' ;;

TREES AND SHRUBS OF MEXICO

By Paul C. Stan dee y.

113. PASSIFLORACEAE. Passionflower Family.

(Contributed by Mr. Ellsworth P. Killip.)

Reference: Masters in Mart. FL Bras. IS 1 : 530-627. 1872.

1. PASSIFLORA L. Sp. PI. 955. 1753.

Usually scandent herbs, frequently woody at base, rarely shrubs; leaves

alternate, stipulate, petiolate, entire, lobed, or divided; inflorescence axillary,
t he peduncles usually in pairs and 1-flowered ; flowers perfect, often showy
sepals 5; petals 5 or wanting; fruit variable, indehiscent, pulpy within.
About 40 species of this genus occur in Mexico, but only two can properly
be considered shrubs.

Flowers less than 4 cm. wide; petals obovate, less than twice as long as fila-
ments of corona 1. P. fruticosa.

Flowers more than 6 cm. wide; petals linear, more than twice as long as
filaments of corona 2. P. palmeri.

1. Passiflora fruticosa Killip, Journ. Washington Acad. Sci. 12 : 256. 1922.

Baja California.
Low shrub with an erect caudex, 20 to 40 cm. high, and a few short
sprawling branches, densely lanate throughout leaves 1.5 to 2 cm. long, 3-lobed
;

peduncles 1 to 2.5 cm. long.

2. Passiflora palmeri Rose, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 1: 131. 1892.

Baja California type from Carmen Island.
;

Low flat-topped shrub, 50 cm. high, SO to 120 cm. wide; leaves 1.5 to 4 cm.
long, 2 to 5 cm. broad peduncles 4 to 5 cm. long sepals and petals white
; ;

corona filaments blue and white. "Sandla de la Pasi6n."

114. CARICACEAE. Papaw Family.

Reference: Solms-Laubach in Mart. Fl. Bras. 13 3 175-196. 1889. :

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, with milky juice leaves alternate, long-petio- ;

late, digitately compound, or simple and usually deeply lobate, without stipules
flowers perfect or more commonly unisexual and dioecious, the pistillate soli-
tary and axillary or in few-flowered panicles; calyx small, rotate or campanu-
late, 5-lobate; staminate corolla with an elongate tube, the limb 5-lobate; pis-

lr
The first installment of the Trees and Shrubs of Mexico comprising the
families Gleicheniaceae to Betulaceae, was published as Part 1 of Volume 23,
Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium, pp. 1-170, October 11, 1920;
the second, including the families Fagaceae, to Fabaceae, as Part 2, pp. 171-515,
July 14, 1922 the third, including the families Oxalidaceae to Turneraceae, as
;

Part 3, pp. 517-848, July, 1923.

849
 ;

850 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.

tillate corolla of 5 nearly distinct, narrow segments; stamens 10, inserted

in the corolla throat in 2 series; fruit baccate, large, 1 or 5-celled.

Leaves digitately compound. Corolla lobes opposite the calyx lobes; stamens
distinct 1. LEUCOPREMNA.
Leaves simple, often deeply lobate.
Plants trees, with simple trunks; stamens distinct; calyx lobes alternating
with the corolla lobes; fruit not appendaged 2. CARICA.
Plants herbaceous, with tuberous roots stamens united at base calyx lobes ;
;

opposite the corolla lobes fruit with an appendage at the base of each
;

angle 3. J ARIL LA.

1. LEUCOPREMNA. Standi., gen. nov.

Only the following species is known. By most authors it has been referred
to the genus Jacaratia, but it seems necessary to place it in a separate genus.
1. Leucopremna mexicana (A. DC.) Standi.
Jacaratia mexicana A. DC. in DC. Prodr. 15 1 420. 1864. :

Jacaratia conica Kerber, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin 2: 282. 1883.

