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The dialog box in which the advanced options of seismic analysis

are defined - the layout

Working with this dialog box has been described in detail in chapter “6. MODE ANALYSIS”.

If modal analysis has already been performed, the parameters which have been assigned for
the modal analysis will be displayed in the dialog box. Although it is not necessary, it is highly
recommended that modal analysis and seismic analysis are performed using the same
parameters. If this is not possible, the program will issue an appropriate warning message
after exiting the dialog box.

7.3.4.1 EUROCODE

Seismic analysis in accordance with EUROCODE is based on multi-mode analysis of

the structure, while influence of all calculated modes from the mode analysis is taken into
account. When this option of seismic analysis is selected, a dialog box with the following
appearance opens.

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Appearance of the dialog box for seismic analysis

in accordance with Eurocode

The parameters that define the type of soil, the type of structure, the intensity of seismic
action, etc., are assigned in the upper part of the dialog box, while the direction of seismic
action is defined in a list in the lower part of the dialog box.

Eurocode 8 EN 1998-1 defines the horizontal elastic spectrum of responses, such as:

where

Se(T) - is the ordinate of the elastic spectrum of responses

T - is the oscillating period of linear system, with one degree of freedom
ag - is the projected acceleration of soil
TB - the lower limit for the oscillating period for the branch with constant spectral
acceleration
Tc - the upper limit for the oscillating period for the branch with constant spectral
acceleration
TD - value defining the beginning of the spectrum area with constant movement
S - soil parameter, value directly dependent on soil type
 - corrective coefficient, dependent on damping, with reference value of 1.0 for viscous
damping of 5%

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Note: The values of the characteristic oscillating periods (TB,TC,TD) can be defined by the
National Annex.

Eurocode 8 EN 1998-1 recommends using two types of spectrum: Type 1 and Type 2, which
have been defined for the types of soil A, B, C, D and E. Which of the two types of spectrum
will be selected entirely depends on the nature of the most likely earthquake.

Different spectrums of responses have been envisaged by the National Annex.

Soil category

Eurocode 8 EN 1998-1 defines types of soil as:

A - rock or other rock-like geological formations including 5m most of light material on the
surface
B - solid layers of sand, gravel or clay, thick at least a few dozens of meters with the
tendency of increasing gradually mechanical properties with depth
C - layers of sand or gravel of medium density, or clay of medium stiffness, with thickness
varying from several dozens to several hundred meters
D - layers of tenuous and cohesionless soil (with or without soft layers of cohesion)
E - soil consisting of layers of soil, types C and D, with thickness varying between 5 and 20
meters, and under which there is a more solid material

Importance factor

Eurocode 8 EN 1998-1 defines types of structure importance as:

I – Buildings of minor importance for public safety, e.g. agricultural buildings, etc. (importance
factor  = 0.8)

II - Ordinary buildings, not belonging in the other categories (important factor  = 1.0)

III - Buildings whose seismic resistance is of importance in view of the consequences

associated with a collapse, e.g. schools, assembly halls, cultural institutions etc. (importance
factor  = 1.2)

IV - Buildings whose integrity during earthquakes is of vital importance for civil protection, e.g.
hospitals, fire stations, power plants, etc. (importance factor  = 1.4)

Note: Other values of factors of importance can be defined by the National Annex.

In order to avoid the explicit non-linear analysis – bearing in mind the structure capacity for
the energy dissipation through mainly ductile behavior of its elements – the linear analysis
(which is based on the spectrum of responses that is reduced with respect to the elastic
spectrum) is carried out. Such reduced spectrum is called the “Project spectrum”.

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Eurocode 8 EN 1998-1 defines the “Project spectrum” for the linear analysis as:

Where
q − is the behavior factor
 − is the lower limit of the elastic spectrum, and the recommended value is 0.2

Ratio ag/g

Ratio ag/g is the ratio of designed soil acceleration to gravitation constant.

Lower bound factor for design spectrum

The value for the lower limit of the elastic spectrum  is assigned in this field. The
recommended value is 0.2, but other value can be defined by the National Annex.

Percentage of viscous damping  (CQC)

The percentage of viscous damping is the entry data for the CQC statistical method of
combining. If 0 value is entered, CQC becomes equivalent to SRSS method of combining.

