A Comparative Analysis of Subjects in English and Korean Declarative Sentences

A Research Proposal

By:

Nurhamelia

1205030166

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT

FACULTIES OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN GUNUNG DJATI

BANDUNG

2023
A. Background of the Research
Languages around the world that share a common root or origin usually
have a lot in common. As in the similarities in syntax, and grammar, to the same
vocabulary. Examples of languages with the same roots are Dutch and German,
Indonesian and Malaysian, or Korean and Chinese. Vice versa, languages that do
not have the same origin relationship have many differences in the internal
language. Be it grammar, vocabulary, or syntax.
Nowadays, the Asian hemisphere has been heavily influenced by Korean
culture. Whether it's food, fashion, music, language, to culture. Many Eastern and
Western people have recently started learning the Korean language just to be able
to communicate with their favorite idols and to survive there (who intend to live or
work). Even though as we know English is an international language that it seems
that everyone should be able to master, but recently westerners have started to learn
Korean.
Indonesia is one of the countries affected by Western (British) and Korean
influences. Some Indonesians who study these two languages, there may be those
who find it difficult to learn English and difficult in Korean. This is natural because
of the differences in the origins of the two languages. English is an icon from the
Western world (such as Europe) and Korean is an icon from the Eastern world
(Asia).
The simple thing that is easy to learn in learning languages that have
different parentage is, of course, the letters of the alphabet continue into words,
phrases, and sentences. The grammar of English and Korean sentences has
differences, differences in the use of subjects and verbs. But this research will be
will go deeper into the comparison between English and Korean in the subject
section.
Every language has its own characteristics. Differences can also be
observed among languages of the same family, especially languages that do not
belong to the same family. In fact, each element of a sentence differs, beginning
with function, role, and so on. The subject must stand out as an important element
of the sentence after the predicate (verb). The subject is the element of the sentence
which is the topic being discussed which is explained by the predicate according to
Supriyadi (2014) and Roberts (2011).
The researcher is interested in finding and analyzing comparatively the
location, function, and role of the subject in declarative sentences in English and
Korean. That structurally the sentence patterns in the two languages have
differences. That is, in English, the sentence patterns are subject (S), predicate (P),
object (O), and complements. Then the simplest sentence pattern or at least consists
of two elements, namely the subject and predicate (S and P). Meanwhile, in Korean,
the sentence patterns are subject (S), adverb (K), object (O), and predicate (P). In
Korean, the simplest sentence is the same as in English, which is substituted by S
and P elements. It can be seen that the difference lies in the order of the sentence
elements. English has the S-P-O pattern, while Korean has the S-O-P pattern.

A comparative analysis is one way to solve this kind of different language

problem. Quote on Nur (2016) comparative analysis, namely the activity of
identifying aspects of differences and similarities of the 2 languages being
compared. As for the term language transfer in comparative analysis activities with
the aim of transferring patterns or structures of the language of origin to the
language to be studied, Prismayanti (2022).

As for previous readings regarding the comparative analysis of “Subjek

dalam Bahasa Korea dan Bahasa Indonesia” by Prismayanti (2022). From the
results of this study, differences in Korean and Indonesian subjects were found in
terms of subject function. Even in its form, in BK there is a subject marking particle
while in Indonesian there is none. Apart from differences, similarities were found
regarding the role of subjects in BK and BI, namely acting as agents, experiencers,
tools, force, and goals. In the second reading, is entitled “Konstratif Struktur
Kalimat Tunggal Bahasa Indonesia dan Bahasa Korea untuk Pengajaran Bahasa
Asing” which was researched by Supriadianto & Asrori (2020). This research was
conducted to understand the similarities and differences in functions, word order,
and categories of each language in a single sentence. From this study, it can be
found that in both languages, nouns and noun phrases can fill the S and O functions.
 In contrast, the differences between the two languages of this study are like the
categories that can fill in P in the two sentences can be different depending on what
sentence pattern is used.

The difference between the previous research is, as we saw above that the
comparative research in the previous study 2 out of 3 were between Indonesian and
Korean. And this research is that the researcher will examine the differences in the
structure of declarative sentence patterns in English and Korean. As well as how to
see the differences in position, function, and semantic roles in the two languages.

B. Statement of Problem
From the background in this research above, the researcher concludes that
there are two questions that will be the main focuses on this research, they are:
1. How is the position of the subject in sentences in Indonesian and Korean?
2. How does the subject categorization in sentences in Indonesian and Korean?
3. What is the semantic role of the subject in sentences in Indonesian and
Korean?

C. Research Purposes
Based on the formulation of the research question above, the researcher is
intended:
1. To find out how the subject position in declarative sentences in English and
Korean.
2. To find out the subject category in declarative sentences in English and
Korean.
3. To find out the semantic role contained in declarative sentences in English
and Korean.

D. Research Significances
Researchers hope that this study can be useful for theoretical and practical
purposes.
A. Theoritical
 This study is expected to contribute to the development of the linguistic
domain, in this case the study of syntax and semantics in the comparative field.
This research is also expected to make it easier for the reader to understand the
analysis of the differences in English and Korean in the subject section.
B. Practical
This study is expected to be of practical use to readers. Can make it easier
for any language learner in learning these two languages.

