2021 2nd International Conference On Smart Cities,

Automation & Intelligent Computing Systems

Tangerang, Indonesia | 12-13 October 2021

Li-Fi Communications in Smart Cities for Truly

2021 2nd International Conference On Smart Cities, Automation & Intelligent Computing Systems (ICON-SONICS) | 978-1-6654-4992-2/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICON-SONICS53103.2021.9617200

Connected Vehicles
Jamshaid Iqbal Janjua1,2, Tahir Abbas Khan2, Muhammad Saeed Khan2, Mehwish Nadeem1
Al-Khawarizmi Institute of Computer Science, University of Engineering & Technology (UET)1,, Lahore, Pakistan
School of Computer Sciences, National College of Business Administration & Economics,2 Lahore, Pakistan
jamshaid.janjua@kics.edu.pk, tahirabbaskhan.pk@gmail.com, msaeedbaloch@gmail.com, mehwish.nadeem@kics.edu.pk

Abstract― With the swift progress, and in-cooperation of
new concepts and technologies, globally led by connected things
and cloud computing, all ways of life have gently advanced
towards 'smart' modern things and infrastructure. Our paper
speaks about the future communication of Li-Fi and its
implementation in connected vehicles in smart cities. The term
Li-Fi is used for high-speed VLC which offers a higher
bandwidth, connectivity and secure communication between
vehicle-to- vehicle communication. Besides the strengths of Li-Fi
technology, the aspect of weaknesses of Li-Fi technology are also
discussed and summarized. Vehicles and traffic infrastructure
communications can gain benefits that are wide-ranging, by
implementing Li-Fi technology as a communication medium. We
have proposed a Li-Fi “Transmitter” and “Receiver” model that
enable safe inter-operative network wireless communications
between automotive and implementation architecture is
presented for Li-Fi communication between automotive and
traffic infrastructure for vehicle integration. This paper also
demonstrates a VLC based communication system in which data
is sent from Li-Fi transmitter to a Li-Fi receiver using visible
light communication (VLC) as a medium.
Keywords―Li-Fi, VLC data transmission, smart city, connected
vehicles, autonomous connections, traffic infrastructure
communication, LED, laser lights.
I. INTRODUCTION
Envisaging the lack of spectral resources in wireless
networking has become popular for creation of communication
systems in visible light (Visible Light Communication - VLC).
They provide high energy efficiency, wide bandwidth
launching a communication channel, high security and do not
require licensing to enable them to become part of future
wireless systems. But, traditional networking strategies are not
well connected to VLC networks. Therefore, for such
applications they are supposed to use access points with
multiple LEDs designed for hybrid Li-Fi - WiFi
communication systems inside the room or a controlled
environment. This will generate significant gains in the
throughput of internal Wi-Fi networks with using combined
networks.
The term Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) was proposed by
Fessor Harald Hass of Edinburgh University. It is a wireless
technology communication with visible light. Like any optical
wireless, Li-Fi uses optical radiation for data transmission, a
pre-property in the visible range of the spectrum. Figure 1
depicting the typical implementation of Li-Fi [1]. LED light
sources are ideal for realization of Li-Fi technology. The
current through the LEDs is used for data transmission in Li-Fi,
modulating signals of high frequency and therefore the human
eye does not notice the change in the brightness of the candle
lighting fixtures in the form of flickering. The data required for
transmission is encoded by changing the brightness. The
brightness of the light changes by turning the LED on and off
with great speed. The stream of pulses is added to an array of
binary data. Moreover, a person sees a continuous stream of
light, since the eye does not perceive more than 100 flickers
per sec [2]. Li-Fi is one of the latest technologies in data
transmission and can provide faster data transfer speeds than
Wi-Fi or LTE. Light Fidelity is a wireless communication
technology that, unlike radio waves in Wi-Fi, uses visible light
in an open space without a waveguide as a communication
channel, that is, this technology allows you to convert light
rays into an electrical signal and vice versa use light to send
wireless data embedded in its beam.
Fig. 1. Typical Li-Fi implementation [1]
Li-Fi positioning for industry 4.0 [3] is considered a key
position for implementing a smart infrastructure in industry 4.0.
In this approach, time measurement is considered as coarse time
via frame synchronization and fine time measurement for
channel estimation. By adapting this approach, wireless
communication made it fast and accurate for intelligent
transport systems in smart cities.
II. LITRATURE REVIEW
The section has summarized the information related to
wireless communication using visible light communication
technology (VLC). Data transmission using radio waves
(Wi-Fi) needs to be replaced by an innovative technology Li-Fi
as Li-Fi is 250 times faster than WiFi. The empirical studies
undertaken on Li-Fi and its differences with Wi-Fi are
discussed, and finally, the conclusion on the literature review is
presented.
Traffic Management [4] via vehicle-to-vehicle
communication empowered with Li-Fi and IoT. Sensors are
used for data and signal collections of vehicles. These signals
are communicated wirelessly by Li-Fi technology for fast and
accurate communication. [5] also presented the use of Li-Fi
technology in managing the traffic to stop the frequent
collisions, avoid accidents by using RFID tags on vehicles and
infrared sensors to provide information about the surroundings
that helps to lower the rate of traffic congestion. The Li-Fi bases