Carica heptaphylla Sesse* & Moc. PI. Nov. Hisp. 172. 1887. Not C. heptaphylla
Veil. 1825.
Pileus heptaphyllus Ramfrez, Naturaleza II. 3: 711. 1903.
Colima, Guerrero, Morelos, Campeche, and Yucat&n said to occur in Oax- ;

aca, and probably to be found elsewhere. El Salvador; reported from Nica-

ragua, and apparently also in Costa Rica.
Tree, 4.5 to 12 meters high, the trunk very thick at base, tapering upward
and dividing into few heavy branches, the twigs thick and soft, the wood very
soft, the trunk consisting largely of pith ; bark smooth, gray ; leaves deciduous,
clustered at the ends of the branchlets, the leaflets 5 to 7, obovate, acuminate,
10 cm. long and 6 cm. wide or smaller; flowers dioecious, the staminate in
terminal or axillary panicles, pale yellow, the corolla about 2 cm. long
stamens 10, free; pistillate flowers terminal, long-pedunculate, the petals
greenish, 4 cm. long; fruit 15 cm. long or more, 8 to 10 cm. thick, 5-celled,
pendent, conic or ovoid-oblong, 5-angled, the angles often produced below into
conelike protuberances or wings, the skin green or yellow seeds rough, black. ;

"Bonete" (Yucat&n, Campeche, Morelos) " kunche" " or " kumche " (Yucatan, ;

Maya); " cuaguayote " or " coahuayote " (Colima); " coalsuayote " (Guer-
rero) ;
" orejona," "papaya orejona," " papayo months" (Oaxaca) " cuayote " ;

(El Salvador).
In outward appearance the fruit is not unlike a large green pepper of the
bullnose type, but it varies greatly in shape, being sometimes long, narrow, and
twisted. The flesh is sweet and reddish yellow; it is eaten cooked or as a
salad, and is made into sweetmeats. The juice is said to have the same prop-
erties as that of Carica papaya. Kerber reports that in Colima a kind of
tortilla is made from the starch of the trunk. The tree has been described at
1
length by Ramfrez, and illustrated with several excellent plates. It is treated
by Hernandez under the name " quaiuhayoth."
Leucopremna mexicana is abundant in extreme western Salvador, occurring
as a characteristic tree on the arid hills near the Rfo Paz, close to the Guate-
malan frontier.

l
Jos£ Ramirez, EH Pileus heptaphyllus, Naturaleza II. 3: 707-711. /)/. /f l-Jf5.

19( >:i.
 "
;

STANDLEY TREES AND SHRUBS OF MEXICO. 851

2. CARICA L. Sp. PI. 1036. 1753.

Trees with simple trunks ; leaves simple, deeply incised-lobate ; flowers usually
dioecious, axillary; fruit 1 or 5-celled.
The genus consists of about 25 species, all natives of tropical America.

Fruit 5-celled; stigmas lobed only at apex 1. C. cauliflora.

Fruit 1-celled stigmas irregularly divided or dichotomous almost or quite

;

to the base 2. C. papaya.

1. Carica cauliflora Jacq. PI. Hort. Schonbr. 3: 33. pi. 311. 1776.
1
YasconceUea boissieri A. DC. in DC. Prodr. 15 415. 1S64. :

Carica boissieri Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 1*: 4S1. 1SS0.
Veracruz and Chiapas, and probably elswhere; cultivated and perhaps also
native. Central America. Colombia, and Venezuela.
Trunk about 3.5 meters high, leafy at the top leaves large, cordate at base, ;

lobed halfway to base or less, the lobes acuminate and with remote acuminate
teeth, glabrous flowers inodorous, the staminate 3 to 3.5 cm. long, the pistillate
:

flowers of about the same size fruit ovoid, pointed, narrowed at base, yellow,
:

8 cm. long or larger. " Papayo de mon tafia " (El Salvador).

2. Carica papaya L. Sp. PI. 1036. 1753.

Papaya vulgaris DC. in Lam. Encycl. 5: 2. 1804.
Carica quinqueloba Sesse & Moc. Fl. Mex. 255. 1896.
Commonly cultivated in all the Mexico and wild in many
warmer parts of
places. Southern Florida, West Indies, and Central and South America culti- ;

vated in the tropics of the Old World.

