Classification

of Rocks
What are Rocks?
 A rock is a naturally
occurring solid mixture of
one or more minerals, or
organic matter

 Rocks are classified by how

they are formed, their
composition, and texture

 Rocks change over time

through the rock cycle
1.Igneous rocks or
magmatic rocks are
formed through the
cooling and
solidification of
magma or lava.
Igneous Rocks

 Igneous rock begins as magma.

 Magma can form:
▪ When rock is heated
▪ When pressure is released
▪ When rock changes composition
 Magma freezes between
700 °C and 1,250 °C
 Magmais a mixture of
many minerals
http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/
igneous.htm
Igneous Rocks
 IntrusiveIgneous Rocks:
magma pushes into
surrounding rock below the
Earth’s surface

 ExtrusiveRocks: forms
when magma erupts onto
the Earth’s surface (lava),
cools quickly with very
small or no crystals formed
http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/geology/ig_intrusive.html&e
du=high&fr=t
Plutonic rocks are formed
when magma cools and
solidifies underground.

Volcanic rocks are formed

from lava that flows on the
surface of the Earth and other
planets and then cools and
solidifies.
Intrusive igneous
rocks. formed
from solidification
of magma below
the surface.
They have large crystals of
minerals that formed
overtime through slow
process of crystallization in a
magma.
Ex.
Granite, diorite, gabbro,
pegmatite, and peridotite
Extrusive igneous
rocks. formed
through faster rate of
solidification of lava
on the surface of
Earth.
Ex.
andesite, basalt,
dacite, obsidian,
pumice, rhyolite
and tuff.
Extrusive
Igneous Rocks

 Felsic:light colored rocks that are rich in elements

such as aluminum, potassium, silicon, and sodium
 Mafic: dark colored rocks that are rich in calcium,
iron, and magnesium, poor in silicon
 Coarse-grained: takes longer to cool, giving
mineral crystals more time to grow
 Fine-grained: cools quickly with little to no crystals
Igneous Rocks
Coarse- Fine-Grained
Grained

Felsic

Granite Rhyolite

Mafic

Gabbro Basalt
 Igneous Rocks
Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from
the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so
rapidly that crystals do not form.
Is this rock Felsic
or Mafic?

Is it fine-grained or
coarse-grained?

Is this rock
Intrusive or
Extrusive?
Mafic, fine grained, extrusive
STRATA – LAYERS OF ROCKS
1.Clastic sedimentary rock.
It is formed from the mechanical
weathering debris of rocks.
Ex. breccia, conglomerate,
sandstone, siltstone, and shale.
 Sedimentary Rock
Clastic – made of fragments of rock
cemented together with calcite or
quartz
Breccia is a term most
often used for clastic
sedimentary rocks that
are composed of large
angular fragments
(over two millimeters
in diameter).

The spaces between

the large angular
fragments can be filled
with a matrix of
smaller particles or a
2. Chemical sedimentary
rock.
It is formed when dissolved
materials precipitate from
solution.
Ex. rock salt,
iron ore, chert, flint, some
dolomites.
 Sedimentary Rock
Chemical sedimentary – minerals
crystallize out of solution to become
rockis a
Limestone
sedimentary rock
composed primarily of
calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
in the form of the mineral
calcite. It most commonly
forms in clear, warm,
shallow marine waters.

It is usually an organic
sedimentary rock that
forms from the
accumulation of shell,
coral, algal and fecal
3. Organic
sedimentary rock.
Formed from the
build-up of plant or
animal debris.
 Sedimentary Rock
Organic sedimentary – remains of
plants and animals
Coal is an organic
sedimentary rock that
forms from the
accumulation and
preservation of plant
materials, usually in a
swamp environment.