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communication system for V2V is proposed in [6]. This solution Li-Fi system, additional infrared LED and photodiode in the
is a cost-effective and provide high data rate capabilities. ascending channel is used [12]. To organize multiple
independent simulated downlink optical communication
The technologies used in V2V communication are
channels we can use LEDs of different colors [13]. Researchers
highlighted in [7]. Via Li-Fi technology the live location
have achievable baud rate of Li-Fi systems over 224 Gbps [14].
detection and tolling is done in case of traffic congestion. RDIF
technology is used to avoid traffic congestion in case of
emergency to reach the destination. To find out the optimized
technology the comparative study of other technologies is
conducted. Review of modular techniques and architecture to
implement the Li-Fi technology within communication systems
are explained in [8]. Authors also demonstrates the
communication between transmitter and receiver motor and
control their speeds via light as a medium. High speed data
transmission is one of the biggest features of Li-Fi.
Smart Li-Fi Network [9] is presented for the upcoming
vehicle transport network system in smart cities. Major benefits
of Li-Fi over Wi-Fi are also considered. Vehicle to vehicle
(V2V) communication [10] is proposed by applying VLC and
IOT technologies. In this wireless communication, LED
transmitters are used for communication and data transmission.
TABLE I. COMPARISON MATRIX OF Wi-Fi AND Li-Fi TECHNOLOGIES
[11]
Criteria Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) Li-Fi (Light Fidelity)
Data Radio Waves Visible Light
Transmission Communication (VLC) Fig. 2. Bi-directional Li-Fi communication
technology
Components Routers, Modems and solid-state lighting (SSL) Other advantages of Li-Fi include security, safety,
access points such as LED bulbs, LED
driver and photo detector.
availability and efficiency. Li-Fi practices free unlicensed
Frequency 2.4Ghz, 4.9Ghz & 5Ghz 10,000 times radio spectrum, that is cost effective. However, Li-Fi has several
frequency spectrum issues, which include high path loss, sensitivity to blockages and
Range Based on Radio Based on Light Intensity Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) situations. Moreover, it can be
propagation & interference (<10m) combined with Wi-Fi technology either in hybrid technique or
(<300 m)
Data Transfer Low (100 Mbps – 1 Gbps) Very high (~ 1 Gbps) aggregated technique [15].
Rate
Cost / Power More Less
Consumption
Bandwidth Limited (narrow) Unlimited (potential)
(∼ 3 kHz to ∼ 300 GHz) (∼ 400 THz to ∼ 780
THz)
Privacy Less Secure (In WIFI, RF More Secure (In Li-Fi,
signal penetrate through light does not penetrate
the walls and hence there through the walls and
is a need to employ ensure the data transfer
techniques to achieve securely
secure data transfer.)
Data Density Works in high dense Due to interference related
environment issues Li-Fi works in less
dense environment
Network P2P Point to multipoint
topology

One of the most significant benefits of Li-Fi technology is

achieving very high data rates capacity for the communication
system that is built based on it. This is due to the fact that the
spectrum of visible light is several orders of magnitude wider
than the radio spectrum. A Li-Fi communication system can be
realized by using LED lighting (or individual LEDs) that you
need to fill with a signal processor and specialized software.
Like Wi-Fi, data coming through internet routing nodes are
transmitted to the signal processor, which modulates the light.
Photo detector converts a light signal into a digital signal data
Figure 2. For organizing bi-directional communication in the Fig. 3. Electromagnetic spectrum range for Li-Fi [16]

