbina wittia hols vin he -valece bere! “The energty the phofon + the emidsion csavelangt a dr termined by Ahe barge of the matenia) wd A Quarters Jaser consist: ga periodic fone 4 fie Japs 4 wging roatovial cornpesition for'"g a auperlattee The zaperlatice introduces a vary electric potential across the length 4 the clevice occ upThat is no , thon ix a vaagin probobility qe" @& cecepying Aiffenent pesittens oves dhe lng atte clivice. Tha B neforeel os one dimensional roultiple Quantuen soell_cenfinerent; Thin loads to The aplillicg [the ore a pomittrd eresgics into a no. disocts elzchone ubbands. By suitable Jeayer thicknexs, populetien Inversion A SLieved blo dwo subbands jperdas fo Mon tho Pregt emidion. “The the layer achieve taser Aovels wn the system bs determined Py the material Poet Cor) ficknens -& net vor bas one an ebeet undergone an intersublard transition + ornited ~ hofsn up ore poried 4 the super dattice. Tt nel ante dhe next period of the Abractwe aon bo. emitted. This Hau pmiasion 4 pou lHiple, h OL atractwe. pow qa ‘i photons os it | taavenes bea i gives wise to the ame Cos for) Puan ri cascade laser (@cb) - “The qpentue er a opeales than anity which ‘lead to! high olP pooes_tmn cervicondtic for doe cticctas J ounching cand Coupling] - the amecnt 4 optical Shak can ho coupled can tan whee another preter Leer caus? > Parcoy = A measure fora ce Soceree proer emitted into a fiber as usually ao al coupling eficieney » |alened as a fo " Ry whore fe > powes coupled into. the fibe fa > power eovitted ~~ dtu Figo Aaa. The aunching or coupling effiden deperes on p /] ih Pe fe Frat a Ube source. and on “tht Coupli roe, In ctte, rrany sour Auppliow clin with & bhoct dangt> 4 optical A allached Jn an © inowarn powoer ~ coupling conpgquaatien. This section 4 fo we refered fo as -[lyad or a pigtoil. The: or — launching probln er Those. ‘aqtailid sown thus acducos too iroplen one coupling optical pewe for one ian il fe This elise includ -fibor minaligrrmen”. aitte apetooe 4 cow aafractre inex profil; pea the rood for chan 4 meth fben erd foc that ans porperdiculn fo te feo axis. Whee mrensiiite the coupling eperey blo Me i poked * dts cabled frbor, core the dence can launch i ben nent coe sized, numerical should be taken, Ainta a sigriticant amount apteal pose Toh the claddig the {lybod-| A true manswament go te porcer ovailatid®) | tee flyead f ceuplira into a fiber is dabermi d t - red only by shipping oft the clodding meen bof meastning Hu olP optical pewer ¢ Sobre fo fiber Pasar launching! A cobvenient 4 uselul measure of The optical SIP ef a lemineseont deusee is Ta Aadinnes ) Bightrass (B)at_a given dvive cement. Radiance: > optical power radiated into a Unie acid le por unit emittirg Auda ree + | specified as teat pr aren rontimeln per ateradian. | Raglianee of an oplical gous rather than the joial_olP_ Power is te imoperdant ref shen consider ounce ~ f= fier coophieg o fyiesencien Larnbertian x» Power - Coup li Caltulation The emission potter re Bourne ei the relationship Ble, >) = Be coh & Te caleulatz The Maxiroure optical power joo jbar , dha Ag +S Bid erninion O Le Hix gounth- HL se as ere! ie b contend oven te emitting deface 4, uth, Source + is pastored as loss bik om petsible x a Kyromenic Coupkd 37 ‘¢ 4 brightness B(As, + aon te ouatThe Coup Pp. pr } power ean be found by 2 Syn [ B(6,4) sino .A0.4¢] Aes. rdy. co 8 tg: Optical BOurce coupled to an optical ite Source Aadliation