rbs The verbs must, can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should and ought (to) are modal verbs. They ‘express meanings such as obligation, necessity, certainty, ability, possibility, lack of necessity, offers, ‘Suggestions, requests, logical assumptions, permission, prohibition, advice and criticism. Modal verbs: ‘® do not take an--s, -ing or -ed suffix. e.g. She must study. (NOT: She-mvete-stuey) © are followed by a bare infinitive except for ought which is followed by a to - infinitive. ‘e.g. He may be il. (NOT: He-mey-te-be-it) She ought to listen to you. © go before the subject in questions and are followed by not in negations. e.g. Can I talk to you? He couldn't speak. © do not usually have tenses. They can refer to the present or the future. ‘e.g. You ean call now. (present) You can call tomorrow. (future) Rie 2 © obligation - necessity - duty must = It ls your duty to do sth/youare obliged to do sth © logical assumptions 2) positive logical assumptions must = | am sure/certain b) For negative logical assumptions we usually use can't. You must stop when the trafic light is red. (= You are obliged to ‘stop when the traffic light is red.) © probibition ‘mustn'/can’t = I's forbidden todo sth/ ‘you are not allowed to do sth/ Ite against the rules / law R) You mustn't/can't park here (= You are not allowed to park here. I's against the law.) a) They must be the boy's parents. ('m sure they are the boy's parents.) ) They can't be the boy's grandparents. (1m sure they are not the boy's grandparents.) a st yom 00 so ot © Must can only be used to talk about the present ae ton tectum tent ee — “su (serene See cre eee ett aoe mt sme = eonIAC en Nw tels Have got to © must = itis necessary to do sth We use must when the speaker decides th something is necessary. must find a hte! to stay at night (The young man ‘has made the decision himselt) have to = itis necessary to do sth We use have to when somebody else other than the speaker has made the decision. Thave to woare unitorm at work. (Somebody else has y ‘made the decision.) J Questions and negations with have to are formed with do, does or did. © Must and have to have different meanings in questions. ‘Compare the following exampl ‘Must I do my. homework now? (The boy wants to know whether his mother Insists on his doing his homework right away,) Do Ihave to hype these letters now? (The secretary wants to know whether itis necessary for her {0 type the letters right away.) @ Have got to has the same meaning as have to, ‘and it Is usually used In everyday speech. 2.9. Sony! I've got to go now. My bus leaves ina few minutes.’ © mustn't = It is forbidden to do sthiyou are not ‘allowed to do sth We use mustn't to express prohibition. They mustn't play on the railway track (Playing on the railway track is forbidden.) eedn't = It isn’t necessary to do sth ‘We use needn't to express lack of necessity. We can algo use don't) doesn’t need to or don'Ydoesn't have to {for the same purpose. The farmer needn't) doesn't need to/ doesn't have to buy any eggs. (= Itisn’t ‘necessary for the farmer to buy any eggs.) FIll in the gaps with mustn't or needn't) don't have to. ‘A: Shall | help you with your shopping? B: No, you ..needn't/don't have to, | an manage by mysett A You play football inside the house. B: I'm sory. I'l go outside. ‘A: Do you want anything from the supermarket? B: No, you {get me anything today, thank you.!'m going out mysett later. & You bbe late for work tomorrow morning. B: I know. I'l try to arrive early A: You take these books out of the library. B: I know. I's forbidden, ‘A: Shall | make an appointment for you at the dentist's? B: No, you Nido wt myself next weekrhs Rephrase the following sentenc using must, mustn't, needn't, has to 01 doesn't have to. e 1 You aren't allowed to park your car in the college car park ‘You musta park your carin the college car park. 2 strongly advise you to speak to your parents about your decision 3. isn’t necessary for Emma o attend tomorcows stat meeting 4. Jack is obliged to wear a sut and a te at work because the manager says so. ‘5 I'm sure Antonio is from Milan 6 Is necessary for Roger to find a job soon 7_ Its forbidden to use mobile phones inside the hospital 8 Susan is obliged to work overtime because her boss says so. Didnt need to - INeedn + have done {ack of necessity © didn’t need to + infintive = twas not necessary to do sth lt shows that an action did not happen in the past because we knew it was not necessary. They didn't need to cut any more wood. (=itwasn't necessary for them to cut any more ‘essary to do sth, but it was done 1 shows that an action happened in the past, ‘even though it was not necessary. (You needn't have (oought me a it (= Itwasn't necessary for him to buy her a git, but he did) 10 Rephrase the following sentences using didn't need to or needn't have don Itwasn't necessary for him to wash the car. Itwasn't ity. He didn't need to wash the car. It wasn’t necessary for her to buy so many oranges, but she dia. It wasn't necessary for us to take an umbrella. It wasn't raining, wasn't necessary for us to turn on the light. hwasn't ark, Ihwasn' necessary for