HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE

FACULTY OF ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS

Course

TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

Chapter
Wireless Networks
6

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. Email: tttnguyen@hcmus.edu.vn

 Outline
1. Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs)
Ad-hoc Network Definition
Routing Protocols
 Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
 Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance-Vector (AODV)

2. IEEE 802.11n (MIMO Wi-Fi)

Physical (PHY) Layer Enhancements
MAC Layer Enhancements:
 Frame Aggregation
 Block Acknowledgement
 Reverse Direction (RD) Protocol
Backward Compatibility

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS
 Ad-hoc Networks

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 3
 Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs)

Transmission
range
B
B
D F A D F
A

C E C E

(a) (b)

Physical wireless links Network topology

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 4
 Network Layer Notation vs. Link Layer Transmissions (1)

B
packet packet

A D F

C
E

A D F

C E

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 5
 Network Layer Notation vs. Link Layer Transmissions (2)
B
Network layer (t) packet packet Network layer

A D F

Link layer
C E

B
Link layer (t1) A D F

C E
B

A D F

Link layer (t2) C E

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 6
 Multihop Throughput

Challenge: more hops, less throughput

Links in route share radio spectrum
Extra hops reduce throughput

Throughput = 1

Throughput = 1/2

Throughput = 1/3

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 7
 Ad-hoc Networks

• Goal: Nodes within the network can send data between

themselves.
• Challenges:
– No centralized coordinator to help routing
– No “default route” for nodes within the network
– Fast topology changes
– Limited bandwidth – can’t have too much overhead

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 8
 Ad-hoc Networks

• Nodes that want to route messages must:

– Find out about the topology of the network Control Plane
– Use that topology to do something with the
Data Plane
message

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 9
 Routing Protocol Categories

• Proactive: Control Plane

– Nodes actively maintain and share topology

information, regardless of if there is data to send
– Generally timer- or event-based

• Reactive (On-demand):
– “Lazy” approach: Don’t do more work then you have to
– Only discover topology/routes when there is data to
send

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 10
 Routing Protocol Categories
Data Plane

• Local next-hop forwarding:

– Consult forwarding table for a next hop
– Completely local decision
• Source routing:
– Source node places complete path in packet
header
– Intermediate nodes don’t have to consult their
forwarding tables S A B D
ABD

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 11
 Reactive Protocols

• Names are useful hints at understanding the

protocol properties:

Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

MANET Source Routing

Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV)

Reactive Next-hop Forwarding

MANET
Distance Vector

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 12
 Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

• When node S wants to send a packet to node D,

but does not know a route to D, node S initiates
a route discovery.
• Source node S floods the network with route
request (RREQ) packets (also called query
packets).
• Each node appends its own address in the
packet header when forwarding RREQ.

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 13
 Route Discovery in DSR (1)

Y
C E G
I Z

F
B H

A J
L
K

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 14
 Route Discovery in DSR (1)

Y
C E G
I Z

F
B H

A J
L
K

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 15
 Route Discovery in DSR (2)

RREQ[C] D

C Y
E G
RREQ[C]
I Z

F
B H

A J
L
K

Broadcast RREQ[C]

Represents a node that has received RREQ for H from C

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 16
 Route Discovery in DSR (3)

C Y
E G
RREQ[C, E] I Z

F
B H
RREQ[C, B]

A J
L
K

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 17
 Route Discovery in DSR (4)

C Y
E G
RREQ[C, E, G]
I Z

F
B H
RREQ[C, B, A]

RREQ[C, B, A]
A J
L
K

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 18
 Route Discovery in DSR (5)

C Y
E G RREP[C, E, G, H]
I Z

F
B H

RREQ[C, B, A, K]
A J
L
K

Unicast RREP[C, E, G, H]

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 19
 Route Discovery in DSR
D RREQ[C] D

C E C E
G G
RREQ[C]
I I

F F
B H B H

A J J
L A L
K K

(a) (b)
D D

C C E H]
E G G
, E, G,
RREQ[C, E, G] C
E P[
I RR I

F F
B H B H
RREQ[C, B, A]
RREQ[C, B, A, K]
RREQ[C, B, A]
J A J
A L L
K K

(c) (d)
Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 20
 Route Discovery in AODV (1)

