CLASSICAL MECHANICS Special Theory of Relativity D.C. PADEKAR CSIR-IRF, GATE SET JESTASSICAL MECHANICS NORV PM Es |e).Ome lute UE ham PHYSICS {NET JUNE 2016] QL. Let (x,t) and (x, £") be the coordinate systems used/by the observers 0 and 0’, respectively Observer C ct are the moves with a velocity v = fc along their common positive x-axis, If =x + ct and x= = linear combinations of the coordinates, the Lorentz transformation relatingQandO’ takes the form pe Wipes [GATE2015] Q2. Inn inertial frame S, two events A and B take place at (ct, = 0,#% = 0) and (ctp = 0,7» = 29), respectively. The times at which these events take place ina frame S ¢ moving with a velocity 0.6c9 with respect to S are given by O;cty = 3/2 (©) ct, =O; cts = 0 O;cty = 1/2 @ct, D.C. PADEKAR ] —CLASSICAL MECHANICS SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY EST 2015] Q3 The distance ofa star from the Earth i 425 light yeas, as measured from the Earth. A Space ship travels from Earth to the star at a constant velocity in 4.25 years, according to the clock on the ship. The speed of the space ship in units of the speed of light is, @; OS ©} Og [NET DEC 2016] (Q-4 A relativistic particle moves with a constant velocity v with respect tothe laboratory frame. In time r, measured in the rest frame of the particle, the distance that it travels in the Taboratory frame is @uc () (© ve ft ie INET DEC.2012} QS Let, p and E denotes the speed, the magnitude of the momentum, and the energy ofa free particle of rest mass 'm '. Then ae (@) $5 = constant (b)p=mv @v= po (d) E= me? INET DEC.2014] 26 According to the special theory of relativity, the speed v ofa free particle of mass m and total energy F is: @v=cfi-me we= Ease) Or=eji~ Ry @v=c(1+™) D.C. PADEKAR afo) aectcl WEA [GATE2015] Q7 A particle with rest mass M is at rest and decays into two particles of equal rest masses = M which move along the z-axis. Their velocities are given by (a) By = By = (0.8c)2 () 8, = -#, = (080)2 (©) B = —B, = (0.6c)2 (@) B = (0.6c)8%, = (-0.8c)2 [GATE2016] QR. The kinetic energy of a particle of rest mass mg is equal to its rest mass energy. Its momentum in units of ‘moc, Where c is the speed of light in vacuum, is... (Give your answer upto two decimal places) ANS.(1.72 to 1.74) [GATE2014] Q9. Which one of the following quantities is invariant under Lorentz transformation? (a) Charge density (b) Charge (©) Current (d) Electric field [NET DEC 2018 QUO. A relativistic particle of mass m and charge e is moving in a uniform electric field of strength e. Starting from rest at ¢ = 0, how much time will it take to reach the speed c/2? oz= oF ove @ Dee D.C. PADEKAR Eve of fing -ECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY ITIER2019} QU. On a compact stellar object the gravity is so strong that a body falling from rest will soon acquire a Yelocity comparable with that of light. Ifthe foree this body is F = mg where m is the relativistic mass and g | @ constant, the velocity of this falling body will vary with fame as 1 W/ Scie ee 5 (@v=c{1-exp (-#)} @r= (©) = ctanh & @v=Stan = IGATE2016] Qu2. In an inertial frame of reference S, an observer finds two events occurring at the same time at co-ordinates % = 0 and x, = d. A different inertial frame S” moves with velocity v with respect to $ along the positive Xaxis. An observer in 5" also notices these two events and finds them to occur at times t{ and ¢4 and at 1 positions xj and x3, respectively. If At’ = t} — t}, Ax! = x} — x} andy = which of the following statements