him to callme today, but he cid It wasn't necessary for you to make sandwiches for me, but you di. Itwasn't necessary for them to make reservations at the restaurant, but they did, Rewrite the sentences using the word in bold. Itisnt necessary for Mark to buy new clothes forthe reception, need ..Mark doesn't need tolneedn't buy new clothes for the reception. You aren't alowed to pick these flowers. must Sarah is obliged to type her compositions at unver- sity. has It wasn't necessary for Paula to make the beds. need Itis your duty to obey the law. must It wasn't necessary for Bob to wait for me, but he id need itis forbidden to throw iter on the beach must I'm sure Ronald is at home must I wasn't necessary for Alice to bake a cake for the patty need I wasn't necessary for George to stay at work late last night, but he di haveees ‘© ability in the present ‘can = | am able to He can fly an aeroplane, ability inthe past could = used to be able to (past repeated action) could ski very well when ‘Iwas young, ‘© asking permission Can/Could/May/Might | ..2 = Do you/Would you mind it. We use these structures to ask permission to do something. Could and may are more polite than ‘ean, Might is formal. a) (informal) (_Cani go 1b) (more formal) co ot We normally reply with ‘Certainly.''Of course.’/ ‘Why not.''No, I'm afraid you can’t.” © giving/retusing permission a) can/may = you are allowed to do sth ‘May is more formal than can. 'b) can'Ymustn'Umay not = you are not allowed to do sth May not is formal and is usually used in written notices. You cant see Kim tonight, but you ‘ean see her tomar: row if you lke, You MAY NOT LEAVE YOUR LUGGAGE HERE. offers Can/Could/Shall | ..? = Would you like me t0..? We use these struc- tures when we offer to do something. €an/CouldiShail get you anything trom the super- market? We canicould K 90 to the cinema. } 9© requests 'b) could/might + perfect infinitive = it was Can/Could/Will Would you ble, but it didn’t happen We use these structures when we ask some- body to do something for us. Would and could ‘are more and will (~ CaniCouraiwin; Would you help me with my French home- (© work please? Yesterday, there was a tebe accident ‘We normally reply with ‘Certainly 7OF course'/ The driver could have been kil. ‘Ym sorry, but | can't! (Luckily, he wasn't) © necatve looical assumotions Can is used in the present. Could ts the past coat = (i cexprpernainy Seat af (tert uslreeh ‘tense of can. We use be able fo to form all the ete, other tenses. 2g. I will be able to get a job when | finish school For positive logical assumptions we do not use can't; we use must. present simple: can, amlis/are able to past simple: could, wasiwere able to Present perfect: havajhas been able to past perfect: had been able fo future simple: will be able to future pertect: will have been able to Fill in the gaps with an appropriate modal verb. Then, say what they express in each sentence. a) They can't be strangers. (= 1™m sure they are rot stangers) 1. A: ..May/Can/Could.. borrow your pen, please? ») They must know each other. (= I'm certain The speaker is aeking for permiesion. they know each other) 8: No, you co Fm sing it enaaaT 2A tmbored. hat shall we do? 1) could/may/might + present infinitive les ceacreae Oe B: Let's waich a video, then 3. A: My parents told me! goto the party tonight B: Never mind, 1 g0 either. We slay at home together, though 4 & Sir, | speak to you for a moment, L 4 please? John i ate B: Certainly, but later today; Im busy now. 5 A: Excuse me? B: Yes? a A... you tell me where the post office is. please? fe could be B: Certainly. t's on the main road, next to the school. (stuck in traffic. ~ 6 A: Is anyone sitting on that chair? B: No, you take aif you want ioCould = Was able to © ability in the past We use was/were able to (= managed to do) to show that someone had the ability to do some- thing in a particular situation in the past (past single action). He was able to climb to the top of the mountain, He managed to Climb to the top of the mountain.) ® We use could to show that someone had the ability to do something repeatedly in the past (past repested action). 24g. He could run very fast when he was young. (He had the ability to do this repeatedly in the ast.) ‘© We use could rather than was/were able to with, the verbs see, hear, feel, smell, taste, under- stand, remember and guess, e.g. They could see the storm coming. (NOT: Fhey-wore-ableto-cee-..) ‘© We use the negative form couldn't for both cases. 2.9. My litle sister couldn't wash herself when she was two. (past repeated action) ‘Mark tried, but he couldn't find out what was wrong with the computer. (past single action) cscose tne conectannwer 1 "Todd was a very talented child” ‘know. He ..©.. play the piano well when he was seven.” A couldnt Bcould CG can 2 ‘ve just taken a loaf out of the oven, “Oh, that's why | ‘smell fresh bread when came home. ‘A was able to B can't © could 3. "How was the test?” ‘Easy. All the children. pass it. Awereableto B could cant 4 "What are you doing this summer?’ hope ti {90 on holiday with my friends. A could B beableto C can Mo. Rewrite the sentences using the words in bold. 1. Do you mind it leave the door open for a while? ean ..Can | leave the door open for a while?. 