dost power for a stop —indax shor, dhe NA it incke penchant 4 Ake patrons & wets os ie fleet ia New, abep = Tend Bwadts amn?d Bota When the radius 4 Me ering axa is kange. ron she rouse’ He thereat. onan, Rep, step ri fe way ¢ Dg >a ushere 75> sotaca radius @ > filer - cre reachius Pg > total opteal power or graded ~index jhe fen qeid = 286-2 [2] at dhe reftactve irae ny ob the madsen wo diffoert fore Hyp, Pen a perpendienlon feend faces, the Powom to dd iote tte titer @ educa by He ofa ii; pat n, -p\~ “Lit whow R= Aresrel Ro clon (60) Ro ctity athe, he oe 2 t . The ratio, n= moe) = Reflection ¢6 ice’, Dy +h, which relates Hee amplitude + the reflected wove 70 Phe armplitedte Ste indelent ‘ave. xe Fewer Jaunehing Ve Wavelanath: Ophea a daurched tote > t= dees Pot on Pe wavelength the dowrea bat only on ib brightren. 7 radiance The numba + poeden tat car propaga’ Un a gnodsd —irdax j= 4m aiza'o + ine ile oe Py Me SO amen at » The naclicle) paar pr poode, By’ fra Mee ata Hieerlan vooveling th vy given by tbe. radiance. ha homie) Sout relied by the Aapione 4 wavelinath , 7 fe BN M Thes, twice roueh ex a launted into 2 giver [ ‘tenor. Hence, ee rode at igeonm tan Tnzod Aounces, operating af Af toavelingths but having Wdeniteal Saat tal nt al on 6 cdf po qnto the = Same igher t ?(f) ! 7 7 hr coupliog Improverner | x The optical power Jaunching analysis based Aiget Bowe as chose to it as pesibh #7 the source emifing area een | bea coe awa, then dhe resulting eplicn poor coupled into the fiber i maximurn. ¥ This is @ result mental ene ard aadiarea corsenation principles Cabo lenewn ax Ihe laso 4, brightness). vB dhe enihling oven the source bt coma. fran te coe ava, & raniatws dene is placed blo Hie Source 4 the f to irprove he pourer couples ery ge Lonsi Achomes - on centerirg a flat +o end # aoe over the. w Rounded - end {ibe to Noowineagirg roicroaphos. fd ‘ow! 2Q ¥ é lon: rag) | A Cove ‘7 Ho cine — ) Treaging Aphow ~) taprdrionl dors ey en CT (ii) Prevcal — susfaeed LED (wi) Taper - ered 17, Mbicl oat fh ie hae oe‘The fone ” j Vor Hes rairenlira is dy reagrify We “ @ [ i iy avail nga "4 Sho towne to rach “eae du tote ana 4 Mes {> erd fo ¢ y Ty he omilltr aun a inesaed by O lacig 4, Athy aolid oem weithin, uabsch dy ophieal prom a roupp to Me ij fiom fre Ley wv inowosed by Abs fares etn. stand r tengnifica tion ” bending 1) Pounded - ard {" fi) Nonieaging rovcronphare -7° reall gle apras '° v9 mnie sith both the “fiber coi poe anical Jere wad to a law 4 {uy cDreaging sphere 7 4 0 i Oe ras cone 4 ee dhs Zour or 5 ik grea jrme fan a chet Zoctior a fe coos 4 ww Cylireieal Jorn cy) Zplwvical - 20 od Len > eye? a n " phic aoe Lape Aphertal orded fem ; | aie (i) Top™ erded t Though ne Fechricpith can improve doy dour. So. fio coupling epenres: thee oho ona additieral. seein Peobler’, in Bireilox Aha Aounee + the rat brication 4+ hardlirg agentes () The lore ize mnant da corned out Airmsnporm, which, iohvoddess i) Tr, topergded her regctonical align with quae preeuon offer tgp ty Allgrenant tolaxanca ot inne asod for pylons ai Gh Cemptery inoue& Now ~in 0% Microsphere : > mos cient denaina mathed Maks the pollo proctcal aazsrop tions! = te aphavical Jars baa a repoctve inobx about 2.0 he ontida mediun is arr (h=1.0) ¥ the emitting ana ix cireulor To collimah He olP Lor tte LED, the arithes tunes should be located ab the fe! pet 4 Bee Aone. The yoo! pool as pore yer the. fi dors pres Po+nt l n-n