Routing tables
D

C E G
I

F
B H

A J
L
K

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 21
 Route Discovery in AODV
Destination: C, Next hop: C
D RREQ(H) D

C E C
G E G
RREQ(H)
I I

F Dest: C F
B H B NxtHop: C H

A J J
L A L
K K

(a) (b)
Dest: H, NxtHop: E Dest: C, NxtHop: C
Dest: C, NxtHop: E D Dest: H, NxtHop: G Dest: C, NxtHop: E
D
Dest: H, NxtHop: H

C C E
E G G
C)
RREQ(H)
REP( I
I R

F F
B H B H
RREQ(H)
RREQ
RREQ(H)
J A J
A L L
K K

Dest: C, NxtHop: B
(c) (d)
Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 22
 2. IEEE 802.11n - MIMO

Reflecting surface

Transmitter Receiver
Reflecting surface

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 23
 802.11n Channel Bonding and 20/40 MHz Operation

Frequency 20 MHz operation 40 MHz operation 20 MHz operation

In both 20 MHz and

40 MHz operation, Traffic in Traffic in

Phased Coexistence Operation (PCO)

Phased Coexistence Operation (PCO)
Transition 20  40 MHz, see:

Transition 40  20 MHz, see:

this cell this cell
Primary

channel

all control and

20 MHz

in 20 MHz channel in 20 MHz channel

management (HT-
HT-Mixed mode (HT-
HT-Mixed mode
frames are or or
transmitted in Non-
Non-HT mode)
mode) Traffic in Non-
Non-HT mode)
mode)
primary channel this cell
in 40 MHz channel
(HT greenfield mode)
Secondary

Traffic in Traffic in
channel
20 MHz

overlapping cells overlapping cells

in 20 MHz channel in 20 MHz channel
(including control frames) (including control frames)

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 24
 802.11n PHY-layer Frame Format
Non-HT physical-layer frame (PPDU)
L-STF = Non-HT Short Training field
8 s 8 s 4 s L-LTF = Non-HT Long Training field
L-SIG = Non-HT Signal field
L-STF L-LTF L-SIG Data

Legacy preamble

Service Tail
PSDU Pad bits
16 bits 6 bits

Rate reserved Length Parity Tail

4 bits 1 bit 12 bits 1 bit 6 bits

Legacy physical-layer header

HT-SIG = HT Signal field
HT-STF = HT Short Training field
HT-LTF = HT Long Training field

HT-mixed format physical-layer frame Data HT-LTFs Extension HT-LTFs

4 s per LTF 4 s per LTF
8 s 8 s 4 s 8 s 4 s

L-STF L-LTF L-SIG HT-SIG HT-STF HT-LTF HT-LTF HT-LTF HT-LTF Data

HT-greenfield format physical-layer frame Data HT-LTFs Extension HT-LTFs

4 s per LTF 4 s per LTF
8 s 8 s 8 s

HT-GF-STF HT-LTF1 HT-SIG HT-LTF HT-LTF HT-LTF HT-LTF Data

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 25
 IEEE 802.11 Terminology

Key:
PPDU PPDU = PLCP protocol data unit
PSDU = PLCP service data unit
PSDU = MPDU MPDU = MAC protocol data unit
MSDU = MAC service data unit
MSDU
PLCP = physical (PHY) layer
PHY PHY MAC convergence procedure
Data FCS
preamble header header MAC = medium access control

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 26
 802.11n MAC-layer Frame Format

MAC header MSDU

bytes: 2 2 6 6 6 2 6 2 4 0 to 7955 4
HT
FC D/I Address-1 Address-2 Address-3 SC Address-4 QC Data FCS
Control

HT = High Throughput

bits: 16 2 2 2 2 1 5 1 1
NDP AC RDG/
Calibration Calibration CSI/
Link Adaptation Control Reserved Announ Reserved Constra More
Position Sequence Steering
cement int PPDU