2. You're obliged to take notes during the lecture. have 3. I'm sorry, but you aren't allowed to enter this room. must 4 Jack managed to unlock the door. able 5 Itwasnt necessary for Ann to cook dinner, but she i. need 6 Let's play a game of chess. could 7. tim certain Sarah is bored with her work must 8 | strongly advise you to take up spor. must 9 I'm certain Liz isnt interested in your ideas. can 10 You may take the car tonight if you want can - Study the situations and respond to each ‘one using an appropriate modal verb. 1. You want to go on holiday with your friends this year. Ask your parents for permission. Can | go on holiday with my friends this year’. 2 You are at a job interview. You type fast, you use ‘computers and you speak two foreign languages. Tell the interviewer about your abilities, 3 Your brother is trying to decide what to buy your moth- er for her birthday. You suggest a box of chocolates, 4 Your jacket is dirty and you want to wear it next Week. itis necessary to take it to the dry cleaners. 5. You want to have a day off work next week. Ask for your boss’ permission. 6 You are in the car with your uncle. I's hot and you want him to open the window. Make a request. 7. Your mother is going to the shops, She asks you it you want anything, You tell her it Isn't necessary 10 get anything for you. élbs, Cea We use must to make positive logical assumptions. We They can't be at work (= I'm sure they are not at work.) ‘They must be on holiday. (= I'm sure they are on holiday.) He can't have done the ''m sure he is Spanish. ''m sure you aren't a doctor. ''m certain they're hiding. ''m sure they won't be leaving tomorrow. {'m certain she has left. 'm sure she didn't lie, {'m certain he hadn't phoned. I'm sure they were waiting ''m certain she has been crying. 1'm certain he hadn't been trying use can’t to make negative logical assumptions. ‘She can't be doing her homework. (= I'm sure she isn't doing her homework) ‘She must be writing a letter. (= I’m sure she is writing a letter.) The drivers can't have ‘been driving slowly. (I'm certain they weren't driving slowly.) The drivers must have been driving too fast. (= I'm certain they were driving too fast.) He must be Spanish. ‘You can't be a doctor. ‘They must be hiding. They can't be leaving tomorrow. ‘She must have left. ‘She can't have lied. He can’t have phoned, ‘They must have been waiting, ‘She must have been crying. hard. He can’t have been trying hard. 62 ©) comic me sentences using mst or cant I'm sure John dich’ stay late atthe office. Jonn I'm certain he hasn't arrived yet. He ''m certain they are working together. They ''m sure Amy hasn't finished her homework, Amy ''m certain she was having a bath when I rang. She ''m sure he hasn't won the prize. He ''m sure she is looking for a new house, She ''m certain Paul didn't invite Linda to the party. Paul ''m certain you have been planning the project. You {'m sure she was waiting a letter. She 1'm certain they hadn't paid the bill They I'm sure he had been fixing the pipe. He {1m certain they go to bed early on Sunday nights. They ...nust 40 to bed early on Sunday nights. can't have stayed late at the office.Rare © possibilty (presentituture) ‘may/might/could + present infinitive = Itls possible/t is likely/perhaps. She mayimighticould til be at work (= I's possible that she's still at work.) © possibilty (past) may/might/could + perfect infinitive = Iwas possible, perhaps 2) We use these structures to refer to a past action which was possibly true. e.9. ‘The lights are stil on.” ‘Helen mayimighticould have forgotten to tum them oft” (Perhaps Helen forgotihas forgotten to turn them off) b) We also use them to refer to things which were possible but did not happen. May is not normally used in this case. 9. Why did you run across the road? You might/could have been killed. (Luckily, you weren't killed) ‘Study the following negative sentences: ‘2) She may/might not know about these changes. (Perhaps she doesn't know about the changes. + expresses possibilty.) ‘She can'ticouldn't know about these changes. {itis certain that she doesn't know. - expresses certainty.) 'b) He mayimight not have left yet. (Perhaps he hasn't et yet. - expresses possibilty, He can'ticouldn't have left yet. (0m certain that he hasn't left yet. certainty.) expresses Me © asking permission ‘May/Might ...2 = Would you mind it ..? We use these structures to ask permission when we do not know the other person very well. (— May/Might ask you another | (question? Study the following examples: 2g. ‘Can | take this book?” “Yes, of course.’ (informal) “Could | talk to you for @ minute?" ‘Certainly.’ (more polite than can) © givingiretusing permission ‘8) may/can = you are allowed to do sth We use may and can, but not might or could, to give permission. May is very formal and is not used in everyday speech. e.g. You can sit here if you like. (everyday speech) Passengers may take only one item of hand luggage on board. (writen notice) Note: We use Could I..? to ask permission, and can or may, but not could, to reply. €.9. Could I leave a litle eartior? "Yes, you can.'Yes, you may.” ') can'timay not = you are not allowed to do sth We use can't and may not, but not couldn’, to refuse permission. e.g. Students may not wear outdoor shoes on the basketball court. (= Students arent allowed to...) 1'm sory, but you can't park here. NOT: Fon noma tat yor ate pat ee © requests ‘May/Might/Can/Could | ..2 We use these structures to ask for something politely. Might I...? Is more formal than May !..? and is not often used. (may/Can/Coula! |r have a pen and} | some paper, (please? 63rbs, ] rorne tte snece many ne te Perhaps Laura has left the phone off the hook....auramay/might/could have left the phone off the hook. ‘Surgeons are obliged to scrub their hands before operating on patients, Do you mind if| open the window? It wasn't necessary for Peter to wash the dog, so he didn’. : Emily managed to reach the top shelf, even though she didn't have a ladder. I's forbidden to copy files without the manager's permission. Why don't we spend this evening at home? 8 I'm certain Patrick misunderstood my instructions. 9 I'm sure Helen didn't know about her surprise party. Saas Perhaps she is a nurse. It's possible he will come early. Perhaps they are having a break. It's likely we will be moving house soon. ‘She may be a nurse. He might come eariy. ‘They could be having a break. We may be moving house soon. 64 Perhaps he left yesterday. I's possible she has locked the door. It's likely he had gone out. Its possible they were sleeping. Perhaps it has been raining there. Rephrase the following sentences in as many ways as possible, 1 Perhaps they are at work. They ..may/might/could be at work. 2. Perhaps he is waiting outside, He 3. Its possible she will work late tonight, 4 It's likely he was driving too fast He 5 It's possible they made a mistake. They 6 Perhaps he has missed the bus. He 7 i's possible she has been playing in the snow. She 8 It's likely we wil be leaving tomorrow. We 9 It's likely he wil stay there. He 40. Perhaps she had been trying to call you. She 11 It's tkely they had seen the film already, They It’s possible he is studying in the library. He 2 He might have left yesterday. ‘She could have locked the door. He may have gone out. ‘They might have been sleeping. It could have been raining there. Ey nserinn tne conc wort) in bo Good morning. How 1) ean/must |help you, sir? 1'd ike to book a room for tonight, please, Certainly sit. How much does a single room cost for one night? £35, sir. Payable in advance. ‘What! 2) Do I have to/Could | pay right now? ‘Yes, I'm afraid you 3) need/must pay in advance, sr. Really. Well! 4) Do I have to/Shall I pay in cash? No, you §) mustn't/needn't pay in cash. You 6) couldican't pay by credit card if you prefer. B: This is a bit unusual. | 7) mayimust look in my wal- let to see if | have enough cash with me. ‘A: You) couldn'tidon't have to hurry, sir. Take your time. A: Good morning, Here's the key. 9) Could/Must | leave ‘my luggage here until twelve o'clock, please? B: Ofcourse. 10) May/Need | ask if you enjoyed your stay? ‘A: Oh yes. 111) canimust write down the phone num- ber, so that | can stay here again. B: You 12) mustn'tidon't need to do that, si. 113) have tojean give you our card ‘A; Oh, thank you very much. Goodbye, B: Goodbye, BBR OROrerCaniCould/Shalt 1 help you choose © suggestions Shall/Can/Could we ..2 = Why don’t we..2/ How about ..2/What about ..?/Let's ... We use these ‘structures to make a ShalliCan/Could |we go to the mar. © asking for suggestions or instructions We use shail when we Whore shall we 3 g0 tonight? —— We canicoutd go {othe theatre. © requests ‘wiliWould/Can/Could you ..2 We use these ‘structures when we ask ‘somebody else to do Compare the following examples: 2.9. CaniWill you post ths letter? (informal, less polite than could or would) Could/Would you post ths letter? (more polite than ‘can or will) We often reply with: Yes, 'd (would) be heppyiglad to." or ‘Certainy.” .g- Can you call Jack for me?” ‘Certainy.” Should/Ought to © advice ‘should/ought to = | advise you to/you had better do sth ‘Must expresses strong advice. Compare: You should talk to your lawyer. (= It would be a {900d idea to...) You must talk to your lawyer. (= | strongly advise youto...) © criticism ‘ought to/should + perfect Infinitive = It would hhave been better if you had... We use these structures to show that somebody did the wrong thing in the You all should) ‘ought to have 1 ...Shall.. help you with the washing-up? 2 sss We Hae pizza for dinner tonight? 3 you carry this for me, please? 4 What we buy for Bob's birthday? 65rbs 5 you answer the phone, please? 6 Where we sitin the classroom? 7 {YOU take the rubbish out for me, please? 8 we have a barbecue next weekend? Rephrase the following sentences in as many ways as possible. ae 1. You had better book your flight early You ought to/should/must book your fight early 2. Would you like me to draw the curtains for you? 3. Why don't we go to a Japanese restaurant for a change? 4. strongly advise you to see a doctor as soon as possible. 5. Can you call Greg for me, please? 6 You ought to have checked the battery betore youlet 7 Everybody is obliged to pay taxes 8 You don't need to go to the supermarket today, 9 Itwasn't necessary for Betty to calla taxi because | ‘gave her a lift. 10 They managed to get to the theat the heavy trafic in time, despite 11. You aren't allowed to keep pets in the building. 42. Do you mind if! take the rest of the day off? By nserine ne corect word 1. You mayimustn't run in the corridors. t's dangerous. 2 Can/Should | ask you a question? 3. WilliShall we go out for lunch today? 4 You mustishouldn’t stay at home if you are il 5. Tommy cant/couldnt tell the time when he was a baby. 6 My book can't/mustn't be in the house. I've looked everywhere. 7. You might/needn't clean the windows. 've already done them. Will/Shall | help you? ‘You needn'timustn't do the shopping. I'll do it later. ‘Sam left late forthe airport this morning. He should could have missed his fight, Look at the questions example. e.g. Yeo. They must be friende, Ictures and answer the 19 mustican’,, as in the pore? fern Poet eT nd coer CI Pererrrs tc) Prey perm Dy crooee the mort spropite response 41 Will you open the door for me, please? A Yes, may B Conainiy 2 Could | speak to you for a moment, please? A Yes, course. B No, you couldn't 3. Shall carry that bag for you? {A No, ouwon". 8 No, I's okay. 1ean manage. 4 Could goto the cinema tonight, please? A Not at all B Yes, you tke '5 We could go to the theatre tonight A That's anice idea. B No, we might not 6 Can! borrow your pen, please? A Not at al. B Ofcourse. 7 Can you pick the children up fom schoo! fr ma? No, may nt. B No problem 8 Would you please dive me othe airport tomorrow? My caris being serviced A’ I'd be happy to 9 Cant help you, si? No, you can't. B No, thank you. ™m just looking. 40 Could you hold this fr me, please? B Yes, | would. A Yes, | could, B Ofcourse, 11. Shall take you to work tomorrow? A Yes, please. B No, you won'tunctions of Modal Ver obligation/duty/necessity 4) You must sign the contract. (You are obliged tofYou have tolYou need tol is nec- essary) ) J must sign the contract. (| have decided) ©) Ihave to sign the contract. ‘Someone else has decided) lack of necesshy a 4) He doesn't need toldoesn't have to/needn't get a ta I give him a itt isn't necessary) ') He didn't need to get a taxi because ! gave him a it. (ttwasn't necessary for him to get a tax!) ©) He needn't have got a tax. wasn't necessary for him to get a tax, but he did.) advice 4) You ought to/should revise for your test. (advise you tolyou had better) ) You must revise for your test. srongly aise you to) ‘suggestions 7 2) We canicould go out for a meal later. 'b) Shall we go out for a meal later? (Let'..Why dont we... How about.21What about..2) ty 4). Kim is five years old. She can read and write. (reser) ) When she was three, she could count fo ten. (past repeated action) ©) Tony was able to win the race. (managed to do; past single action) lack of ality a) Ann can't play the piano. (present) 'b) She couldn't swim fast when she was young. (past repeated action) «) She couldnt reach the top she even though she td. (ast singe action) asking permission 4) Can | open the window, please? (informal) ) Could I open the window, please?(more polite) (¢) MayiMight | open the window, please? (lormal) (00 you mind i..2/Would you mind i...2) ‘ving permission 2) You ean leave your luggage here. (you are allowed to do sth; informal) ') You may leave your luggage inthis area. (you are allowed to do sth; formal - probably writen) refusing permission 4) You can'timustn't park here. (you are not allowed to do sth; informal) ) You may not park in this area, (you are not allowed todo sth; formal - usually writen notice) requests 2) Can/Will you help me with this exercise? informal) ') Could/Would you help me with this exercise? (more poite) (6) May | have one of those leaflets? (formal) ) Might | have one of those leaflets? (very formal) prohibition You mustn'tcan't lie in court. (i's forbiddenlyou aren't allowed toli's against the rules) asking for suggestions or instructions When/How shall | contact you? possibility 4) She couldimayimight finish her work by six o'clock. (itis possibleit is ikely/perhaps) ) She couldimight have been late. (.. Luckly, she wasn't lat.) otters ‘ShalliCan/Could |help you cross the road? (Would you like me to help you cross the road?) logical assumptions a) She must be on holiday. (positive; I'm sure she Is.) ) She can't be working (negative; m sure she ist) ) He must have Been on holiday. (posve) {) Ho cant have been at home. (negative) criticism, He ouaht to/should have told her the {itwoutd have been beter ithe had fold her the tah.) 67@ 10 " 2 13 “ rbs Match the items in column A to their synonyms in column, A B You should/ought to. You aren't allowed to You must tt wasn't necessary for ; usto ... (but we did) coe © Why don't we ..? You needn't 4 He managed to We neednithave... | @ It wasn't necessary for We didn't need to ee You had better You mustn't 9 I'm sure she's He was able to fh Do you mind it ..2 She must be 1 You are obliged to Neco be | Itisn't necessary for you to Could | ..? kim sure he isn't He may be 1 Perhaps he's Rephrase the following