Coal is a combustible
rock and along with
oil and natural gas it
is one of the three
most important fossil
fuels.
Metamorphic rock
forms from existing rock
types called “parent
rock” in the process
called metamorphism,
which means change in
form.
Metamorphic Rock

 Meaning to change
shape

 Changes with
temperature
and pressure, but
remains
solid
http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/
metamorph.htm
1.Foliated metamorphic rocks.
Formed through pressure due to
compression of
rocks that create bands called
foliation.
Ex :
gneiss, phyllite, schist, and
slate.
Metamorphic Rock
 Foliated - contain aligned grains of
flat minerals
Gneiss is foliated
metamorphic rock
that has a banded
appearance and
is made up of
granular mineral
grains.

It typically
contains
abundant quartz
2.Nonfoliated
metamorphic rocks. It
has no foliation or bands.
Ex.
hornfels, marble,
quartzite, and
novaculite.
Metamorphic Rock
 Non-Foliated – mineral grains are not
arranged in plains or bands
Marble is a non-
foliated
metamorphic rock
that is produced
from the
metamorphism of
limestone.

It is composed
primarily of
Metamorphic Rock
 Determineif the following rock
samples are foliated or non-foliated:

Amphibolite Quartzite Phyllit

e
Foliated
Directions:
Observe the pictures
and answer the
questions that
follow
Questions:

1. What type of rock do

you think will be
formed through this
geologic activity?
2. How was the rock
formed in this geologic
activity?
3. How will you
describe the types of
rock formed?
Questions:
1. What type of rock is
formed in this event?
2. What are the required
factors to form a rock on
this event?
3. What are the possible
types of rock that will be
formed in this event?
Questions:
1. What type of rock will
be formed in this
scenario?
2. What are the
important factors needed
to form a rock in this
scenario?
3. What are the
characteristics of rock
formed in this scenario?
Picture 1:
1. Igneous
2. Solidification and
cooling of magma or lava
3. Intrusive and extrusive
rock
Picture 2:
1.Sedimentary rocks
2.Water, air and glaciers
3.Clastic, chemical and
organic
Picture 3:
1.Metamorphic
2.Heat and pressure
3.Foliated or nonfoliated
Act.1
Directions: Fill in the
blank with the correct
word. Write your answer
on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. _______________ is a
naturally occurring solid
aggregate of minerals
and sometime with
nonmineral solid
particles.
1. Rock
2. Rocks can be
classified based
on
_______________.
2.
Formation
3. _______________are
formed through
solidification or
crystallization of molten
materials such as
magma and lava.
3.
Igneous
4. _______________ are formed
through compaction and
cementation of
sediments and other
materials usually under the
ocean or other bodies of
water.
4.
Sedimentar
y
5. _______________ are
formed either by heat
such those near a magma
chamber or by pressure
such those in the area
with compression of rock
layers.
5.
Metamorphic
6. Granite is an example
of ____ with visible large
crystals because it
solidified underneath
the Earth surface.
6. Intrusive
rocks
7. Sandstone is an
example of
_______________ rock
from compaction and
cementation of sand
under the ocean.
7.
Sedimentar
y
8. Marble is an example
of ________that has
been formed due to
heat and appears
physically different from
its parent-rock called __.
8.
Metamorph
ic
9. Igneous rock can
be classified into
______________ and
____________________.
9. Intrusive –
extrusive
10. __________________
metamorphic rock
contains bands and
________________
metamorphic rocks do
not have bands.
10.Foliated
–
nonfoliated
11. Sedimentary rocks
can be grouped
according to
_______________,
___________________ and
____________________.
11.Clastic –
chemical –
organic
12. ___________________
formed from the
mechanical
weathering debris of
rocks.
12.clastic
13. Chemical
sedimentary rocks
are formed when
____________________
__________.
13.Dissolved
materials
precipitate
from solution
14.
___________________
are formed from the
debris of plants and
animals.
14.organi
c
15.
____________________
are metamorphic
rocks that has no
foliation.
15.nonfoliate
d
While mountain trekking,
Mayumi found several rocks
that contained remains of
aquatic plants and animals.
What kind of rock did she
find?
What can you infer on the
formation of the rock?
 Act.2-Assessment:
Directions: Choose the
letter of the best
answer. Write the
letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Ava collected samples of
sedimentary rocks from the
riverbank of Pansipit. She grouped
the rocks according to their
characteristics. On the first group,
she observed attached shells on the
samples. While on the second
group, she observed pebbles
attached on it. What type of
sedimentary rocks did Ava collect
a. The first group is clastic sedimentary
rocks while the second is chemical
sedimentary rock.
b. The first group is clastic sedimentary
rocks while the second is organic
sedimentary rock.
c. The first group is chemical sedimentary
rocks while the second is clastic
sedimentary rock.
d. The first group is organic sedimentary
rocks while the second is clastic
2. Which of the following
describes a rock?
1. Solid 2. Heavy 3. Naturally
occurring 4. Aggregate of
minerals
a. 1, 2 and 3 c. 1, 2 and 4
3. Which of the following
is a classification of
sedimentary rock?
a. intrusive rock
c. chemical rock
b. foliated rock
d. non foliated rock
4. A rock sample was recovered from
Taal Volcano Island by a local. The
resident volcanologist was on site and
identified the rock was formed from the
material ejected by the volcano during
its eruption. He further observed that
the rock sample had glassy
appearance. What type of rock did the
local recover?
a. Extrusive rock c. Metamorphic rock
5. Which of the following statement is
not true about metamorphic rocks?
a. It is formed from plant and animal
debris.
b. It is formed when subjected to high
heat and pressure.
c. Schist, phyllite and gneiss are
examples of sedimentary rocks.
d. Foliated and non-foliated are
classification of sedimentary rocks.
6. While walking at the beach,
Angela found a rock sample with
a crystal white appearance which
according to her friend was halite
– a rock salt. What type of rock
did she find?
a. Clastic rock c.
Metamorphic rock
b. Chemical rock d. Organic rock
7. When magma solidifies
on the surface of Earth,
what possible igneous
rock
may be formed?
a. gabbro b. granite
8. Obsidian is rock formed
through fast solidification on air
when a volcano
erupts. What type of rock is
obsidian?
a. Extrusive igneous rock
b. Extensive igneous rock
c. Intrusive igneous rock
d. Intensive igneous rock
9. Rinzen found an igneous
rock from the school ground.
Out of curiosity, she strongly
hit the rock sample by a
hammer and found out that it
had a glassy appearance.
What is the correct inference
on the formation of the rock
sample?
a. It formed overtime through slow process of
crystallization beneath the
surface of the Earth.
b. It formed overtime through fast process of
crystallization beneath the
surface of the Earth.
c. It formed overtime through slow process of
crystallization at the
surface of the Earth.
d. It formed overtime through fast process of
crystallization at the
surface of the Earth.
10. Which type of rock
contains plants’ and
animals’ remains?
a. Chemical rock
b. Clastic rock
c. Foliated rock
d. Organic rock
11. Which of the following
statements is not true about
igneous rocks?
a. It formed crystals.
b. It is formed from magma.
c. It can become glassy in
appearance.
d. It can be formed from an
12. Which of the
following is excluded
from the group?
a. gabbro b. granite
c. pegmatite d. Shale
13. In spite of intense heat
and pressure, nonfoliated
rocks did not formed bands.
Which of the following rocks
are nonfoliate?
a. Gneiss b. marble
c. phyllite d. slate
14. Which of the
following rock contains
less crystals?
a. diorite b. granite
c. pegmatite d. rhyolite
15. Which group of rocks
formed from precipitate of
dissolved materials?
a.Clastic rock
b. Chemical rock
c. Foliated rock
d. Organic rock
ACTIVITY
Assessment
1. D
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. A
6. A
7. D
8. A
9. D
10.D
11.D
12.D
13.C
14.D
15.B