TRQ = Training Request

MAI = MCS request or Antenna Selection Indication
MFSI = MFB Sequence Identifier
bits: 1 1 4 3 7 MFB/ASELC = MCS Feedback
and Antenna Selection Command/Data
Reserv
TRQ MAI MFSI MFB/ASELC
ed MCS = Modulation and Coding Scheme
MFB = Modulation and Coding Scheme Feedback

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 27
 Packet Aggregation

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 28
 802.11n Frame Aggregation

Data payload
Backoff (0 to 2304 bytes)
DIFS
PHY PHY MAC Time

SIFS
Busy FCS
preamble header header

PHY PHY MAC

ACK FCS
preamble header header
Overhead
(a) Overhead

Aggregated data payload

(up to ~64 Kbytes)

DIFS PHY PHY MAC

Busy FCS
preamble header header

(b)

E{b0}=16 slots

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 29
 Frame Aggregation: A-MSDU and A-MPDU
A-MSDU = Aggregated Ethernet frames (= PSDU up to 8 KB)

SIFS
802.11n
DIFS PHY PHY Subframe Subframe Subframe
Busy MAC FCS
preamble header 1 2 N
header

ACK

MSDU subframe = Ethernet frame:

Ethernet
header Data Padding
(a) MSDU Aggregation
TXOP duration

A-MPDU = Aggregated 802.11n frames (= PSDU up to 64 KB)

RIFS

RIFS

RIFS

SIFS
DIFS PHY PHY
Busy Subframe 1 Subframe 2 Subframe N
preamble header

Block ACK
MPDU

A-MPDU subframe: 802.11n

MPDU RDG/More PPDU = 0
Delimiter
MAC Data FCS Padding
header
RDG/More PPDU = 1
(b) MPDU Aggregation
Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 30
 Block Acknowledgement Session
Transmitter Receiver

addBA Request

ACK
Block ACK
addBA Response
setup

ACK

Data MPDU
Data MPDU

Data and
Block ACK repeated
Data MPDU
transmission multiple
BlockAckReq (BAR) times

Block ACK

delBA Request

Block ACK
teardown ACK

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 31
 Block Acknowledgement Frame
MAC header
bytes: 2 2 6 6 2 variable 4

Frame Ctrl Duration / ID Receiver Address Transmitter Addr. BA Control Block ACK Information FCS

(a)
bits: 1 1 1 9 4
Block ACK Compressed
Multi TID Reserved TID_INFO
Policy Bitmap

bits: 4 12
Fragment
Starting Sequence Number
Number (0)

bytes: 2 128

Block ACK
Block ACK Bitmap
Starting Sequence Control

 Basic Block ACK – 128 byte bitmap

bytes: 2 8

(b) Block ACK

Starting Sequence Control
Block ACK Bitmap
 Compressed Block ACK
- mandatory 8-byte bitmap
- no support for fragmentation

bytes: 2 2 8

Block ACK
Per TID Info Block ACK Bitmap
Starting Sequence Control

 Multi-TID Block ACK (repeated for each TID)

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 32
 Block ACK Frame Subfields

Frame fragments
0 1 2 3 4 5 … 13 14 15
0
1

Acknowledged data frames

2
Compressed Block ACK 3
Multi-TID
Bitmap frame variant 4
Basic 5
0 0
Block ACK
.
Compressed .
0 1 .
Block ACK

1 0 reserved
61
Multi-TID 62
1 1
Block ACK 63

(a) (b)

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 33
 Block ACK Example
A-MPDU

MPDU MPDU MPDU MPDU MPDU MPDU BlockAckReq Time

#146 #147 #148 #149 #150 #178 #146

(lost frame) Block ACK

(Compressed)

Starting Sequence Number = 146

BA Bitmap (64 bits) =
11110111 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 =
7F FF FF FF 00 00 00 00

A-MPDU

MPDU MPDU MPDU MPDU MPDU MPDU BlockAckReq Time

#150 #179 #180 #181 #210 #211 #150

(retransmitted (lost frame) Block ACK

frame) (Compressed)