LG), z = q cm whore 45, q > object 4 irmage distances meauvad ore the Jers aurgact n> active ind the Jon n> sapactive inde Me outsicl medium 4 n> roadie + ceovatust + te Jar’ surface Nowing Aign Convention’ arg taith ean® % Light tick Spo Jape to ve ant Gi). Object distances we measured ox pesitive to He aft 4 a vontx 4 negative te te night Ui) Treage clintaress ce reamed 08 posite fo the night a vertex 4 negative to the Lopt: (@y) All "Conver Suvjace Pave a te radius 4 tuovate, and Concave Aurfacte have a negatve nadiusi LED emitter with a microaphen Jonx Miexnaphow wool] tee chip To dind focal_point ' 1 Poy + solve re in pO ishee 47 mroased fer” peiot fy pea , Hehe, yr 2? i ui yields, Aa be Oke -_@ hw, te Ti point locate} on the dens t ae rl eee LeD clae tf the Lena dunce. neul in © moog} ication M Pe eng eee Magpippestien a ees by the padre af exces Kecteral onve 4 ns to thet 4 Ho ornith Parl (eel eee (2) tas | Rae Ds. With the Jers, the optical power Pix Coupled into a dull apetwe angle 20 yon P ange 204 a” “4 ee Tia ae 8 vbw P, folal of power deers the LEP voitheat the dens ©Theoretical complica “perry based on energy + Aadiance principles. This os wually determined by Mu gize Me ee Yor a fib apertes NA. He wu aan by Wane = Aacdius ‘a’ 4 numerical maximuns coupling “ene "Yr a\® a , a. (Ry wer ; 28 ona | > 28 2NA When te radiva g Be entiiag oxen dt Jesgen than Hu Fher Aadiius, tha my vement 2p Coupling effieieney us pewibe with a dens, Beto | coupling peng wis achievak by a dinock — bath mb, Yi a oF, bi cre aa tp a ink ¥ i “d ervitig , “hdooabs te ihe WA=0.2 i nel aap set w jase aliedy to fiber Co. bea Lewer cliods eve an emission paltan ot d ii ye" voidth ak hal = maxirours (FWHM) of a6t so got sty the plane perperdticatar to the och -crea jurcter oan EWHM 4° te un the pane poraltel te dhe June onsince ia orqules olp dithibuttes @- Pha tason gracta ‘than We fiber aceplana. 7 0° panel since laser emit cea iy much temalles Han the frban col, “spherical for) cylindrica) Uns (od opheal ther tapers ars. used to : irprore. the euplieg efficiency blo Jaxer diodes + eptical igs : bets _Sfiben tex oe aed A Aigpxrcant yo dn ony ft ophe. Unslallation “a the interconnection 4 jibes sysens v nen. “These iptercaprectiom ecco lew — lows man fy at the optical sounee wi) at the photootefecke ii) at intermediate | peist wrth thers one joined + tiv at inkoamnectiat point lin a link whow cable axe connected Splice + Connector! Pil ing technique fib depends en at bord ov an sail dermountable tohothes Oo paras as parranant bord rafensd to asa connection emountalle. feint knewn dna np a calle soho 2 aplice , whereas a aba connecter Een yointin focBrique ia subject fe various carecunt i perd on the paramelens joint. “These ones | such as x We elP pose Aighibution to te jet, ica] peenen dow at thev dl dena th 4 the ye blo the pica} acource 4 tha! joint VY othe qoowetical ¢ wave quick chvaclersha ¢ the foo “frher pnels af the yoink + «© the fen ew pe quel Tee eplical porn Rat can be coupled fom tre {rbex dy arotha ir limited Ah: garmbe 1 {__moclos that can propagate din each fee “or a Gracticl incluc fiber with a cote Aaclius a a oladating incles na with Hhe propagation ( corstant kK. aN ite Hy dota no- reds can a be und — frorn 4° ft L Mek? J Evang] nob —o whore nf) variate ay the Refactive Index profits 4 Hie core ! « Os yg J NAT AY. nda - , : ss Kenai) J [AY] mae —@ | whee Nao) - Arial NA | & — ince profile ¢ the cote + Fhe to-fho coupling opieteney (n,) * The fraction of energy coupled from ere fihon te often eben proportional fr Hla commen | mede volume Meommrk ~to ~ 41 ee . The forte fhe coup effcmrey go pranty| Ye = Herm ; Me wohow Ne > ned modes in tis withing jibe The fiber so fiber coupling dows (15) os Lp ~i0 Jo: ne ° Difewntial Medal dlishibu tions oplica) bears a fem Arach. 