Trunk sometimes 9 meters high and 25 cm. in diameter, pale green, the
woody tissue thin and porous, the pith large, the trunk with a large central
cavity leaves borne at the top of the trunk. 20 to 60 cm. wide, deeply
;

lobed, the lobes pinnately lobed. glaucous beneath: flowers yellow, the stami-
nate in slender panicles 10 to 30 cm. long, fragrant, the corolla 2 to 3 cm. long
pistillate flowers solitary or in 2 or 3-flowered cymes, the petals linear-lanceo-
late, 2 to 2.5 cm. long; fruit oblong or obvoid, 5 to 10 cm. long or often much
larger, pointed, yellow or orange, with thick skin, the flesh firm, sweet and in-
sipid seeds numerous, black, rough.
;

Known generally in Spanish-speaking countries as " papaya," 1 which Is

"
believed to be a corruption of the Carib M ababai :" the English names " papaw
or " pawpaw " 2
are used, also " tree-melon," but M papaya " is the preferable
name. The following additional names are reported. " Chick put," " put
(Yucatan. Maya the former a wild form) " papaya de los pajaros " (Yucatan,
; :

a wild form); " papayero " (the plant): ''melon zapote " (various parts
of Mexico; sometimes corrupted into "melon chapote"): " manon " (Argen-
tina); "papaya months" (a wild form); M f ruta bomba " (Cuba);
" dzoosadzahuidium " (Oaxaca. Mixtee. Reko) " lechosa " (Porto Rico). It :

is remarkable that no Nahuatl name is known for the plant.

The papaya is one of the best-known of tropical American fruits. The
fruits vary greatly in shape, size, and quality they sometimes attain a :

length of 50 cm. and a weight of 20 pounds. They resemble some forms of

muskmelons, especially on the inside. The flesh is 2 to 5 cm. thick and
orange-yellow or deep orange. The fruit is eaten like a muskmelon or sliced
and served with sugar and cream, made into salads, or candied made into ;

1 This is the name for the fruit : that of the plant is " papayo."
Not to be confused with the M pawpaw " of the Southern United States,
2

which is Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal. a plant of the family Annonaceae.

852 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.

preserves, pickles, jellies, pies, or sherbets; or sometimes cooked and eaten

like a vegetable. The plants grow easily and rapidly from seeds, and they
bear fruit almost throughout the year. 1 A confection is sometimes made by
boiling the flowers in syrup.
The fruit and other parts of the plant contain an abundant milky juice
from which an enzyme, papain, resembling animal pepsin in its digestive
action, has been separated. This product has become an article of commerce,
being used for the treatment of dyspepsia and related affections, and also
for clarifying beer. The digestive properties of the juice were well known to
the original inhabitants of tropical America, like those of to-day, who often
wrap meat in the leaves and leave it thus over night, to make it tender.
Sometimes leaves are boiled with meat for this purpose, but if too much
papaya juice comes in contact with the meat, or for too long a time, the
meat will fall apart in shreds. Indeed, it is even popularly believed that
the plant is even more efficient, for it is said that if old hogs and poultry
are fed on the leaves and fruit, their flesh will become tender, and if a
piece of tough meat is hung among the leaves of the tree for a few hours
it also will be made tender. This last property is attested by so eminent
an authority as Heber Drury, who states that he proved It by experiment.
The leaves are sometimes used in Mexico as a substitute for soap in washing
clothes.
Various medicinal properties are attributed to the papaya plant. The
seeds and the milk from the roots are often employed as a vermicide, and
the milk is applied to the skin to assist in the removal of chiggers. The in-
fusion of the flowers is reported to have emmenagogue, febrifuge, and pectoral
properties; a decoction of the leaves is employed as a remedy for asthma;
and the juice is administered for indigestion. Grosourdy states that the juice
of the ripe fruit was used as a cosmetic, to remove freckles.
The papaya is treated at length by Oviedo (Lib. VIII, Cap. XXXIII), who
states that in Hispaniola it was known as " papaya," but among the Spaniards
of the mainland it was called " higos de mastuerzo," the latter name being
given because the seeds had a pungent flavor like cress (mastuerzo) In Nica- .

ragua, he states, the plant or fruit was called " olocot6n." He claims also
that the plants were not native in the West Indies, but were brought there by
the Spaniards from the mainland, which may or may not be true. The plant
2
is mentioned by all the early writers, and is described by Hernandez.
8
Ramirez has described and illustrated a fruit known as " papaya vola-
dora," which is presumably a form of this species. It is noteworthy in hav-
ing peduncles as much as 34 cm. long. The flowers of Cartea papaya are usu-
ally dioecious, but occasionally both kinds of flowers are found upon the same
plant.
DOUBTFUL SPECIES.
Carica bourgaei Solms in Mart. PL Bras. 13 3 178. 1889. This name is used
:

by Solms in his key to the species of the genus, but, so far as the writer can
learn, no description has ever been published. The species was probably based
upon a specimen from the Valley of C6rdoba, Veracruz, and the plant is closely
related to c. papaya.