sentences in as many ways as possibl | advise you to buy this book You should/ought to buy this book. Itisn’t necessary for him to take the exam again. {'m sure Terry isn't atthe ofice. {tis possible that Janet will cal me ths evening You arent allowed o eat and tink inthe classrooms. We are obliged to clock in and out every day. ''m sure the boys weren't upset withthe result. ‘Would you like me to do anything to help? Perhaps we wil o for a picnic on Sunday afternoon. ‘Sam managed to reach the top of the mountain after climbing for several hours, How about throwing a party on your birthday? Itwasn’t necessary for John to attend the seminar. They are obliged to go to a meeting every week How about visiting some friends on Saturday? @ Undertine the corect word(s. ‘A: Could/May/Shail you tell me the time, please? B: Yes. I's a quarter past ten. ‘A: Would/Shall/Will we go shopping tonight? B: Yes. We need to buy some food. A: May/Should/Would |help you, madam? B: Yes, please. Can/ShallWould | have these shoes in black, please? Would/Shoula/Shalt | get you another cup of tea? No, thank you. 've had enough. Can/ShalliMay you post this letter for me, please? Certainly. do it on my way home from work. ‘ShallfWould/Could | speak to Jenny, please? 1'm sorry, she's not here at the moment. ‘Oh. Must/Shail/Would | call ater, then? ‘May/WilliWould | have a glass of water, please? Yes, I'l get you one. Could/May/Shall you put ice in it, please? Did you call Jane? No, I didn't need toineedn't because | saw her at work Shall/May/Could you help me, please? Yes, of course. You mustn'tineedn't/couldn't lock the door. ‘Oh, will you do it when you leave? QD, nderine ne comect wort Dear Victoria, '’m writing to tel you about the play 'm going to be in. I's called ‘Only for You’, and I've got the leading role, | have a lot of lines and | 1) must/might learn them all before opening night We're pertorming the play for the fist time on Friday right. We've been told that a TV company 2) must/may ‘come to fim it, So | 3) could/must be on television. | 4) needn'umight even become famous! We 5) might/have to rehearse the play every night. Until Friday, because everything 6) mustshall be per- {ect forthe performance. We 7) couldn'timustn't make any mistakes. 8) Can/Must you come to see the play, (+ will you be at work? | hope you'll be able to come. i ‘ot, write and tell you how it went 119) could/must go and learn my lines now. See you soon. BPR ORRBPOEOe 10 BR orQQ crvese in comet anawe 1 "You ..C...be late for work.” ‘know. I'm leaving now.’ A neednit —B must ¢ mustn't 2 ‘im lose some weight. His doctor said so, ‘Then he must go on a diet.” ‘A musint Ban C has to 8 Voss. G00 the bank today. I have enough money. ‘Well il go alone, then.” A neednt —B have to © must 4 ‘Did you deliver that parcel for me?” "No, |... ind the house, sol've come back to geta map.” A can B could € couldn't 51 clean the house today. I's dirty. ilhelp you.” A needn't B must © muste't 61 feed the dog at lunchtime. My brother did ‘tin the morning.” "You can do i this evening, then. ‘A didn't need to B needn't have need 7 ‘Do youneed any help?” "Yes. ‘open the window. I's stuck, A could Bamableto C can't at ‘swim until | was ten, ‘Well | didnt learn until | was eleven.” A can B cant © couldn't 9 ‘Can | talk to you, please?” ‘Sorry, | {90 now. I'm late for a meeting.” A musint-B hasto © must 10 ‘Is Tom good at languages?” “Yes, he already speak French, German and tralian.” A cant B can © could 11. ‘The test was too difficult for me. ‘Oh dear, | do it quite easily, ‘A wasable to B can't can 12 "Where's Tom? He's not at work, so he be atthe library. A must B cant © can 13° we go shopping today?" 'No. 'd prefer to go tomorrow.” A Ought B Shall c wil 14 “Sorry Mum. I've broken a plate, You ‘be more careful” A may B should © might 18 ‘Where's your father?” He . be in the garage. A might B can © mustn't Flt in can, can't, must, mustn't, needn't or have to. 1. A: Is Matthew very rich? 8: He...must... be. He drives a Ferrari M Would you like to come shopping with me? B: Yes, but | v ‘do my homework this afternoon, |s Tom interested in music? ‘Oh yes. He the saxophone, Is Katie at home? play the guitar and No, she be. Her car is not here. 5 A: Can go to the cinema tonight? Yes, but you be late home, Hurry up. You'll be late for school! dont 'g0 to schoo! today. It's Saturday. 7 A: | bought you this present. Oh, you have, I's not my birthday! Excuse me, I'm looking for Barkwest Bank, I'm afraid | hhelp you. | don't live here Complete the sentences, as in the example. Sometimes more than one answer Is possible. Moda Use 1 .Shall..we gotothe 200? making a suggestion 2 You 7 harder. giving advice 3 Youn take photographs here. ‘expressing prohibition 4 Tear bag eryour |") making an offer Ss you turn off the lights, please? making a request 6 You have been more caretul ‘expressing criticism 7 make phone call, please? asking for permission ee ma area ae pet niyaicmonate os Shar, See area us a card. etimenttor a”. he aa a seatbelt while driving. ism boned 11 They wu be tired. pee 12 Fm ony, Bay = Gr Ta ee eereaee 13 He cnn B® | ee a assumption caiaikecn caper ovcrnneat 69rhs GB), creose tne comect answer 10 70 letter arrives at your house. You are sure it is from Paul A it might be from Paul @ it must be trom Paul It may have been from Paul You have toothache. Your mother gives you some advice. A You may go to the dentist. B You should go to the dentist. © You might go to the dentist ‘You are looking for your scart. You think ts upstairs. A Itcan't be upstairs. B It should be upstairs. € It could be upstairs. ‘Your father told you to do your homework. You tell ‘your friends, A will do my homework. B I have to do my homework. € I might do my homework You want your neighbour to babysit for you tonight. ‘A Would you babysit for me tonight? 