4 P Case (a) a anced {| > LA poctel) Med) e og roc ve ‘a ro) ra Loe i Pal ody tate | Case 0) an excite, VAN mods a eqpally ¥ Joint with fe ¢ dhe dame Aize having even slight mechanical misalignment ear Cause poser dewCase(b) Reaprgating imeatis in the ately stele page hove an equailibvian ya since the input A qh Tonge Toon te t Me Recerving yh “a dosge \ ersittrg zie, sight tha two joined from + edb donet equ hbvians NA 4 athe mechanical rudalignmontt Sal) vpwiationn Gn dtwis geemohic . ( comb bute aignifecanity ty joint low ¢ ( J » Mechanical misalignment | me ne > TED « ‘mejor probe estan j3t7G Por microscopic 1X2 - tus frben comdalori kor mechanical ns Radiation lowes rcsult mitalgnment Beos tt necticelon ‘oy aeceplane cone v 4B emliog fhe ra cpa He acer pinre 4 dhe arctiving fren. > Magnibucl a nachaction Jes depends on the Aogror 4 misahqnmend Types q riaulignmenti Thre ae 3 sypes © Lergitudiral se satin occas Shen Hy yitou Rao My tome aris bet Inve a gop "8" bles ther end ro uty [am© Angulo raitabig ment aeaulth ft wher th & ar fore an angle’ o” so that Hu fiom end pe ore noe Jonge poralla ek | ier ® Axial drsblaverrent eu Jatoral Aiaplacernent Ute tee fom one aocth shen the axes 4 seponabd fy a cbistance ‘ol’ aby Lr pee cables alo caues clue bo te Lowe th iipance des geornehied * freee obarnctoninticn - These inclucle, > Variation 2 > Coe awa ellipticity > Numerical fore > Revactive Fas profle > coe ~clocling Concantvicity - “WaErnd Jaw Pupralon! “Fiber erd faces must be proponed befor they con Connected 1a spliced. 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(i) Y-qrowe | Aplia )- » The prspared re eres a0 iad butted Foge thes tna V-shaped ove Then, they are bonded tog then with an adhesive o. are hele iplace by ped channel can be | eitha a gerd ailicors 1 i icy neoncenmt Plastic, coramic oy motal substnale.. Vaid he ‘her o a res Dibstrerh @ oried P clamped! bee The aplice dows capers ahengly ao the fiber size + eccanhicnly Cpesition of oo cot conten 4 fe). (i) Blastic_ tube 4 bice t= dvi dont automotcalliy ~ Tel a uni pajerss Jateral, Jengitoctical a orgriles alignment. l Blaslic rato Siehiny Capillosy tbe Arial alignne P ! jgnme pt | ike Da thes q | fib radii | se Te aplicas tne Hired bes ae give same Lows co jieien aphiee, bet Less eqpiprent + axils anc neecledd. xs The splice mecbaniam ut basically a tube mace an elastic mataiial. The central hele Ficmeles' an alighlly keralln fran of te fhebe aplived +b Japered con each end te cat ther. insentton. * When the fee b inserted , it expands Je Inst diarnetr 40 Hat He clastic rraleval exer ag gyrmmehical ree on to fiber + Ths agro pores allous an accurate 4 automatic alignriaent tte ores the A phew to os 7 4 be spined. ¥ A wide Aare 4 ffber diametes can be inet, into Me elastic duke. + Thus, the foes te be aplied donot have. he sare dfamefer, «ince each {ibe moves 7nH0 position indepenclen Hy aclative tb tube axa. rH -3M_Jibors’ fer 8 shaped beara. Ghe los blea identical a am Jat = —'0 499 [el whore ds datera) clinplacernent Spt size W> mek eld nadie: