Test Bank for Foundations of Astronomy, 12th Edition : Seeds

Test Bank for Foundations of Astronomy, 12th

Edition : Seeds

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CHAPTER 8—THE SUN

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Granulation is caused by
a. sunspots.
b. rising gas below the photosphere.
c. shock waves in the corona.
d. the solar wind flowing away from the corona.
e. the heating in the chromosphere.
ANS: B PTS: 1

2. In some regions of the corona, the magnetic field does not loop back to the sun, and the gas escapes
unimpeded. These regions are called ____ and are believed to be the source of the solar wind.
a. prominences
b. flares
c. granules
d. auroras
e. coronal holes
ANS: E PTS: 1

3. Most of the light we see coming from the sun originates in the
a. chromosphere.
b. photosphere.
c. corona.
d. sunspots.
e. magnetic field.
ANS: B PTS: 1

4. A filtergram is a photograph of the sun's surface made

a. in a band of wavelengths in the infrared.
b. in a band of wavelengths in the ultraviolet.
c. using the Zeeman Effect.
d. with only those photons emitted in a specific spectral line.
e. none of the above
ANS: D PTS: 1

5. Modern astronomers suspect the corona is heated by

a. shock waves rising from below the photosphere.
b. the solar wind.
c. the solar magnetic field.
d. all of these
e. none of these
ANS: C PTS: 1

6. The photosphere is very thin because

a. the temperature of the photosphere increases rapidly from its base to its outer edge.
b. the gas bubbles that form the granulation pattern cannot travel very far.
c. the magnetic field compresses the photosphere.
 d. the H− ion is a very good absorber of photons and causes the gas of the photosphere to be
opaque.
e. the sun rotates differentially.
ANS: D PTS: 1

7. The diagram below shows a plot of the temperature of the sun as a function of distance above the
bottom of the photosphere. At what distance above the bottom of the photosphere does the temperature
of the sun change the most rapidly with distance?

a. 1,000 km
b. 2,300 km
c. 2,500 km to 4,000 km
d. 500 km
e. a and c
ANS: B PTS: 1

8. The centers of granules

a. are hot material rising to the photosphere from below.
b. are cool material falling from the photosphere to the regions below.
c. are fainter and hotter than their surroundings.
d. are brighter and cooler than their surroundings.
e. show strong Zeeman effects.
ANS: A PTS: 1

9. The ____ is(are) the hot gases that are the moving extension of the sun's corona.
a. spicules
b. prominences
c. flares
d. supergranules
e. solar wind
ANS: E PTS: 1

10. The corona of the sun can be observed

a. during a lunar eclipse.
b. with a coronagraph.
c. using filtergrams.
d. a and b above
e. with none of the above
ANS: B PTS: 1
11. ____ occur(s) because photons we receive from the edge of the solar disk are emitted further from the
base of the photosphere than the photons we receive from the center of the solar disk.
a. The Zeeman Effect
b. Sunspots
c. Solar flares
d. Solar prominences
e. Limb darkening
ANS: E PTS: 1

12. High temperatures are required to get H nuclei to fuse because they ____ one another because of their
____ electric charges.
a. attract, negative
b. attract, positive
c. repel, negative
d. repel, positive
ANS: D PTS: 1

13. Most of the energy emitted by the sun is generated in the

a. corona.
b. photosphere.
c. chromosphere.
d. core.
ANS: D PTS: 1

14. The energy generated by the sun is released by the ____ to make ____ nuclei.
a. fusion of H nuclei, He
b. fusion of He nuclei, H
c. fission of H nuclei, He
d. fission of He nuclei, H
ANS: A PTS: 1

15. Fusion is promoted in the core of the sun by the ____ there.
a. low temperature and low density
b. high temperature and high density
c. low temperature and high density
d. high temperature and low density
ANS: B PTS: 1