E. Conceptual Framework
This study aims to analyze subject differences in sentences in English and
Korean through syntactic studies. In English grammar, the subject is always
attached to the verb. Meanwhile, in Korean, the subject is not always accompanied
by a verb or predicate. This is because the position of the verb is always behind.
Even though in the simplest sentence the subject and predicate can coexist. But if
there is an element of object or other information, then the verb will be placed at
the end of the sentence. And to determine an element in a sentence is the subject by
knowing which category of word class fills the subject in accordance with the
opinion Supriyadi (2014), a word can be distinguished by its class category. Subject
category fillers are noun phrases, and substitutes for noun phrases.
In Korean there is also a grammar that shows the subject (marker). This
subject marking particle is placed behind the subject. In accordance with the Ahn
Jae Myung et al. (2013) in his book:

1. The particles 이 and 가 (/–i/ and/–ga/) are used to indicate new information.

The particle 이 /–i/ is attached to a word ending in a consonant, while the

particle 가 /–ga/ is attached to a word ending in a vowel.

2. Particles 은 and 는 (/–eun/ and /–neun/) to indicate the topic of the sentence and also

inform old information. The particle 은 (-eun) is attached to words that end in a

consonant and 는 (–neun). attached to a word that ends in a vowel.

 Meanwhile, to analyze how the semantic role of the subject in declarative
sentences in both English and Korean will use theory or opinion Veselovska (2017).
According to that, the roles of the subject are divided into seven, namely: (1) agent,
(2) patient, (3) goal, (4) experiencer, (5) force, (6) beneficiary, and (7) instrument.
F. Research Method
1. Research Design
This research will use descriptive qualitative method. Refer to (Dwiyanto
(2021), the characteristics of the research in which it uses qualitative methods,
namely in the content of the research will be based on the strength of the
narrative and the opinion of the researcher. On the other hand according to
Sugiyono (2013) comparative research requires descriptive qualitative research
methods comparative. The narrative contains comparisons of data in the form
of subjects in declarative sentences in English and Korean with the aim of
finding differences and similarities in the position, function, and semantic role
of the subject.
2. Sample of Data
The data in this research use the phrases taken from a book. These can be
seen in the sample below:

Data 1 책이 책상 위에 있어요. The book is on the table.

Data 2 저는 김치찌개 좋아요. I like kimchi jjigae.

Data 3 유진 씨가 잡니다. Yujin sleeps.

Tabel 1. Sample of Data

Data 1:

Korean: 책이 책상 위에 있어요.

chaek-i chaeksang wi-e i-sseoyo.

S-sm Adv. V

book on the table is

English: The book is on the table.

S V Adv.

In data 1 it can be seen that there is a difference in the presence of

markers on the subject in Korean while there are none in English. The
subject marking particle -i is attached to the word chaek because it ends in
a consonant. And this particle also indicates new information. In addition,
the -i particle also shows that the word chaek is the subject of the sentence
at the beginning. In English, the subject of a noun phrase is supplemented
by the determiner the, while in Korean it is a noun. Then, the position of S
in English is adjacent to V (before the verb), and in Korean, S is not adjacent
to V but with adverbs of place. The similarity of the sample data above is
the semantic role that the subject has as an instrument.

Data 2:

Korean: 저는 김치찌개 좋아요.

jeo-neun kimchi jjigae joha-yo.

S-sm O V

I kimchi jjigae like

English: I like kimchi jjigae.

S V O

Example data 2 above has different subject markers in Korean and

English. In Korean there is a subject marking particle -neun in the word jeo
because it ends in a vowel, this particle also means old information. If you
look at the context of the sentence, it could be that the perpetrator was
talking to his friend. Meanwhile in English the subject does not have a
marker, so the word I is directly the subject. The position of the subject in
the two languages is also different in this example, in Korean the subject is
next to the object and the verb is placed at the end. In English, the subject
is next to the verb and the object is placed after the verb. The equation from
 the example above is that the category that fills the subject is pronominal.
And the subject both has a semantic role as an experiencer.

Data 3:

Korean: 유진 씨가 잡니다.

Yujin ssi-ga ca-mnida

S-sm V

Yujin sleeps

English: Yujin sleeps.

S V
In the third example, the data does not appear to have any difference
in terms of the order of sentence patterns, the filling of subject function
categories, and the subject's semantic role in both languages. In the simplest
pattern in English, namely the subject (S) and the verb (V), as well as in
Korean. Whereas in this data the subject is directly adjacent to the verb. The
categories of subject function fillers are also the same, namely pronouns.
The semantic role of both subjects is as an agent.

3. Source of Data
Data sources in this research are text in the Jung et al. (2015) Panduan
Belajar Mandiri Untuk Orang Indonesia: Bahasa Korea 1 book edition 21
August 2015 published in HRD korea. This data is in the form of written data
or literature review in the form of examples of descriptive sentences in Korean
and Indonesian.

4. Technique of Collecting Data

According to Crowe et al. (2011) collecting data in a qualitative study, the
researcher needs to record any potentially useful data thoroughly, accurately,
and systematically, using field notes, sketches, audiotapes, photographs, and
 other suitable means. In this study, accurate written data will be used. From the
quotation, the researcher takes some step to collecting data, there are:
a. Looking for researchers' Korean language course document archives to get
Korean language learning e-book.
b. Read e-book that contain data.
c. Identify declarative sentences that match the characteristics of the category.
d. Copy data into a new document.

5. Technique of Analysis Data

After collecting the data, the next step is analysis data. The steps are:
a. Translating data
b. Identify data and analyze it using linguistic theory.
c. Categorizing data.
d. The final step, concluding the entire discussion in this study.
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