1
For a general account of the papaya and methods of cultivation see F.
W. Popenoe in Bailey, Stand. Cycl. Hort. 2460-2462. 1916.
2
Thesaurus 99, 365. 1651.
•Naturaleza II. 3: 548-549. pi 82. 1901.
 ;;

STANDLEY TREES AND SHRUBS OF MEXICO. 853

3. JAEJLLA Rusby, Torreya 21: 47. 1921.

Plants herbaceous, glabrous, branched, from tuberous rhizomes; leaves sim-

ple, entire, toothed, or lobed flowers dioecious, axillary, the staminate in
;

long-pedunculate panicled cymes, the calyx minute, the corolla funnelform,

with a slender tube; stamens 10, the filaments united at base, hairy, the alter-
nate ones longer pistillate flowers usually solitary, slender-pedicellate fruit
;
;

pendent, 1-celled, 5-angulate, each angle produced at base into a long recurved
fleshy appendage, the style persistent and elongate; stigmas entire.
The genus, so far as known, is confined to Mexico. It was discussed at
length by Ramirez, who gives excellent illustrations of both the species.
1

Leaves hastate, the basal lobes narrow, elongate, acute; fruit only slightly
contracted above the appendages 1. J. heterophylla.

Leaves various but not hastate, the basal lobes, if any, obtuse or rounded fruit ;

strongly contracted above the appendages 2. J. caudata.

1. Jarilla heterophylla (Llave) Rusby, Torreya 21: 50. 1921.

Mocinna heterophylla Llave, Registro Trimestre, June 12, 1832.
Carica nana Benth. PI. Hartw. 288. 1848.
Jalisco and Guanajuato; type from Guanajuato.
Plants said to be sometimes scandent, slender; leaves hastate, 2.5 to 10 cm.
with a few large remote teeth, pale beneath
long, acute or attenuate, entire or
staminate corolla 5 mm. long, the lobes as long as the tube; fruit subglobose,
2.5 cm. in diameter, with short thick appendages. " Jarrilla," " granadilla."
The writer has seen only a single specimen of this species, consisting of
staminate plants from La Palma, Jalisco.

2. Jarilla caudata (T. S. Brandeg.) Standi.

Mocinna heterophylla sesseana Ramirez, Anal. Inst. Med. Nac. Mex. 1: 207.
pi. 2-4. 1894.
Carica caudata T. S. Brandeg. Zoe 4 401. 1894. :

Jarilla sesseana Rusby, Torreya 21: 47. 1921.

Baja California, Sinaloa, Jalisco, and Guanajuato; type from mountains of
P-aja California.
Plants slender, 1 meter long or less, erect or decumbent, the root large ; leaves
long-petiolate, very variable, rounded-ovate to deltoid or deltoid-oblong, 2 to 12
<~m. long, acute to rounded at apex, cuneate to cordate at base, entire, undulate,
dentate, or lobate, pale beneath staminate inflorescence long-pedunculate, the
;

corolla purplish white, about 1 cm. long, the lobes much shorter than the tube
pistillate flowers usually solitary, long-pedicellate body of the fruit ellipsoid or
;

subglobose, sometimes 9 cm. long, the elongate fleshy style 1 to 2 cm. long, the
appendages 3 to 5 cm. long seeds surrounded by a white aril. " Jarrilla "
;

(Guanajuato, Jalisco) said to be known as " bonete " in Jalisco.

;

The fruit has an odor resembling that of lemon or citron. It is usually

employed for making preserves or sweetmeats, and is well known in the
markets of Jalisco and Guanajuato.
The specimens which have been referred here by Ramirez and by the present
writer are remarkably variable, and it is not improbable that they represent
more than a single species. The writer has seen only six collections, and they
are quite inadequate for critical study. It is desirable that a large series of
specimens be collected of these plants, which are practically unknown outside
the limited area within which they grow.

*Anal. Inst. Med. Nac. Mex. 1: 205-212. pi. 2-5. 1894.

79688—24 2
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854 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.