is true? (a) At’ = 0,Ax' = yd (b) At’ = 0,Ax’ = d/y (0) At’ = -yvd/c?, Ax’ = yd (d) At! = ~yed/c?, ax! = d/y [GATE2010} QI3. A n° meson at rest decays into two photons, which move along the x-axis. They are both detected simultaneously after a time, t = 10 s. In an inertial frame moving with a velocity V = 0.6c in the direction of one of the photons, the time interval between the two detections is (a) 15s 0s (©) 10s (d) 20s D.C. PADEKAR areise yea): INET JUNE2012] Q14. Two events, separated by a (spatial) distance 9 x 10° m, are simultaneous in one inertial frame. Tt interval between these two events in a frame moving with a constant speed 0.8c (where the speed of ligh = 3x 108 m/s) is: (@ 60s (b) 40s (20s (@0s {TIFR2016] Q15. Ina futuristic scenario, two spaceships, A and B, are running 4 race, where they start from the sam« (marked START) but fly in opposite directions at constant speeds close to the speed of light. An observe at the starting point observes that they both cross the points marked END. which are equidistant from thi starting point, at the same time. Afterwards this observer receives messages from both spaceships. ax s— — END START END. Which of the following could be true? (a) BothA and B agree that A won the race (b) A and B both claim to have won the race (©) Both A and B agree that they crossed the end point simultaneously (@A thinks B won the race while B thinks A won the race [JEST 2016} QU6. Light takes approximately 8 minutes to travel from the Sun to the Earth. Suppose in the frame of t ‘an event occurs at £ = 0 at the Sun and another event occurs on Earth at ¢ = 1 minute. The velocity of t inertial frame in which both these events are simultancous is: (@) c/8 with the velocity vector pointing from Earth to Sun (©) c/8 with the velocity vector pointing from Sun to Earth f D.C. PADEKASel Om UsLCe) ame) (©) The events can never be simultaneous - no such frame exists, 3 (@)cJ1- (2) with velocity vector pointing from Sun to Earth INET JUNE2012] QI7. What is the proper time interval between the occurrence of two events if in one inertial frame the events are separated by 7.5 x 10® m and occur 6.5 s apart? (@) 650s (b) 6.005 (©5755 () 5.005 IGATE2010] QI8. For the set of all Lorentz transformations with velocities along the x-axis, consider the two statements given below: P :IEL is Lorentz transformation then, L~1 is also a Lorentz transformation Q: IfLy and L; are Lorentz transformation then, Ly Lo is necessarily a Lorentz transformation Choose the correct option (a) P is true and Q is false (b) both P and Q are true (c) Both P and Q are false (@) P is false and Qis true ITIFR] Q19. In the laboratory frame, two observers A and B are moving along the sides of an equilateral triangle with equal speeds /2, as shown in the figure ‘The speed of B as measured by A will be oe @ Se D.c.pApeKaR [i[GATE] Q20. An electron is moving with a velocity of 0.85c in the same direction as that of a moving photon. TI relative velocity of the electron with respect to photon is, @c @)-c (©) 0.15¢ (@) -0.15¢ [NETJUNE21015} Q21. Consider three inertial frames of reference A, B, and C. The frame B moves with a velocity c/2 wit] respect to A and € moves with a velocity c/10 with respect to B in the same direction. The velocity of C measured in A is @* o£ @£ @= [NET JUNE 2017} (Q22. An inertial observer sees two events E, and E, happening at the same location but 6 s apart in tin: Another observer moving with constant velocity v (with respect to the first one) sees the