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 In [17] the author suggests the implementation of simply walking in front of the LED source. It requires an
hexagonal cells model for deterministic deployments of optical absolute line-of-sight to collect data. The light needs to
aps and hard-core point process (HCPP) for random ON constantly, to transmit the data [18].
deployment. Using light to create high-speed growth
In the past few years, Li-Fi has already been used and is
communication systems opens access to a huge unlicensed
available in a limited number of mobile applications. The most
frequency range for beyond traditional radio frequency
famous of these is the use of installing Li-Fi in large shopping
spectrum shown in Figure 3. Vehicular social network (VSN)
centers in order to increase sales by providing coupons or other
based application is presented that can benefit vehicles from the
advertising information. Communication is unauthorized and
social network by taking efficient packet forwarding decisions.
requires people to use mobile phones that could receive Li-Fi
Crowdsourcing application also proposed as a solution for
signals through special applications.
VSN [21] as a forwarding scheme based on social information.
Widespread use of LED systems lighting allows you to use III. Li-Fi VEHICLE IMPLEMENTATION IN SMART
such a system for communication in any room with LED lamps. CITIES
According to Cisco forecasts, the number of Internet of Things
Li-Fi can be deployed in connecting vehicles with diverse
(IoT) will increase to approximately 14.7 billion connected
devices by 2023 [19]. To ensure high performance and elegant approaches in smart cities infrastructure. This will
communication of a large number of users with the most enable truly connected vehicles in the future of
transportation. Now a days, traffic signs and traffic lights, street
suitable technology is communication in the visible range of
lights, taillights and headlights using LED lamps are being
light. It is especially important in conditions of significant
produced. This makes it possible to provide communication
electrical electromagnetic interference. Such technology can be
between road infrastructure and vehicles in traffic control
used use in hospitals, supermarkets, business centers, press
centers, petrochemical plants, on airplanes for many other systems, as well as ensuring safety. Li-Fi technology has good
purposes and occasions. Besides, Li-Fi can also be used for chances for early introduction, as the demand for data
transmission facilities is constantly growing, it is also promising
improvement of internal wireless communications in residential
that this type of communication will be able to combine lighting
buildings.
and wireless data transmission.
Li-Fi technology has other benefits as well. One of the
main ones is the increased level security due to the fact that the In the smart transportation ecosystem, the heterogeneous
light does not penetrate through the walls. Another advantage vehicles communicate with transportation infrastructure issuing
is reliability of network is being improved. Li-Fi transmitters alerts to other vehicles for traffic lights, traffic congestions, road
can be built into each of luminaries in room or building, conditions etc. This can be effectively done with street lamps
thereby eliminating the near location of the Wi-Fi network mounted mobile transmission data nodes based on Li-Fi.
structure radius. These qualities make Li-Fi especially Vehicles can contribute both indoor and outdoor assistive
attractive and alternative in case of situations when Wi-Fi functions like talking with smart grid controls for vehicle
signals are significantly weakened, or where the use of Wi-Fi is charging and returning electricity to the grid. Automotives can
not allowed (for example, in nuclear power plants), and act as supplement power supplies to homes and road
where fast and safe transfer is required large amounts of data infrastructure forming street grids.
for example, in hospitals. It does not create electromagnetic
interference for medical equipment. Laser headlights make roads brighter and cars smarter. Laser
light has begun to be adopted as the light source for car
Since Li-Fi receivers react to changes in light intensity, and headlights. Its characteristic is not only that it illuminates the
then Li-Fi can work in daylight. When using Li-Fi in the object accurately with less light diffusion but can also be
interior of buildings is not required line of sight between the integrated with smart circuitry.
luminaire and the receiver of optical radiation, since the
reflected from walls and other surfaces, light can also accepted
by the receiver. But, as is the case with any Li-Fi technology
there are also disadvantages.
• Installation Cost: Technology is relatively new and
demand remains low so the implementation and
installation cost is high, due to unavailability of
specialized technicians.
• Limited Range: Moreover, the communication range
does not exceed 10 m, while same as for Wi-Fi up to 32
m.
• Light Source Reliance: In addition, the technology Li-Fi
does not provide communication in the dark or when Fig. 4. Light intensity vs. transmission range
there is no state of LED lamps.
• Interference: Light waves are not able to pass through The relation of light intensity and range of transmission is
opaque obstacle, so if the receiver is accidentally mentioned in Figure 4. The laser light has more intensity than
blocked in any way, then the signal will immediately cut LEDs, therefore it could be used in a Li-Fi technology that uses
out, and the signal might be easily blocked by someone light for data communications. This technology is attracting

