Senior High School
Earth and Life Science
Quarter 1 - Module 6
History of the Earth and Geological
Hazards
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What I Need To Know
This module is designed to deepen your knowledge about the History of the Earth and
Geological Hazards.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
Lesson 1 – Dating Methods and Geologic Time Scale
Lesson 2 – Geological Hazards
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the subdivisions of
geologic time (S11/12ES-Ie-27);
2. describe how the Earth’s history can be interpreted from the geologic time scale
(S11/12ES-Ie-29); and
3. describe the various hazards that may happen in the event of earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, and landslides (S11/12ES-Ie-30).
Earth and Life
Dating Methods and Geologic
Science
Time Scale
Module 6 Lesson 1
What’s In
When looking at the history of the earth and the record of time preserved in the rock
or what is called the Rock Record, two types of dating are distinguished.
Two Types of Dating:
1. Absolute dating- puts a date on an event in years. For example, something may be dated
at 11,500 years BP (before present) plus or minus 500 years.
2. Relative dating - dates one event in relation to another event. Something happened before
or after something else.
The geologic time scale shows the geologic time intervals based on the geologic
rock records, which describe the relationships between the events that happened throughout
the Earth’s history.
What’s New
Direction. Write number 1-4 of the correct sequence according to the hierarchy of time in the
Geologic Time Scale (from largest to smallest).
1
___ period
___ epoch
___ eon
___ era
What is It
The geologic time scale is a record of the geologic history of the Earth. It is made up of time
units that divide Earth’s history based on the appearance or disappearance of life forms
(supported by fossil remains) in specific times. This scale helps us to study and interpret the
history of life on Earth.
Eon- the largest division of the geologic time scale, spans hundreds to thousands of millions
of years.
Era- is hundreds of millions of years long
- We are in the Cenozoic era, which began 65 million years ago, after the extinction of the
dinosaurs.
Period- is tens of millions of years long. It is based on the forms of life existing
at that time.
Epoch- is several million years long. It is the division of the most recent periods. Each epoch
has unique geography and climate, so plants and animals that existed during those times
are unique to each epoch, too.
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ER PERIOD EVENTS
The Geologic Time Scale: Major Events
(Adapted from https://bit.ly/2YxW1in )
What’s More
Direction. Fill in the table to complete the data.
Events Era Period
1. first fishes
2. extinction of dinosaurs
3. first mammals
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What I Have Learned
Arrange the following important events in the Earth’s history base on the geologic
time scale from oldest to latest. Write number 1-5 on the space provided.
__ a. first vascular land plants
__ b. dinosaurs diversity
__ c. first flowering plants
__ d. evolution of humans
__ e. first reptiles
What I Can Do
Ask your grandparents or any elders about the names of at least five (5) plants and animals
that were living before in your area that are rarely seen this present time.
Earth and Life
Science Geological Hazards
Module 6 Lesson 2
What’s In
The Philippines is prone to geological events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
and landslides. These natural events bring about different hazards that may cause damage
to infrastructures and endanger human lives.
What’s New
Direction. Mark check to what geological hazard does the given event happens.
Event Earthquake Volcanic Landslide
Eruption
1. lava flow
2. ground rupture
3. mass movement
of rocks, soil and
other debris
4. pyroclastic flow
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5. liquefaction
What is It
A geological hazard is a condition or event that may cause harm to property
and life as a result of a geological process such as earthquake, volcanic eruption,
or landslide.
1. Earthquake- is a feeble shaking to violent trembling of the ground produced by the sudden
displacement of rocks or rock materials below the earth’s surface.
Types of Earthquakes:
A. Tectonic earthquakes- are those generated by the sudden displacement along
faults in the solid and rigid layer of the earth.
B. Volcanic earthquakes - induced by rising lava or magma beneath active volcanoes
Most Common Earthquake Hazard:
● Ground shaking is a disruptive up-down and sideways movement
● Ground rupture is displacement on the ground due to movement of fault.
● Tsunami is a set of sea waves resulting from the disturbance of ocean floor by an
earthquake.
● Liquefaction is a process that transforms the behavior of a body of sediments from that of
a solid to that of a liquid when subjected to extremely intense shaking.
● Earthquake-induced landslides are failures in steep or hilly slopes triggered by an
earthquake.
● Fire is caused by rupture of gas lines during ground shaking and displacement.
2. Volcanic Eruption - when materials such as magma, ash, and gas are released from a
volcano due to a build-up of pressure inside.