same events t) ‘s apart. The spatial distance between the events, as measured by the second observer, is approximately (2)300m (1000 m (©2000 m (@ 2700 m D .C. PADEKAFas ybe 9 CLASSICAL MECHANICS SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY INET JUN2014] 23. A light source is switched on and of at a constant frequency f. An observer moving with a velocity u with respect to the light source will observe the freugency of the switching to be aye er(-¥) @r-3)" ora-s ora-s [TIER2013] Q24. A spaceship S blasts off from the Earth. After some time, Earth station informs the crew that they have settled into a constant velocity 0.28c radially outward from the Earth, but unfortunately they are on a head-on collision course with an asteroid A at a distance of 15 light-minutes coming in towards the Earth along the same radius (see figure below). Instruments on-board the spaceship immediately estimate the speed of the asteroid to have a constant value 0.24c. It follows that the maximum time (in minutes) available to the crew to evacuate the ship before the collision is (a) 60 (b) 30 (©)29 @6e [NET JUNE 2018} Q25. An inertial frame K’ moves with a constant speed v with respect to another inertial frame K along their common x-axis in the positive x-direction. Let (x, ct) and (x’, ct’) denote the space-time coordinates in the frame K and K’, respectively. Which of the following space-time diagrams correctly describes the t’-axis ( x" = 0 line) and the x'-axis (t' = 0 line) in the x — ct plane ? (In the following figures tan g = v/c), D.C. PADEKAR a© = @ ans. b [GATE 2007] @26. A collimated beam of pions originate from an accelerator and propagates in vacuum along 2 long st beam pipe. The intensity ofthis beam was measured in the laboratory after a distance of 75 m and found have dropped to one-fourth ofits intensity atthe point of origin. If the proper half-life of a pion is 4.77 x 10 5, the speed of the pions in the beam, as measured in the laboratory, must be (a) 0.99¢ ()0.98e () 0.97¢ (a) 0.96c [NETJUNE 215) (027. Two patie A and B move with relativistic velocities of equal magnitude v, but in opposite der ‘slocc the x-axis of an inextis! Semme of reference. The magnitude of the velocity of A, as seen from the © fe art D.C. PADEKA[NET JUNE.2013] Q31. The area of a disc in its rest frame $ is equal to 1 (in some units). The dise will appear distorted to observer O moving with a speed u with respect to S along the plane of the disc. The arca of the disc mei in the rest frame of the observer O is ( cis the speed of light in vacuum) @ (1-8) o(-3" eG" et [TIFR2018} Q32. If the velocity of the Earth in its orbit is v, find 5E/F, where F is the translational (non-relativistic kinetic energy of the Earth and SE is its relativistic correction to the lowest order in v/c. INET JUNE2016] Q33. Fora particle of encrey E and momentum p (in a frame F ), the rapidity y is defined as y = >In (h Ina frame F’ moving with velocity » = (0,0, Bc) with respect to F, the rapidity y’ will be @y' =y+3inG-69 @)y¥ =y-n (5) @y' =y+in (8) @y =y+2In (¥4) INET DEC2015} Q34. To a physicist aed light sienal (2 = 67004) appears green (2 = 5250A). What is speed of the (@) 063¢ (024 002 (@) 0.85¢ D.C. PADEKACLASSICAL MECHANICS SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY [NET DEC.2016] Q35. Consider a radioactive nucleus that is travelling at a speed ¢/2 with respect to the lab frame. It emits y- ‘ays of frequency vin its rest frame. There is a stationary detector (which is not on the path