8 Shall you babysit for me tonight? ‘© Must you babysit for me tonight?” ‘You did the washing-up for your mother, but she didn't expect you to. ‘A You mustn't have done the washing-up. B You might not have done the washing-up, C You needn't have done the washing-up. There was a good film on TV. You are sure John. didn’t wate it ‘A John should have watched it B John might have watched it. € John can't have watched it. You want to have a petin your flat, but your landlord tells you it isn't allowed. A You mustn't keep pets in the fat B You needn't keep pets in the flat. € You will not keep pets in the fat. {An old lady is trying to open the door. You offer to 40 it for her. ‘A Couldn't | open the door for you? B Must | open the door for you? Shall | open the door for you? You offer to do the shopping, but your mother says, itisn't necessary. ‘A You must do the shopping. B You needn't do the shopping. € You could do the shopping, By, croose ne correct answe 1. You .6.. do your homework before you watch TV. A can't B should C shall 2 | come in? it's rather cold out here, A Should = B May © Must 3 You water the plants this weekend; they look ary A areableto Bneednt —€ ought to 4 you collect the children from school, please? A Must 8 will c May 5 ‘you play the piano? A Can B Must © Should 6! buy some milk. There isn't any lef, A musin't = B may © must 7 When | call you? A shall B must © needn't a ‘swim before | was able to walk. A might B could © can 9 You walk to work. Il give you a lit A must Boneednt © may 10 Tim be out. There are no lights on. A shall B should © must Look at the pictures and answer the questions using modal verbs, as in the ‘exampl 2g. No, he can't be playing. He must be doing his ero a as re Pe eg What can she do? at doe Cod er) Pred Has she grown the flowers hersett? er aur rerio1 10 " 2 ‘Study these examples. The second sentence similar meaning to the first sentence. Perhaps Tom is tired may Tom may be tired, ''m sure she isn't studying hard can't She can’t be studying hard tis possible that they went out yesterday. could They could have gone out yesterday. Itisn’t necessary for Joe to come here. hhave Joe doesn't have to come here. ‘You aren't allowed to use this car. mustn't You mustn't use this car Ihwasr't necessary for him to book a table, buthe id. have He needn't have booked a table. Let's meet again tomorrow night can We can meet again tomorrow night advise you to calla doctor. should You should call a doctor. ‘Complete each sentence with two to five words, Including the word In bold. Itis possible that he has spent all the money. could He ..could have epent.. ll the money. advise you to take a course in literature. should You in literature. Itis possible that the police are questioning him. may The police ir, {'m sure he is ving about his age. must He about his age. Let's have a break in five minutes, can We in five minutes. It wasnt necessary for her to give me aif, but she did, have She mea iit You aren't allowed to throw litter in the park. mustn't You liter in the park. Itisn't necessary for Mother to cook tonight have Mother tonight. Itis possible that she has gone home. could She home. Perhaps Dan is in hospital may Dan hospital twasn't necessary for her to call, but she di have She . but she did. | advise you to have a rest. should You arest. Me apologise to sb for sth proof of sth apply for sth ‘congratulate sb on sth annoyed about sth ‘generous of sb to do sth clever at sth tease sb about sth nest perenne 1. She was annoyed ...about. she was waiting for a letter. 2 She is very clever me with my homework 3. Unless his lawyer can find proot his innocence, John will go to prison, 4 The police congratulated Mr Simmons catching the burglar. ‘5 Itwas very generous ‘ld records to charity, 6 You shouldn't tease people problems. 7. I must apologise to Sarah party. 8 She applied to the bank she could buy a new car. cea sec” give sbaway: betray sb lve sth away: 1) reveal sth 2) give sth tree of charge return emit (a smell, gas, etc) come to an end 1) abandon a habit 2) stop doing sth surrender the postal stike, as ‘maths, 50 she helps Steve to give all his their missing her alloan so that give back: give off: give out: ive up: give oneselt up: Gy rin tn corct par 1. The flowers gave ..off.. a nice smell 2 The shop is giving free bars of chocolate. 