16. Neutrinos are created in reactions in the ____ of the sun.

a. corona
b. chromosphere
c. photosphere
d. core
ANS: D PTS: 1

17. Sunspots are known to be magnetic phenomena because

a. Doppler shifts in spectral lines are observed.
b. the Zeeman Effect is observed in sunspots.
c. collisional broadening is observed in spectral lines.
d. infrared observations indicate that the sunspots are cooler than their surroundings.
 e. observations during eclipses reveal a very extensive photosphere.
ANS: B PTS: 1

18. Sunspots are dark because

a. regions of the photosphere are obscured by material in the chromosphere.
b. shock waves move through the photosphere.
c. the sun rotates differentially.
d. the strong magnetic field inhibits the currents of hot gas rising from below.
e. they radiate their energy into space faster than the rest of the photosphere.
ANS: D PTS: 1

19. Sunspots
a. are hotter than their surroundings.
b. are regions where material is rising from below the photosphere.
c. show the Zeeman effect indicating the presence of strong magnetic fields.
d. produce spicules.
e. are generally found near the poles of the sun during sunspot maximum.
ANS: C PTS: 1

20. The intensity of a sunspot is found to be 3 times smaller than the intensity emitted by the solar surface.
What is the approximate temperature of this sunspot if the temperature of the solar surface is 5,800 K?
a. 4,400 K
b. 470,000 K
c. 1,900 K
d. 7,600 K
e. 1,400 K
ANS: A PTS: 1

21. The solar constant is a measure of

a. the amount of solar energy reaching the earth.
b. the length of the sunspot cycle.
c. the period of rotation of the sun's equator.
d. the average number of sunspots seen during the Maunder minimum.
e. the sun's mass.
ANS: A PTS: 1

22. The sunspot cycle affects

I. the latitude at which sunspots are visible at a given time.
II. the number of sunspots that are visible at a given time.
III. the rotation rate of the sun's equator at a given time.
IV. the magnetic polarity of the sunspots at a given time.

a. I & II
b. I & IV
c. II & III
d. I, II & III
e. I, II, & IV
ANS: E PTS: 1

23. The sun's magnetic field is evident in the looped shapes of

 a. solar flares.
b. sunspots.
c. the corona.
d. granules.
e. solar prominences.
ANS: E PTS: 1

24. What evidence supports the contention that other sun-like stars also show a spot cycle much like our
sun's sunspot cycle?
a. the variation in the rotation rates of sun-like stars
b. the variation in the nuclear reaction rates in sun-like stars
c. the variation in the strength of the H and K emissions in the spectra of sun-like stars
d. the variation in the parallax of sun-like stars
e. the variation in the color of sun-like stars
ANS: C PTS: 1

25. Spicules
a. are found in the photosphere.
b. are magnetic disturbances that push large loops of material off the solar surface.
c. are responsible for twisting the solar magnetic field and causing the sunspot cycle.
d. appear in the corona near the north and south poles of the sun during a total solar eclipse.
e. are visible in filtergrams of the solar chromosphere.
ANS: E PTS: 1

26. The most recent sunspot maximum occurred in 2001. When is the next sunspot maximum expected if
the solar cycle continues?
a. 1990
b. 2006
c. 2012
d. 2023
e. The last cycle started a Maunder minimum, and the next maximum can not be predicted.
ANS: C PTS: 1

27. The variation in the strength of the calcium H and K emission from sun-like stars implies that these
stars
a. probably have very extended coronae.
b. probably have a magnetic cycle similar to the sun's.
c. do not rotate differentially.
d. may have planets that orbit them.
e. probably have supergranules and spicules.
ANS: B PTS: 1

28. A ____ is believed to occur when energy, stored in a twist in the solar magnetic field above a sunspot,
is suddenly released.
a. solar flare
b. supergranule
c. spicule
d. coronal hole
e. none of the above
ANS: A PTS: 1
29. The United States consumes 2.51019 J of energy each year. A typical solar flare releases 5.01024 J of
energy. How many years could we run the United States on the energy released by this solar flare if all
of the released energy could be used?
a. 510−6 years
b. 200,000 years
c. 1.251044 years
d. about 12 years
e. 500 years
ANS: B PTS: 1