ofthe nucleus) in ‘he lab. Ifa y-ray photon is emitted when the nucleus is closest to the detector, its observed frequency atthe detector is @ Br, Zr OR% [GATE2017] 36. An object travels along the x-direction with velocity c/2 ima frame O, an observer in a frame 0’ sees the ‘same object travelling with velocity c/4. The relative velocity of O' with respect to 0 in units of ¢ is - (up to two decimal places). Ans. 0.29 [NETDEC.2017] (Q37. A light signal travels from a point to a point B, both within a glass slab that is moving with uniform velocity (in the same direction as the light) with speed 0.3c with respect to an extemal observer. Ifthe refractive index of the slab is 1.5, then the observer will measure the speed of the signal as (a) 0.67c (b) 0.81¢ (c) 0.97¢ (de [TLFR2018) ‘238. From an observational post E on the Earth, two ballistic missiles, each of rest length’ from ‘nose-tip to tail- nd, are observed to fly past each other, with the same uniform relativistic speed c/2, in opposite directions, as shown below, D.C. PADEKAR a‘What is the time taken for the tail-end of one of the missiles to cross the tail-end of the other missile, as ‘measured from the post E? IGATE2019] Q39. Two spaceships A and B, cach of the same rest length £., are moving in the same direction with speet and, respectively, where c is the speed of light. As measured by B, the time taken by A to completely overtake B [see figure below] in units of L/c (to the nearest integer) is ti) iil) Ans.5 D.C. PADEKARSPECIAL THEO: IGATE2019] Q40. Two events, one of the earth and the other one on the Sun, occur simultaneously in the earth's frame. The time difference between the two events as seen by an observer in a spaceship moving with velocity 0.5c in the earth's frame along the line joining the earth to the Sun is At, where c is the speed of light. Given that light travels from the Sun to the earth in 8.3 minutes in the earth's frame, the value of |A| in minutes (rounded off to two decimal place) is (Take the earth's frame to be inertial and neglect the relative motion between the earth and the Sun). ANS.4.77t04.81} (TIFR2019} ‘Q41. In a futuristic experiment, two rocket ships, each containing one astronaut Rakesh and Sunita respectively, blasted off from the Earth's surface simultaneously, and travelled into space in straight lines in opposite directions at uniform speeds of 0.3c and 0.5c respectively. They both travelled in straight lines for some time, then reversal direction smoothly and returned along the same paths with the same speeds. It was found that they returned simultaneously after exactly 9,0 years. Which of the following statements is correct? (2) The age of Rakesh increased by about 8.6 years and that of Sunita by about 7.8 years. (©) The ages of both Rakesh and Sunita increased by 9.0 years. (e) The age of Rakesh increased by about 9.4 years and that of Sunita by about 10.4 years. {@ The ages of both Rakesh and Sunita increased by about 3.06 years. D.C. PADEKAR BaS MECHANICS SPECIAL THEORY OF RELA 1D 2A 3-B 4D 5-C 6-C 7B B15 [eB 10-A 1- 12-0 | 1A 14-8 15-B 16-3 17-8 18-B 19-D 20-B 21-B 22-0 23-B 24-4 [25-B 26-A 27-B 28-C 29-(1.40t01.45) | 30-C 31-A 32-(30' 33-B 34-3 35-A 36-0.29 | 37-B 38(€V3 +c) | 39-5 40(4.T [41-aA | D.C. PADEKARQa. In qi frame SS Ube Een Solution: s — v=ge ® Lovente “Transfosmation equation ee F(e VE eS, at 7 Lys x2 ct a Saved acre t-Ve/2) = %(x-Bet) + ocr e- 82) = 0c 3 Hene option CG) js CMrrect. D.C. PADEKAR@.40 @.g: Solution: Qa: SICAL MECH Given, kinetic energy