3. I told her it was a secret, but she stil gave the plan ‘The kidnapper gave himself to the police. Dan gave ‘smoking six months ago. You must give the cassette t0 Julia on Saturday, 7 The water supplies gave {rom the stream, 8 The fire is giving ‘smell, We must get it checked. sso they drank a strange72 rbs \ ion Box Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense. Dear Aunt Hilary, The preparations for Rick's party are well under way now and everyone's getting excited We 1)...'ve bought... (buy) the decorations, but we 2) (not/put them up) yet because Dad 3) (paint) the house and sil has to finish the Iving room. He 4 (alsorhire) a clown costume $0 that he can entertain all the children at the pary. Mum's been very busy. She 5) (plan) the menu forthe party and she 6) (order) the \ ‘cake from the local baker's. We 7) (aliouy) presents for Rick. | 8) (clean) the house all week, but! 9) (otiinish) yet! We 10) (invite) lots of friends and relatives to the party this year. We 11). vee (tite) invitations for ages, but we stil have a lotto send! See you next weekend! Love, Josie a eee Gy enderine ne correct word) 1 When/Before | was walking to work, itstarted to rain 2 As soon as/As they were driving to work, their car broke down, 3. He usually reads the newspaper while/until he's drinking his cottee. 4 She had noticed the mistakes before/until the boss: ‘saw the report. 5 I had washed the dishes as soon as/before | left the house. 6 Sally went to bed Immediately /after she had had a shower. 7 They studied for the exam while/until midnight, 8 | was going down the stairs when/as | tripped. Put the verbs In brackets Into the correct infinitive tense. Is James going to work? No, i's Sunday. He must ..be going, gym. ''m really tired, But you've just woken up. You can't (be) tired. Have you seen my blue suit anywhere? No, but Mum might (take) it to the dry cleaner’. Could 1 please? Yes. Come into my office. Where is Annie? 1'm not sure. She might her homework upstairs. ‘Would you letter for me, please? Yes, of course. I'l do it now. | need to lose weight, but I don't know how to You shouldn't (eat) junk food | saw Jenny yesterday, but I didn't speak to her. Wouldn't (be) Jenny, because she's on holiday at the moment. You must (finish) your work before you leave. | wil | looked for your glasses, but they aren't in the house. B: Imust (g0) tothe er o> @> (speak) to you, ere (60) (ype this PrOre ze (leave) them at work, GB, cross out tne unnecessary word 1. She is has typed thiny letters so fa. 2 Henry hopes to be win the competition 3. They started to repairing the door an hour ago. 4. Bob hasn't stil decorated the flat yet, 5 Frank Sinatra has acted in a number of films 6 She getting out of the taxi, Kim ran into George. 7. He was mowing the lawn when ithad started to rain, 8 He is being used to living in the country. 9 She had booked the tickets before they have left for the theatre. How long ago have you lived here?10 | haven't seen Bob for almost two weeks. Well he ..'s been working... (work) hard recently Did Andy come and help you with the painting? He came, but | (alreadyifinish) by the time he arived Shall we meet outside the theatre? Yes, 1 ext to the ticket office, Where is Uncle Jim? think he (sit in the garden Could you hang the washing out, please? Actually, | (Gusto) it. Did you get to the station on time? Yes, but ‘over half an hour when my taxi came. ‘Are you going to the meeting next week? No, it (end) by the time | finish with my last client. Have you already seen this frm? Yes, (se0) it last week, What are you working on at the moment? Nothing, but | (perform) in a new ‘show next month. Had Sandra been living in Germany for long? Yes. She (lve) in Germany for ten years before she decided to come back to England. (stana) A 8 rs 8: A 8: A 8 a 8 AK 8: (wait) for Brar o> a> ‘There are seven unnecessary words In the text below. Cross them out, David Livingstone wanted to become a missionary, | soln 1840 ne went othe Afica Moving around ‘Atica, be cd found out tat he enjoyed exploring In 1852, he insisted on sending his tary back to Bran so that they would be ste. He continued to explore because he had wanted o iscover a rade route that It woUls end 4 slavery. n 1858, he set out to explore the Zamber! River and then, in 1866, he began another one expeciton to fnd the source ofthe River Nile. Livingstone has made many interesting discoveries and made people to think ctferently about Africa, People will always remember him. Mo. Le Qa yy — ‘Activity ~~~ ‘The citizens of Ralford are unhappy because they fee! that the council has made some bad decisions. Read the prompts and make statements using shouldn't and could. 2.9, They shouldn't have built a factory. They could have opened another hospital inetead. * tum tinto ‘a museum, ‘A reprasentative of the town council has been to talk to ‘the oltizons of Ralford. He Is now writing @ report to ‘show his boss. Use your notes from the Oral Activity to complete his report, using shouldn't and could. The citizens of Ralford feel that there are several problems with the town. Firsty, the citizens believe that the council shouldn't have built a factory. They think that they could have opened another hospital instead, sonnel : ‘The residents hope to have a response from the coun- «il soon.