● Lahar- is a mixture of volcanic debris and water that flows at the slopes of the volcano.
● Pyroclastic fall - is a mass of hot, dry pyroclastic material (mixture of ash and dust) and
hot gases.
● Volcanic gases- are vapors released during an eruption. Some of these gases, such as
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), are poisonous. They cause respiratory
damage and death.
●Tephra falls are rock fragments and lava blobs ejected by a volcano.
3. Landslide - occurs when earth materials (rocks, debris, and soil) move downwards along a
slope.
Landslide hazards:
● Mud flow is the flow of mud and rock.
• Earthflow is the downward flow of fine-grained materials, such as clay, fine
sand, and silt. It is slower than mudflow, but it inflicts the same damage.
• Rock fall is the sliding, toppling, or falling of rocks along a slope.
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What’s More
Directions: Identify the word/s being described by each statement. The number of
blanks is your clue on how many letters you need to fill up.
1. _ _ _ _ _ - a mixture of volcanic debris and water that flows at volcano’s slope
2. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - transforms the behavior of a body of sediments from that of a solid
to that of a liquid when subjected to extremely intense shaking
3. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - the downward flow of fine-grained materials, such as clay, fine sand, and
silt
4. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - a mass movement of rocks, soil and other debris
5. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - a set of sea waves resulting from the disturbance of ocean floor by an
earthquake
What I Have Learned
MODIFIED TRUE or FALSE
Directions: Write TRUE if the underlined word/s are correct, or write FALSE if the
underlined words are wrong and indicate the correct answer.
1. Ground rupture is displacement on the ground due to movement of fault.
2. Geological hazards are phenomena arising from volcanic activity that give potential threat
to humans.
3. Being calm and ready can help us during the events of geological hazards.
4. Mud flow is a series of giant sea waves.
5. Volcanic gases are vapors released during an eruption. They cause respiratory damage
and death.
What I Can Do
Fill in the table with the things you do to be safe during geological hazard.
Geological Hazard Things To Do
1. Earthquake a.
b.
2. Landslide a.
b.
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Assessment
Direction. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on your answer
sheets.
1. The record of time preserved in the rock is called_______.
A. record book B. class record C. rock record D. seismic record
2. The following are division of time of the geologic time scale, EXCEPT____.
A. era B. month C. epoch D. period
3. Which of the following pair is correct?
A. Era- Mesozoic B. Period- Cenozoic
C. Era- Jurassic D. Period- Palaeozoic
4. What type of rock dating that puts a date on an event in years?
A. relative dating B. absolute dating
C. false dating D. geologic dating
5. What part of the human body that is may be damaged when exposed to the poisonous
volcanic gases?
A. intestine B. kidneys C. ears D. lungs
6. Which of the following is NOT under volcanic hazards?
A. pyroclastic fall B. lahar C. heavy rain D. tephra falls
7. Which of the following human activities that will NOT trigger landslide?
A. deforestation B. reforestation C. blasting D. quarrying
8. What are the basic things to do when an earthquake occurs?
A. duck, cover, and run B. duck, cover, and crawl
C. duck, cover, and hold D. duck, cover, and roll
9. When you build a house, which place is safe from landslide?
A. slope area with beautiful sunset views B. away from slope and steep
C. riverside D. mountainside
10. Which of the following hazards can be predicted ahead of time?
A. earthquake B. landslide
C. tsunami D. volcanic eruption
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References
Quipper School (2016). Stratification of rocks and how it is used to determine the age of the
earth.
Retrieved June 14, 2020, from https://bit.ly/2YxW1in
TG for SHS Earth & Life Science, CHED and Philippine Normal University, pp. 135-141;
Earth & Life Science by Olivar and Morales-Ramos, pp. 63-68;
Earth & Life Science by Sia & Cortez, pp. 66-69; Quipper School (2016) Retrieved: June 14,
2020
from: https://bit.ly/2YxW1in
Earth & Life Science by Olivar and Morales-Ramos, pp. 76-80; Earth & Life Science by Sia &
Cortez, pp. 74-80;
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction by De Guzman and Suarez, pp. 14-69
Quipper School Retrieved: June 14, 2020 from: https://bit.ly/2YxW1in
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Division of Bohol
Office Address: 0050 Lino Chatto Drive, Brgy. Cogon, Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Telephone Nos.: (038) 412-4938; (038) 411-2544; (038) 501-7550
Telefax: (038) 501-7550
E-mail Address: deped.bohol@deped.gov.ph