115. LOASACEAE. Loasa Family.

Usually herbs but sometimes shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, entire or
toothed, estipulate; flowers perfect, racemose or cymose-paniculate, the pedi-
cels bibracteolate calyx tube adnate to the ovary, the limb 4 or 5-lobate petals
; ;

4 or 5, inserted in the calyx throat; stamens few or numerous; style subulate,

entire or bifid or trifid fruit a 1-celled capsule, containing 1 to many seeds.
;

Several other genera are represented in Mexico by herbaceous species. Some

of them are plants with stinging hairs. CevaUia sirtuata Lag. is a common
plant of the desert regions of northern Mexico, with hairs which sting as pain-
fully as those of a nettle.

Leaves mostly opposite: stamens numerous; capsule many-seeded.

1. MENTZELIA.
Leaves alternate; stamens 4 or 5; capsule 1-seeded 2. PETALONYX.
1. MENTZELIA L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 1076. 1759.

Several other representatives of the genus occur in Mexico, but they are
herbs. The leaves in most species of this genus are extremely scabrous and
cling tenaciously to clothing. Some of the species are known in the United
States by the name of "stickleaf."

1. Mentzelia conzattii Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 32 298. 1897. :

Oaxaca.
Tall shrub, sometimes 7 meters high, with brittle woody stems leaves ;

mostly opposite, short-petiolate, lanceolate, 4 to 12 cm. long, acuminate, finely

dentate, scabrous above, tomentose beneath flowers pedicellate, cymose-panicu-
;

late, about 5 cm. broad, bright yellow calyx lobes 5, 12 to 15 mm. long petals
; ;

oblong-obovate, acute stamens numerous capsule about 1 cm. long and nearly
; ;

as thick. "Arnica."
The leavesand roots, Professor Conzatti states-, are employed as a remedy
for itch and other cutaneous diseases.

2. PETALONYX A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. n. ser. 5 : 319. 1855.

Lowshrubs or herbs; leaves alternate, entire or toothed, sessile, very

scabrous; flowers very small, in dense terminal bracted spikes or racemes;
calyx tube short, the lobes 4 or 5, narrow, deciduous petals 4 or 5, clawed ;

stamens 4 or 5; staminodia none; fruit small, fragile, rupturing irregularly.

1-seeded.
Leaves strongly revolute, crenate 1. P. crenatus.

Leaves not revolute, entire or dentate.

Leaves lanceolate or ovate, broad at base, often dentate 2. P. thurberi.

Leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate, attentuate at base, entire_3. P. linearis.

1. Petalonyx crenatus A. Gray; S. Wats. Proc. Amer. Acad. 17 358. 1882. :

Coahuila type from San Lorenzo de Laguna.

;

Plants woody at base, the stems retrorse-hispidulous leaves oblong, 4 t<> ;

8 mm. long, obtuse, retrorse-scabrous flowers white, racemose petals 3 to

; ;

4 mm. long.

2. Petalonyx thurberi A. Gray. Mom. Amer. Acad. n. ser. 5: 319. 1855.

Baja California and northern Sonora. Arizona, Nevada, and southern Cali-
fornia type from the Gila River. Arizona.
;

Plants 1 meter high or less, chiefly or wholly herbaceous, very scabrous;

leaves 1 to 4 cm. long, thick and stiff, spreading or appressed, the upper
ones entire racemes 4 cm. long or shorter petals about 4 mm. long.
;
;
 STAXDLEY — TKEES AND SHEUBS OF MEXICO. 855

3. Petalonyx linearis Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. 4: 188. 1885.

Baja California and adjacent islands.

Low shrub, very scabrous throughout : leaves 1 to 3 cm. long, obtuse,
very thick; racemes sometimes 12 cm. long, the bracts rounded-cordate,
entire ;
petals yellowish white, 4 to 5 mm. long.

Some of the Mexican species of Begonia are perhaps to be classed as

shrubs, but there is no satisfactory evidence to this effect.

116. CACTACEAE. Cactus Family.

(Contributed by Dr. N. L. Britton and Dr. J. N. Rose.)

References: Britton & Rose, The Cactaceae, vols. 1^. 1919-23; Safford,
Cactaceae of northeastern and central Mexico, Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst. 1908:
525-563. pi 1-15. 1909.
Plants perennial, succulent, usually shrublike or treelike; leaves usually
none or much reduced, sometimes large and fiat spines present, variable in
:

form and arrangement, borne upon areoles in the leaf axils; flowers usually
perfect, regular or irregular, solitary or clustered, sometimes borne in a
terminal specialized inflorescence known as cephalium perianth tube none ;

or large and elongate, with few or numerous lobes, these sometimes differ-
entiated into sepals and petals stamens commonly numerous, the filaments
;

usually borne upon the throat of the perianth, the anthers small, 2-celled;
style one, terminal, the stigma with 2 to many lobes ovary 1-celled fruit ;
:

baccate, fleshy or dry, usually containing numerous seeds.