30. If a sunspot has a temperature of 4,500 K and the surrounding solar surface has a temperature of 5,800
K, how many times brighter is the surface compared to the sunspot?
a. 0.28
b. 0.36
c. 2.8
d. 3.6
e. 36
ANS: C PTS: 1

31. What is the explanation for the pattern of granulation seen on the visible surface of the Sun?
a. The granules form the base of a circulation pattern that extends from the photosphere to
the outer corona.
b. The granules are regions of nuclear energy generation in the Sun's photosphere.
c. Each granule contains a strong magnetic field, which compresses and heats the gas
underneath it.
d. The granules are the tops of hot gas that have risen from the Sun's convective zone.
ANS: D PTS: 1

32. The gas motions within granules on the solar surface are
a. upward in the centers of some cells and downward in others; the gas cools as it passes
between individual granules.
b. actually motionless. The dark regions are absorption features from gases in the
photosphere.
c. upward in the bright cell centers and downward around the darker edges.
d. downward in the bright cell centers and upward around the darker edges.
ANS: C PTS: 1

33. What are the three layers of the Sun's atmosphere, in order of increasing distance from the surface?
a. Corona, chromosphere, photosphere
b. Photosphere, corona, chromosphere
c. Photosphere, chromosphere, corona
d. Chromosphere, photosphere, corona
ANS: C PTS: 1

34. The rotation of the Sun is

a. fastest at the equator, slower at mid-latitudes, and slowest near the poles.
b. slowest at the equator, faster at mid-latitudes, and fastest near the poles.
c. fastest at the equator, slowest at mid-latitudes and the poles which travel at the same speed
.
 d. the same regardless of latitude.
ANS: A PTS: 1

35. Why is the temperature at the region of a sunspot cooler than the photosphere?
a. They are holes in the photosphere that reveal the lower temperature gases in the deeper
layers.
b. They represent points where streams of cool gas from the corona lower the temperature in
those regions of the photosphere
c. Powerful magnetic fields in the sunspots act upon the atoms of the photosphere to prevent
them from emitting light.
d. Powerful magnetic fields inhibit the convective flow of the gases of the photosphere
allowing them to cool for longer than would normally be permitted.
ANS: D PTS: 1

36. If the spectrum of a sunspot shows that it has a maximum intensity at 650 nm, what is the temperature
of the sunspot?
a. 650 K
b. 5000 K
c. 1950 K
d. 4600 K
e. 10,000 K
ANS: D PTS: 1

37. If one kilogram of hydrogen is converted to helium, how much energy will be generated?
a. 91016 J
b. 3108 J
c. 6.51014 J
d. 2.2106 J
e. 3.2107 J
ANS: C PTS: 1

38. The capture of too few solar neutrinos by Davis in the solar neutrino experiment
a. was disproved by the results of later experiments.
b. can be explained if the sun is not undergoing thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in its core.
c. indicates that the sun's core is much hotter than expected.
d. indicates the sun's core is convective.
e. none of the above
ANS: E PTS: 1

39. The figure shows the sun and pairs of sunspots. One could say that there is really a 22 year sunspot
cycle because ...
 a. the time between sunspot number maxima is 22 years.
b. the time between maxima of the same magnetic polarity of sunspot pairs is 22 years.
c. it takes sunspots 22 years to move from the poles to the equator.
d. at maximum there are 22 sunspots per year.
ANS: B PTS: 1

40. The Zeeman effect can be used to determine the _______ our sun and other stars.
a. rotation speed of
b. mass of
c. color of
d. magnetic field on
e. radial velocity toward or away from
ANS: D PTS: 1

41. The sun has a continuous visual spectrum with dark absorption lines. The continuous spectrum is
produced by the ____________ layer while the dark absorption lines are produced by
____________layers.
a. inner chromosphere, outer photosphere
b. inner photosphere, outer chromosphere
c. inner chromosphere, outer corona
d. inner corona, outer chromosphere
ANS: B PTS: 1