Starting Sequence Number = 150 #179 #210

BA Bitmap (64 bits) =
11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 11110100 =
FF FF FF FF FF FF FF 4F

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 34
 Reverse Direction (RD) Protocol

Unidirectional vs. Bidirectional RTS/CTS Access Scheme

TXOP duration

Data_fwd

SIFS
Time

SIFS
DIFS Backoff

SIFS
Transmitter DIFS
Busy RTS
CTS BACK
Receiver

(a)
TXOP duration

RDG/More PPDU = 1

Data_fwd
SIFS

SIFS
SIFS
DIFS Backoff
SIFS

RD initiator DIFS
Busy RTS BACKr
CTS BACKf
RD responder
Data_rvs
(b) RDG/More PPDU = 1 RDG/More PPDU = 0

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 35
 802.11n Backwards Compatibility Modes: CTS-to-Self
CTS-to-self frame (Non-HT format) Data frame (HT format)

SIFS
SIFS
Legacy 802.11 Legacy 802.11 802.11n 802.11n
CTS-
CTS-to-
to-self Data FCS
PHY header MAC header PHY header MAC header

(a) Legacy compatibility mode ACK

Blocking out non-HT stations with Network Allocation Vector (NAV)

Data frame (HT-mixed format)

SIFS
Legacy 802.11 802.11n 802.11n
Data FCS
PHY header PHY header MAC header

(b) Mixed compatibility mode ACK

Blocking out non-HT stations with spoofed duration value (L-SIG field)

Data frame (HT format)

SIFS

802.11n 802.11n
Data FCS
PHY header MAC header

(c) Greenfield mode (no protection)

ACK

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 36
 Dual-CTS protection (CTS-to-self)

802.11g
B
802.11n
(HT-Greenfield) (Legacy non-HT)
A
AP

Time
SIFS

CTS-to-self CTS-to-self
receives
AP CTS (HT) CTS (L) data (HT) CTS (HT) CTS (L) Data (L)

sets NAV
A RTS (HT) Data (HT)

receives
sets NAV
B data (L)

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 37
 Example of L-SIG Duration Setting

NAV duration

NAV duration

NAV duration
preamble

preamble
Legacy
Legacy

L-SIG

L-SIG
RTS Data CF-End
preamble

preamble
Legacy

Legacy
L-SIG

L-SIG
CTS BACK

L-SIG duration
L-SIG duration

L-SIG duration

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 38
 802.11n Phased Coexistence Operation (PCO)
BSS-1
802.11g
802.11n
(HT-Mixed)
(HT-Greenfield)
C
802.11g

A (Legacy)
802.11n
802.11g
AP (HT-Mixed) Another
B AP
BSS-2

AP reserves AP releases
both 20-MHz the 20 MHz
channels for channels
20 MHz 40 MHz phase
phase 40 MHz phase 20 MHz phase

ion
sit
Transition

an
Tr
Set PCO-Phase

to--self

Traffic in BSS-
BSS-1 in

CF--End
Beacon
channel
Primary
20 MHz

802.11g
OR
PCO-

CTS--to

AP and A

PCO--Phase
20 MHz channel (Non
(Non--

CF
CTS

exchange traffic
HT or HT-
HT-Mixed mode)
mode)
CF--End
-
Set-

in 802.11n

Set--PCO
40 MHz channel
CF
to--self
Secondary

Busy (HT greenfield Traffic in BSS-

BSS-2

CF--End
channel
20 MHz

Set
PIFS
PIFS

mode)
mode)
CTS--to

(traffic in in 802.11g

CF
CTS

BSS-
BSS-2) 20 MHz channel

(truncated) NAV (A)

NAV of sta. A
Time
(40 MHz ch.)
(truncated)
NAV of station B (primary channel)

(truncated)
NAV of station C (secondary channel)

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D. - Department of Telecommunications and Networks, FETEL, HCMUS 39
 QA

Lecturer: Tran Thi Thao Nguyen, Ph.D.

Ho Chi Minh City University of Science
Faculty of Electronics and Communications
Department of Telecommunication and Networks
Email: tttnguyen@hcmus.edu.vn