Type of spectrum

In addition to the two implicitly implied types of spectrum (Type “1” and Type “2”) for which
the parameters values “S”, “Tb(S)”, “Tc(S)”, “Td(S)” and “avg/ag” are automatically set for all
types of soil (A,B,C,D,E), the program has envisaged defining new elastic spectrums of
acceleration in accordance with the National Annexes.

avg/ag A parameter to define the type of spectrum, where:

avg -design ground acceleration for vertical seismic analysis
ag - engineered ground acceleration

Edit boxes allow you to specify all the parameters that define a spectral curve. Once you have
entered the parameters which define a new spectral curve, activate the command field for
saving , that is, if you want to permanently save it. The command field has been
envisaged for deleting some of the previously defined spectral curves.

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Accidental torsion effects

In addition to the actual eccentricity, in order to cover the uncertainty in the position of the
masses and the spatial variation of seismic motion, calculated position of the mass center of
each ceiling "i" must be moved from its nominal position in any direction, for an additional
random eccentricity:

ei=0.05 Li

where:

ei - accidental eccentricity of storey mass "i" in relation to the nominal position of the mass
center, which is applied in the same direction (the route) for all floors.

Li = ceiling dimension perpendicular to the direction of seismic impacts.

To consider random torsion effects during the seismic calculation, it is necessary that the check
box "Take into account" is turned on. Then the edit box becomes available "ei =", in which
the ratio required for the calculation of the random eccentricity of storey mass is defined.

The program will automatically create two seismic loads when calculating - one with a positive,
"left" and the other with negative "right" eccentricity. In the module for data processing, these
seismic load cases will have the suffixes "(+ e)" and "(-e)" next to their names.

IMPORTANT: Tower 7 enables defining an earthquake direction by setting the angle that it
forms with the global X-axis. Accidental torsion effects are related to the given earthquake
direction, which means that the mass will displace the left and right from that direction.

Earthquake directional factors

In the list, which is located in the lower part of the dialog, any number of possible directions of
earthquake activity can be specified. The new route is inserted into the list by selecting the
button “ Add”, while the selected direction is removed from the list using the “ Delete”.
Data that can be assigned to the earthquake direction have the following meanings:

Name – in this column, an arbitrary name can be given to the earthquake direction

Angle [] – In this column the earthquake direction is assigned by entering the angle that it
forms with the global X axis (angle of 0 corresponds the direction of the global X-axis).

k, - coefficient of the earthquake activity in assigned direction (it should always be 1.0)

k,+90 - coefficient of the earthquake activity in the direction perpendicular to assigned

direction

kz - coefficient of the earthquake activity in the direction of the global Z axis

IMPORTANT: The coefficients kx and ky, which in previous version of Tower allowed
assignment of the direction of earthquakes, were abolished and replaced by the coefficients
k, i k,+90 relative to the earthquake direction 

Behav.fact. (q) – In this column the maximum value of behavior factor of q structure is
assigned, for each action direction, especially earthquakes. Behavior factor is introduced as a
measure of the energy dissipation and cannot be less than 1.5. It is calculated according to the
following formula:

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q=q kW  1.5

The used marks have the following meaning:

q0 - the fundamental value of behavior factor

kW - a factor which takes into account the prevailing type of structural systems with walls

The basic value of the behavior factor (q0) depends on the type of structural system and
ductility classes:

Type of structural system ductility classes

DCM DCH

Frame system, dual system, coupled wall system 3.0 u/1 4.5 u/1
Uncoupled wall system 3.0 4.0 /1/1
Torsionally flexible system 2.0 3.0

Inverted pendulum system 1.5 2.0

1 and u are defined as:

1 - the value with the horizontal seismic forces is multiplied in order to first achieve flexural
strength of each element of the structure, while all other forces remain constant.

u - the value with the horizontal seismic forces is multiplied, in order to form a sufficiently
large number of plastic hinges that will cause instability of the whole structure, while all other
forces remain constant. This factor can be obtained using a "pushover" analysis.

If the exact value of the factor u/1 is not calculated, for specific types and subtypes of
structural systems following values can be used :

1) Frame or dual systems

One-storey buildings: u/1 = 1.1
Multistorey, one-bay frames: u/1 = 1.2
Multistorey, multi-bay frames: u/1= 1.3

2) Coupled wall system

Only two uncoupled walls per horizontal direction: u/1 = 1.0
Other uncoupled wall systems: u/1= 1.1
Wall-equivalent dual, or coupled wall systems: u/1 = 1.2

The maximum value of the factor u/1, which can be used in the calculation of behavior
factor, is 1.5 even if a higher value is produced by using a "pushover" analysis.