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attention as a device that doubles as a light source and a sensor
for cars whose data volume is rapidly increasing due to the
evolution of autonomous driving technology and the
strengthening of connectivity.
A. System Design Approach
Automotives designed for Li-Fi communication need
discrete aspects to be incorporated. Although the technology
has many attractive functions, it is not yet widely used and
beamed. The main deterrent is lack of industry standard, work
over which it is currently underway [9].
Fig. 5. Li-Fi smart vehicle components
To implement a Li-Fi system, we must manage a hardware
layer:
1. An energy efficient LED lighting system (may be an
array) for the transmitter section
2. The router or switch installed with the car’s lighting
system as shown in Figure 5.
3. A receiver that is equipped with a decoder that can
decode the light signal and transform it to digital
signal.
The main two concept components for the automotive
communication through Li-Fi system are proposed as a
transmitter module and receiver module represented in Figure 5.
They are both connected to the microprocessor of the car. The
head and tail LED or laser lights are connected with the
transmitter module and photodiodes play their part in the
receiver module.
The Li-Fi transmitter and receiver model is proposed in
Figure 6 and Figure 7. On the transmitting side, the input
comes from various sensors installed in the vehicle e.g., speed,
GPS coordinates, fuel level, engine temperature and engine
in-built brake activation signal, etc. In built-engine brake
activation is not connected to the tail brake light system, it is a
separate advanced brake system applied in the engine other
than driver applied brakes.
This indication can be of worth to be transmitted to
following cars on a hilly sloppy road, where the previous
vehicle can receive the in-built engine brake signal and
synchronize its own in-built engine braking system with the
vehicle it is following. Similarly, camera sensor and road
section hazard alerts received from the internet or external
environment can be the inputs to car microprocessors to be
transmitted to the following vehicles.
Vehicle microcontroller compares input values and analyze
this information may be forwarded to data modulation unit,
where in-built analog to digital conversion is applied by the
modulation techniques like On-Off Keying (OOK), Pulse
Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Pulse Position Modulation
(PPM). Single Carrier Modulation is more suitable for
application with moderate to low data rates. Then, connect the
data stream in light brightness levels while using LED
headlight brightness control driver to transmit the data through
the Li-Fi enabled lighting system.