Kz moc® We know that [Pere & KCk+amoe) eno as A. TE {moc (MoP+2mec2) = Lamoe * P=142 mee Rence ang 'S 143) Solation: a) charge density r= 8 Lis vatiant b) charge 3 Envarien t ® Current = aA > bisvariant d 4) Fs ka = ¥ ig variant + Hence option & jg Cortect. Gol ution - / AS particle is Relativistic particle Fema we @nt Use, foS motion in x -ditection > > Fz OP dt Sore due to electric field is Free > tees dP ec dt=dp dt D.C. PADEKARCLASSICAL MECHANICS SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY Trieszating. t bt P feed = fat > ect(5= pl, +¢ - a Ab tao Voe pizo At, t=t,V7%_ , PtP e€(t-c) = (p-A+c¢ ak tro, pzo = [cz0] a ectzp P=Smv =< mv for Relativistic particle m is yest mass Here : = m ect: MV as 4: y Sve e€ [1-772 putting, y= &, we get fea ec -cgyt MC/. oe 3 ae mg em ™c¢ cea) = a a) 2e€ [3/4 wee IR Sgeé Hence option @ is Grtect. Q.4t. Qolution on laSt page. D.C. PADEKAR Ba |(Seem I@ TEU (On} SPECIAL THEORY OF RELAT Q-12 Solution: GNen px= 2-G =d dts te-tico From Leyent2 Transformation px! = Cox-vat)¥='9¥ pulz ( ee = 5 Hence option © is cafe ctl @.43 Solution: solution + s v = - Frome The position of two ghoton in the § when they detected gt a= tocm ,X2>- 40cm, ge, the Hime interval between two detection in s' frame is Re te cca) ce 2 oi = O.6C (toe aues ee ay cece t-(ogz2 Hene option @ is correct. p.c.papekar fi aeaero PECIAL THEC @Q14: Solution: = S Vs ORc Y OF RELATIVITY Given: x= 2-7! = 9x10%m VE OBS poy gimultanous event Ot %(Ea-¥ xa) > (tr Yar) ¥( Lea bi) - ¥ ao) 29 (pb- Max) c ots a (2 = Os ana 1 a, (8 axio!?) ec) axes? = -40sec Hence option @ is correct. @-45. solution: 8 o.. See S Soe Star b The time taken by A & teach end ta > «ive D.C. PADEKAR B 2 a.oleae lo Speed of B Ina frame attached to A 1 Nee -V -C- ui. Ms . Vet eee 4 VVe c-v tv) E 2 2 eo a ae 24V, Time taken by B Ina Frame attached to A given by vata st a + Vbw > oe fae =]%a 4V ta 3 a el tac aye ave) a ii e ocd a/c? + (ee) 2 eee eva tla s ta. tava C1-V4js) te = Pet ee) a tart, V8 fee Hence option @ is Correct. > Solution wal ott Cx x60, tal-t =60 | te-tico my td +V%2 4) y vat a “a a © nya [Ye D.C. PADEKAISPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY CoB WSOP V EBVO) SPOS Gis} 42-bit VY (ad -a2! <0 a 1 te -t! + V(xd x! )\z0 2 > cot Lcxsxgo so é > vi-V¢ indicate frame is moving with the “. Negative Sign pointing from earth te sum velocity eg vetrer Hen option @ ig Grrect. Q. (8: Solution: Given: px = F-Sx1 0m Ht = 6.5 sec lorent2. invarient quantity 2, 2 pode atts (ox-& Coe) tna coeY = 0- SCE By Et— 2 e at'+per- a2 ez at'= [leqia/ sae (esv-( loss) aXlo® vie oa CEs)? -C2.692 Dts 6 sec Hence option GB is Grrect. D.C. PADEKARal Qs Soln’ (B) Theory Que. | 49 solution: ae 2 2 ule ic 1- (4-4-2) dee (t- waaces®)* cameos Hence option @ ig @reck. Q-20. Solution eo oe ——_ 4 9.850¢ e ud = O85C-¢ 1 ~ o8SC% Po esc a aa =O,, v ; 5 a us = UY 1S a- Ul ce Hence option @ is Grrect,SPECIAL THEORY OF 8 = she velocity of B frame with yespet to A frame ‘e®Va9 : i eo The peices co frame with respect te 6 is u's Cho Therefore , the vyelocits of ¢ suame ith yespect te A frame i$ us wai 4 A oe ae een = a os ¥ eee Zoe option ® is Correct @22: Solution: Tre pasition of oo events with respect to 5 frame ave ( %4 , 4422s) ape @ ans taj 22,) i The pasition of +wWe events with regpet ? frame ate 4} Sa D.C. PADEKAR BDX = W-XQ = vcta-bi) re frye 3s Dx = 2o00m xcRS%X DX, © Hence option @ ig Garret, @ 23; Solution: $rom time dilation formula To 3 f= felt -ye Q-24: Solution: ISX */ fiwoaaat 024 ¢ a as Ore 