Factor that takes into account the prevailing type of fracture structural systems with walls (kW)
is adopted as follows:

kW = 1.0 for the approximately and dual dominantly binary system

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kW = (1 + 0) / 3  1 for a system of walls, double system with the dominant walls and
the system with the core (0 is the dominant aspect of the walls
ratio of the constructural system - the ratio of height to the length
of the wall)

Value of the kW factors cannot be higher than 1.0 or less than 0.5.

For structures that are basically regular, behavior factor q is reduced by 20%:

q=0.8 q kW  1.5

The right click on the cell in column "Behav.fact.", opens a drop-down menu with options:
"Apply to all", "Behavior factor calculation" and "Manual input".

The list for selecting a way of setting structural behavior factors,

for each action direction of earthquake

By selecting the option "Manual input" opens a new dialog of the following appearance:

In the displayed edit box the desired value of the behavior factor is entered. By activating the
button "OK" the dialog box closes and the entered value is assigned to a given direction of the
earthquake and displayed in column "Factor P."

By selecting the option "Behavior factor calculation" opens a dialog, in which with the
selecting a number of structures characteristics, is determined the value of behavior factor.

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Basic values of behavior factor (q) -By using parameters that are located in this part of
the dialog, the value of the basic factors of behavior is determined. From the first list the
selection of the structural system is done, out of the second class the ductility, and out of the
third sub-type of the structural system that determines the value of the coefficient u/1. If
from the third list is selected "Other", the edit box will become available in which an arbitrary
value of the coefficient u/1 can be defined.

Prevailing failure mode factor - a list from which you can select the type of structural
system with walls and thus determines the value of the coefficient of the prevailing failure
mode. If the option "System of walls, double system with the dominant walls and a system
with a core" is selected from the list, the edit box 0 became available (predominant size ratio
of the structural system walls).

Regularity in the plan - the list by which you can define whether the structure is regular in
basis or not.

Based on the given data, and according to the above described rules, the program calculates
the structural behavior factor and displays it in a part of the dialog "Behaviour factor:"

By activating the button "OK" dialog box closes, and the calculated value of the behavior factor
is assigned to a given direction of the earthquake and displayed in column "Behav.fact.". In
addition to this value in the table the symbol "*" is displayed, which means that it was
submitted by calculation. This marking method ensures that it can be immediately seen which
direction values were manually entered, and which directions are obtained by calculation.

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Value factor obtained by the calculation

By selecting the option "Apply to all" value factors of behavior of that earthquake activity
direction is assigned to all other directions in the list. If the value of the behavior factor is
obtained by calculation, all directions will be assigned the data set in this calculation. This
means that the program will behave as if the behavior factor calculation is performed
individually for each of them.

When generating the seismic calculation report in the paper editor, the behavior factor is
written for each direction of the earthquakes action. If the behavior factor is determined by the
calculation, the report lists all given structure data on whose base the calculations have been
performed.

Type of spectrum – By clicking mouse over the arrows that is located on the right end of
each cell in this column, a list opens in which there are always two default spectral curve "1
(Default EC8)" and "2 (Default EC8)", as well as the options "Arbitrary type". All previously
created spectral curve are displayed on the list next to them.

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List for selecting the type of the spectrum

By selecting from the list, the type of spectrum is given to selected earthquake direction which
will be used in the seismic calculation. If the option "Arbitrary type" is selected, then during
seismic calculation the data that will be used is the one displayed in "Type of the spectrum"
part of the dialog. Each earthquake direction can be assigned a different spectral curve.

Create SRSS combination after the analysis - When this check box is turned on, after
budget the program will automatically make an SRSS combination of seismic load cases.

Import load combinations from the depot after the analysis - This check box is only
available if there are load combinations in the repository. When set to On, after budgeting, the
program will load combinations from storage. In this way, combinations containing SRSS
seismic load cases that would otherwise be deleted after re-seismic calculation can be
automatically saved. All you need to do is save them to storage before budgeting.

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7.3.4.2 EUROCODE (Lateral forces method)

This type of analysis can be applied to buildings which response does not depend
essentially on higher inherent oscillations. This requirement will certainly be fulfilled in
buildings that meet the regularity requirement in height. Also, in order for this type of analysis
to be used, it is necessary that the building has a basic period of oscillation T 1 in two main
directions that is smaller than:

where Tc is set by the definition of an elastic spectrum.

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