Fig. 6. Li-Fi transmitter Model Fig. 7. Li-Fi receiver model

Fig. 8. Circuit diagram of transmitter Fig. 9. Circuit diagram of receiver

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 On the receiver side, there is a photodiode that converts the
photons from light energy into current levels. Trans-impedance
amplification shifts the current value to a voltage reading.
Signal conditioning is also applied on the analog signal to meet
the requirements in the next stage for further processing by
overcoming the voltage limiting and anti-aliasing.
Fig. 10. Communication between the transmitter and receivers LEDs
The microcontroller attached to the vehicle processing unit
processes this voltage and drives meaningful information and
displays the alerts on the vehicle cabin display system. Figure 8
and Figure 9 represents the schematic diagrams designed
circuits and Figure 10 demonstrate the implementation of a
communication system having both transmitter and receiver
sides. Transmitter and receiver circuits are formed using
LM352 IC 2 IR transmitter and receiver pair, resistors of the
range of kilo-ohms, variable resistors and LEDs. Once the
infrared LED is detected, the reflected light from the object
will activate a small current that will supply throughout the IR
LED detector. This will activate the NPN and PNP transistors
so the LED get switch ON. This circuit is applicable for
making different projects like automatic lamps to activate once
a person approaches close to the light.
B. Li-Fi Vehicles Communication
It should be noted that in automotive production of smart
cars, the microprocessors are used to control automotive
functions and vehicle environment sensors. This can be an
integrated circuit with the capability of receiving signals from
the Li-Fi system using either light sensor or front camera. The
hardware layer will assist better for the adaptive software that
controls the power controlling of the light system, amplifying
and decoding the corresponding signals.
Communication between vehicles in most cases a small
amount of data such as the position, speed, and direction of
travel of the car is handled. That said, this situation could
change as the world moves away from human driving. The
future cars will need Giga-Level communication networks.
Once we have a fully autonomous vehicle that exchanges all
data that we need to drive, we'll need one gigabit or tens of
gigabits per sec, and while we are on the move. In such a
scenario if we want to send and receive data while passing a
signal, we need to know how quickly we need to do it.
Such a momentary communication requires another
invisible band to support the autonomous driving
function. However, laser proponents will now have to settle for
the purpose of seeing the road ahead more clearly.
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C. Li-Fi Use-cases
Smart cities where automotives communicate with each
other and with critical infrastructure enables connected
automotives changing the existing transportation system.
Enabling safe inter-operative network wireless
communications between automotives, infrastructure and
people. Communications provide drivers with a better degree
of awareness with similar Li-Fi equipped automotives in a
certain radius. This limited radius communication works as
secured setup and keeps private information from being public
and does not track automotive while still receiving alerts and
warnings informing potential hazards. This can further be
connected with seat vibration, voice alerts or visual displays in
the automotive cabin. In case of autonomous vehicles these
warnings can disengage auto mode to manual mode for driver.
However the technology can also aid some automated
functions where the motorist can only make out partial
control of the vehicle.
Warnings make motorists counter swiftly to avoid possible
crashes for example, the intersection crossing alert warns
motorists through Li-Fi, when it is unsafe to go in for an
intersection on the blind road. Another Li-Fi based application
in a moving vehicle warns for ‘do not pass’ or ‘do not switch
lane’ to motorists when it is unsafe to pass a slow moving
automotive. The electronic emergency brake light [10] can
send an active breaking Li-Fi signal to following cars notifying
the drivers when an out-of-site vehicle, several cars ahead is
breaking or stopping for an emergency, being related braking
message as shown in Figure 11. With this evolution, data
transmission done along the spectrum of visible light. Li-Fi
technology can be effectively used for uplink data transmission
via infrared spectrum and downlink via LED to photodetector.
Data rate for 3G uplink and downlink is 5.7 Mbps and 14 Mbps
and for 4G it is 50 Mbps and 100 Mbps respectively. The
uplink and downlink speed of Li-Fi is 42Mbps (very high).
Li-Fi data rates are expected to be more than 224 Gbps as
compared to all current RF technologies (WIFI: 150 Mbps,
Bluetooth: 3Mbps, IrDa: 4 Mbps) [20].
This magnifies the value of this blind spot warning possible
with Li-Fi enabled head and tail lights of vehicles. It will
empower the tail motorists virtually see what is occurring in
their blind spot, thus forming a sort of cohesion avoidance
system.
Fig. 11. Li-Fi based cohesion avoidance in transport environment
Truly connected automotives can talk with intelligent
roadside infrastructure devices, like railcar road-crossings to
warn motorists for coming trains even when the motorists can’t
obtain visual or gain hearing of approaching trains. Li-Fi
communicating automotives can help with weather-related
traffic management and safety issues as well. That can be really
helpful in conditions, where the weather may not appear to be
dangerous but the highways are greasy or icy. Information
obtained through Li-Fi technology from various communicating
and connected automotives can guide determining possible
hazards beforehand such as greasy or icy roadways and alert
motorists before they experienced that.
Different states of autonomous vehicles can be stored after
analysis by vehicle processing unit, and if there is some warning
inferred based on the system variables and states by vehicle
microprocessor, it can be transmitted by Li-Fi communication to
traffic infrastructure for possible remedy, required assistance
and information. We can use this feature for transmitting critical
data from vehicle ride data recorders as the vehicle passes by the
traffic signals. This can be helpful for traffic control centers to
issue overriding safety instructions for vehicles for getting off
road, to a specific automotive based upon the critical state
variable data received from Li-Fi to network, before an
autonomous vehicle experiences the fault. The vehicles can
communicate with smart buildings for gaining access to in-built
parking space. The vehicle and motorist automated
identification and information exchange can be done between
the vehicle and smart building through Li-Fi based
communication, saving time and resources.
Data about weather conditions of roads transmitted from
Li-Fi enabled automotives can be sent to traffic management
centers deployed on road light poles using Li-Fi. Thus providing
detailed on-the-go information to help manage and monitor
operations of transportation systems more effectively.
Transportation management control rooms can then make
decisions based on this gathered information for actions like
adjusting traffic signals and speed limits, informing respective
road management crews, dispatching maintenance support to
affected road sections and broadcasting alerts for motorists,
while they can get real time road weather information from
in-car displays by listening to traffic radio channels.
Furthermore, people can get weather information of their
journey on their smartphones even before starting for the
journey.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper Li-Fi is introduced as an innovative technology
and a wireless communication medium for vehicle-to-vehicle
communication. Paper aims to propose the system’s design
approach, its implementation in connected vehicles in smart
cities and its infrastructure that helps to achieve higher
bandwidth, better connectivity and secure wireless
communication especially where the data transportation rate is
above 1Gbps for timely and accurately decision making for
avoidance of vehicles accidents in smart cities. The VLC
spectrum and IR spectrum together offer 2600 times [22] more
bandwidth than the entire RF spectrum thus solve the bandwidth
shortage issue by conserving the bandwidth that helps to
effectively enhance Li-Fi communication in smart vehicles. The
proposed infrastructure will be recognized by everyone of us
and enhancing comfort of our communities, helping our
transportation become safer, reliable and smarter in future. The
implementation of real time communication using Li-Fi is
illustrated by sending and receiving data using proposed Li-Fi
transmitter and Li-Fi receiver model. The concept presented in
this paper will push forward the theoretical and experimental
research toward the future success of Li-Fi technology in
industry 4.0 a smart infrastructure.
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