The Cactaceae constitute one of the largest and most interesting groups
of Mexican plants, and they are more profusely developed in Mexico than
in any other part of the earth. They are often conspicious features of the
landscape, particularly in the desert regions, and they are of great economic
importance. Many of the more showy ones are commonly grown in gardens
for ornament.
Leaves broad, flat; flowers stalked (stalk sometimes very short). Areoles
without glochids. (Peeeskieae) 1. PERESKIA.

Leaves (except in Pereskiopsis) terete or subterete, often wanting; flowers

sessile.
Areoles with glochids vegetative parts bearing leaves, these usually small
;

and fugacious; flowers without a definite tube. (Gpuntxeae.)

Leaves broad and flat 2. PERESKIOPSIS.
Leaves subulate or cylindric.
Stamens much longer than the petals 3. NOPALEA.
Stamens shorter than the petals.
Joints of the stems flat to terete, not ribbed 4. OPTJNTIA.
Joints terete, longitudinally ribbed 5. GRUSONIA.
Areoles without glochids; vegetative parts usually without leaves; flowers
with a definite tube (except in Rhipsalis) (Cereeae.) .

Perianth rotate or nearly so, without a tube. Plants slender, spineless,

epiphytic, many-jointed 54. RHIPSAUS.
Perianth not rotate, with a definite tube.
Areoles mostly spineless; plants with numerous joints, these flat; epi-
phytes.
Tube of flower definitely longer than the limb___51. EPIPHYLLUM.
Tube of flower not longer than the limb.
Perianth campanulate, with few segments 52. CHIAPASIA.
Perianth short-funnelform, with many segments.
53. NOPALXOCHIA.
 ;

856 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM.

Areoles mostly spine-bearing ;

plants often not jointed, the joints not flat
plants terrestrial.
A. Flowers and spines borne at the same areoles.
B. Plants several-jointed or many-jointed, the joints elongate.
Plants vinelike, with aerial roots.
Ovary and fruit covered with large foliaceous scales, the axils
neither spiny, hairy, nor bristly. Stems and branches 3-
angled or 3-winged 21. HYLOCEREUS.
Ovary and fruit not bearing large foliaceous scales, the axils
spiny, hairy, or bristly.
Flowers elongate-funnelform.
Stems ribbed, fluted, or angled 22. SELENICEREUS.
Stems winged 23. DEAMIA.
Flowers short-funnelform 24. APOROCATUS.
Plants erect, treelike, bushy, arching, or diffuse.
Flowers 2 to several at an areole, small.
Flowering areoles bearing many long bristles.
19. LOPHOCEREUS.
Flowering areoles without bristles__20. MYRTILLOC ACTUS.
Flowers solitary at the areoles, mostly large.
Ovary naked or rarely bearing a few short scales, these some-
times subtending tufts of short hairs.
6. CEPHALOCEREUS.
Ovary with scales, often bearing also wool, bristles, or spines.
Ovary with scales only 7. ESCONTRIA.
Ovary with scales and also with wool, felt, or spines.
Perianth short-canipanulate or short-funnelform, its tube
short and thick.
Plants mostly stout, columnar, and erect, ribbed or an-
gled; roots without tubers.
Corolla short-campanulate fruit dry.;

8. PACHYCEREUS
Corolla short-funnelform ; fruit fleshy.
Plants columnar, with stout stems ; flowers white to
pink, not widely expanded.
9. LEMAIREOCEREUS.
Plants low; flowers pale yellow.
10. BERGEROC ACTUS.
Plants very slender, nearly terete or with many low
ribs; roots with tubers 11. WILCOXIA.
Perianth funnelform, funnelform-campanulate, or salver-
form.
Areoles of the ovary with spines or bristles.
Plants slender, with a large fleshy root flowers ;

salverform 12. PENIOCEREUS.

Plants stout or slender, without large fleshy roots;
flowers funnelform.
Plants stout, bushy or prostrate, the spines flat,
dagger-like 13. MACHAEROCEREUS.
Plants slender or weak, the spines acicular or
subulate.