42. ____________ of hydroden atom nuclei replace the heat the sun ____________ to keep it in
equilibrium.
a. Nuclear fusion reactions; loses into space
b. Nuclear fusion reactions; gains from empty space
c. Chemical reactions; loses into space
d. Chemical reactions; gains from empty space
e. Nuclear fission; loses into space
ANS: A PTS: 1

43. Uranium serves as the source of the sun's energy because ...
a. uranium atoms can be fissioned into lighter atoms and energy
b. uranium atoms can be fused into helium and energy
c. uranium atoms can be fused into hydrogen and energy
d. none of the above because fusion of hydrogen atoms serves as the sun's source of energy
e. none of the above because fusion of helium atoms serves as the sun's source of energy
 ANS: D PTS: 1

TRUE/FALSE

1. A filtergram is used to study layers below the photosphere.

ANS: F PTS: 1

2. Most of the visible light from the sun originates in the photosphere.

ANS: T PTS: 1

3. Granulation is caused by rising currents of hot gas below the photosphere.

ANS: T PTS: 1

4. The flash spectrum shows that temperature falls with increasing height in the chromosphere.

ANS: F PTS: 1

5. A filtergram is used to study layers below the photosphere.

ANS: F PTS: 1

6. The corona is heated by the solar magnetic field.

ANS: T PTS: 1

7. An older theory suggested that the corona was heated by shock waves from the convection zone.

ANS: T PTS: 1

8. There is only one form of neutrino.

ANS: F PTS: 1

9. Initially, scientists detected lower than the expected number of neutrinos from the sun.

ANS: T PTS: 1

10. The energy emitted by the sun comes from chemical reactions.

ANS: F PTS: 1

11. A giant fusion power reactor has been supplying all natural energy to the United States since 1776.

ANS: T PTS: 1

12. The Zeeman Effect shows that sunspots contain magnetic fields.

ANS: T PTS: 1

13. Sunspots are hotter than the photosphere.

 ANS: F PTS: 1

14. Solar flares have no known effect on the Earth.

ANS: F PTS: 1

15. Solar prominences have twisted and looped shapes because of the solar magnetic field.

ANS: T PTS: 1

16. The Sun appears to rotate only because the Earth is revolving about the Sun.

ANS: F PTS: 1

17. The element most abundant in the Sun is oxygen.

ANS: F PTS: 1

18. Sunspots often appear in pairs.

ANS: T PTS: 1

19. Most of the neutrinos from the sun originate in the core..

ANS: T PTS: 1

COMPLETION

1. Most of the light we see coming from the sun originates in the ____________________.

ANS: photosphere

PTS: 1

2. The ____________________ of the sun is composed of ionized gas and produces a continuous
spectrum with a superimposed emission spectrum.

ANS: corona

PTS: 1

3. The study of the oscillations of the surface and interior of the sun is known as
____________________.

ANS: helioseismology

PTS: 1

4. The ____________________ shows that sunspots are associated with magnetic activity.

ANS: Zeeman Effect

 PTS: 1

5. The dynamo effect is believed to produce the ____________________ of the sun.

ANS: magnetic field

PTS: 1

6. If energy is carried by the bulk motion of matter, that is called ____________________.

ANS: convection

PTS: 1

ESSAY

1. What does the granulation tell us about the layers below the photosphere?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

2. Why do the lines in a flash spectrum change as the edge of the moon moves across the edge of the
sun?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

3. Why does a filtergram reveal details in higher layers of the solar atmosphere?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

4. What evidence do we have that the chromosphere is hotter than the photosphere?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

5. Discuss a theory that explains how the corona is heated.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

6. What is the solar wind, and how does it affect objects in the solar system?
Test Bank for Foundations of Astronomy, 12th Edition : Seeds

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

7. What evidence do we have that the sunspots are magnetic?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

8. How does the sun's magnetic cycle affect the number, location, and polarity of sunspots?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

9. What effect does solar activity have on Earth?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

10. What is the Babcock model?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

11. How did measurements of neutrinos from the sun pose a problem for modern astronomy? How was it
resolved?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1

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