1- (0.249225: Solution : MinkowSki ¢pace ct Kand kk! _time diagram For Frames 1 ct dere ; 5-4 (2) Bs option ® 1s Qrrect. Q-26: option@ Q2F! 2 a] v eG “a A B re Veatch sfetya, oko yest frame yt 4 2UV/c> Now, Weg 4 V=-¥ ar vav_ 2 2 ee pave, TNE yen option &) is oe @2e: Solution: Already, discussed 1» *PS ees Te -Th e - Te-T 2 v2 psxi0® Te D.C. PADEKAR [fi ig @riect. Hence option ©Q24,. Solution » Apply observ Conservation in * donk Bet jes < E fox photon, we have eneray momentum P= “e cq Mv “(% Ea —o mv ee = PyCos45 + Po(oS6 yee? mt Apply Conservation of eneray. Given E,=1 Ge Eo: 0-82 Gev. a+ > (ee a. Mc ~ = FitE, =e 2) 4-VIe Divide D by Cii) vee Es + 2) at a te =e Meer 4,282) = ( +) ((& 7 SCE pia wee! ie ee 7 aay t+o (Et Ee) Vz 06140 Som eq? ® me ey E ie cato-ea) [1ate6ny) Gev fa Me — MeMUNA a THEOR yan “Isso . Hence option © iS Correct. @.34: Solution: A= fo lee “Az Be (4-W/3) Ma Hence option © is Correct © 32. solution: lasl page: Q.23 Solution: ' t v4 9 ay) aye Saar eRe 2. E-Pac = eh in £ frame intl Femme Using eneray momentum Transformation we get e'=Ce-fsv> = Pa = ( Py EK) ©€ ECE +pv)¥ ; os (aes a) geo bin( 2B) « Lan] E-PvtPsc 7% Br Pac E- Pav -Pac + Evy, D.C. PADEKAR Bityp | EtP) (4-1 Jie af ExPc- ECEtRd 5 B -AC+LCE-Pd 2 tees) ca Y= tenf Ere + genf EN id Ee 143 Hence option © is @rrect 934 - Solution: Aza (4-Vie) 67 = sesw (1-Y/) Henee option ® is comsect. 38: — solution: nearest point 8% Doppler effect ve Voy i-V? 2 1-L.coso Ss D.C. PADEKAR |\SSICAL MECHANICS 2 2 at nearest Point 1@=g0 N= No \aeyzy ee: =o vob VB Vo SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIV re = Hen : ’ ™ ophion ®) fssanree 2-3E: solution - Vz velocity of o! Tb. Vact c/a ~ ee o 4 ad 1 Po Ve = Vex-v ; 1- Ute SS -v ® y tyes © 2 2e = As 8 a eee | io 28. 9:39: Solution: Nelocity ef light in Blass 3 a Ved = SMe co eee oy Os Velocity of aless (s wirte) Gru Vtoac a Velocity of light in ground frame Na +Y +03v Vat At SRN molest: O-81¢ a+ve ss Te a — ae) Hence option ® is Orbect- D.C. PADEKAR B@3@: Solution: Srame of E, both the misgiks moving fn the with velocity 2, So their length 4 Given by 1 2 28 Vane -- \eGS Ss deal =F Total distance to be covered Will be Now find relative velocity tel ug attach a frame cg! te the right mis Pelative velocity of left wrt Right missile = velocity of left missile in @ frame attach Yight missile- Vals Nac coats “ee = ae PY ac “\ CHa) - == So time iaken tg 4 Mee 7 sht wif Wis ~ +e Q:39: Solr. i { 4c M PRS 44, 1-5 j 3 Be ea 3s : Ss : s «ae 4S ‘— te gi (movin g(rest frame inal Bo ( } Vaa 27 Wats camebedede eee D.C. PADEKAR a+VaV oe 4. SekMECHANIC Now, Deo, ot SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY ds t-4bs, distance = L +4! = Lek {a-v7e2 2 upas (eee 16g i sh 1 ae 7 o{a ANS. 5 Q.40: Sol”. isis es £285 min © ~VO% at -S (ale oO OSS Om a oe i -cosc em -0-5 Qe S Si=ten? oes vioSc = Sees, IF (e2 Q.44: solution: According to time dilation Dc. pApeKaR [i JWana ae @here pi ig dilated time $ nto is proper time for Rakesh AL= ¥ Year So, Dte = ot fae = 3 frost = 8-6 years, Se, age of Rakesh increased by &6 Years for sunit pts 3 years Nkoz nt fee = 9 Mog? = Fe Yes 8°, age of sunita mncreased by 4.8 years. Hence optien is Grrect. Q-42; Solition- Pies mg |g ~ky = mdV dt go ky Sey ™ at “(@-kv)dt = av dv 2 ak eke m ag yelahvithe 4 & affe'# folve Be Nc ee 5 ed ans eG Dc. PADEKAR [BiQ32: Solution: Pelatinistic mass mo M=t mo CikE+G€o i = Tote, Crt BS T= PEo~ ES —C— ek “Crvigay i (c4-vyay es) Be Te a (a+ aya 4) -t)Es t* a Te 2 (42 + 3v4 a te Rca D.C. PADEKAR Ba