DeepFake

-Participants:
Name

Abdulrahman Almashaleh 0201159 AI

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Introduction:
In which a person in an existing image or
video is replaced with someone else's
likeness. While the act of faking content is
not new, deepfakes leverage powerful
techniques from machine learning and
artificial intelligence to manipulate or
generate visual and audio content with a
high potential to deceive.

Figure 1 DeepFake introduction.

History:
Technology has been improved since the 90’s, it still evolves and blooms every single day. In the history
of the development of technology, deepfakes are the perfect epitome.
In 1997, a paper was written by Christoph Bregler, Michele Covell and Malcolm Slaney had developed an
ingenious and truly matchless program that facilitated what some movie studios and audiobooks could do.
It synthesize new facial animation from an audio output and audios from texts too, it also modeled lips in
3D space. Those results of this paper were short but surprisingly convincing, it was where deepfakes came
from and first invented.
In the 2000s made deepfakes more convincing and powerful, it made drastic improvements to things like
motion tracking and moved deeper into the facial recognition world, in 2001 we have seen an active
appearance models which is an algorithm that was debuted in a paper from Timothy F. Cootes, Gareth J.
Edwards and Christopher J. Taylor. They made face matching and tracking significantly more efficient.
To be appendend, in 2016 and 2017, deepfakes were established with consumer grade hardware in two
papers, some universities, while wholly different in the objectives, they were trying to achieve and to
improve computing and rendering times while updating graphical fidelity in a way to look photorealistic.
For example, the face2face project out of the Technical University of Munich and the synthesizing Obama
project out of the University of Washington. Those projects attempt to make a real time animation,
replacing the mouth area of its target video with an actors.

The term deepfakes originated around the end of 2017 from a Reddit user named "deepfakes". He, as well
as others in the Reddit community r/deepfakes, shared deepfakes they created; many videos involved
celebrities’ faces swapped onto the bodies of actresses in pornographic videos, while non-pornographic
content included many videos with actor Nicolas Cage’s face swapped into various movies.

As of 2018, there were some updates to the sites-wide policy regarding involuntary sexual or suggestive
content involving minors or harassments, those policies are now to be broken out into two distinct

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ones. There are a variety of public resources available for deepfake development, it’s easy for even an
amateur to make deepfakes today with the biggest hurdle being patience, the incoming efficiency gains
from hardware and software development are only going to make them more prevalent (mudium.com,
2019).

Applications:
 Politics.
 Art.
 Acting.
 Movies.
 Internet memes.
 Social media.
 Sockpuppets.

Concerns:
Fraud
Credibility & authenticity:
1) Donald Trump Deepfake.
2) Barack Obama Deepfake.

What Are Deepfakes? Figure 2 DeepFake applications and concersns.

A combination of "deep learning" and "fake", deepfakes are hyper-realistic videos digitally manipulated to
depict people saying and doing things that never actually happened. Deepfakes rely on neural networks
that analyze large sets of data samples to learn to mimic

Person's facial expressions, mannerisms, voice, and inflections. The process involves feeding footage of
two people into a deep learning algorithm to train it to swap faces. In other words, deepfakes use facial
mapping technology and AI that swaps the face of a person on a video into the face of another person.
Deepfakes surfaced to publicity in 2017 when a Reddit user posted videos showing celebrities in
compromising sexual situations. Deepfakes are difficult to detect, as they use real footage, can have
authentic-sounding audio, and are optimized to spread on social media quickly. Thus, many viewers
assume that the video they are looking at is genuine.

Deepfakes target social media platforms, where conspiracies, rumors, and misinformation spread easily, as
users tend to go with the crowd. At the same time, an ongoing ‘infopocalypse’ pushes people to think they

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cannot trust any information unless it comes from their social networks, including family members, close
friends or relatives, and supports the opinions they already hold. In fact, many people are open to anything
that confirms their existing views

Even if they suspect it may be fake. Cheap fakes, that is, low-quality videos with slightly doctored real
content, are already everywhere because low-priced hardware such as efficient graphical processing units
are widely available. Software for crafting high-quality, realistic deepfakes for

Disinformation is increasingly available as open source. This enables users with little technical skills and
without any artistic expertise to near-perfectly edit videos, swap faces, alter expressions, and synthesize
speech.

As for technology, deepfakes are the product of Generative Adversarial Networks, namely two artificial
neural networks working together to create real-looking media. These two networks called ‘the generator’
and ‘the discriminator’ are trained on the same dataset of images, videos, or sounds , The first then tries to
create new samples that are good enough to trick the second
network, which works to determine whether the new media
it sees is real . That way, they drive each other to improve. A
GAN can look at thousands of photos of a person, and
produce a new portrait that approximates those photos
without being an exact copy of any one of them. In the near
Figure 3 what are DeepFake.
future, GANs will be trained on less information and be able
to swap heads, whole bodies, and voices. Although
deepfakes usually require a large number of images to create
a realistic forgery, researchers have already developed a
technique to generate a fake video by feeding it only one
photo such as a selfie. (Westerlund, 2019)

The Benefits of Deepfake Technology

Deepfake technology also has positive uses in many industries, including movies, educational media and
digital communications, games and entertainment, social media and healthcare, material science, and
various business fields, such as fashion and e-commerce.

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The film industry can benefit from deepfake technology in multiple ways. For example, it can help in
making digital voices for actors who lost theirs due to disease, or for updating film footage instead of
reshooting it. Movie makers will be able to recreate classic scenes in movies, create new movies starring
long-dead actors, make use of special effects and advanced face editing in post-production, and improve
amateur videos to professional quality. Deepfake technology also allows for automatic and realistic voice
dubbing for movies in any language, thus allowing diverse audiences to better enjoy films and educational
media. A 2019 global malaria awareness campaign featuring David Beckham broke down language
barriers through an educational ad that used visual and voice-altering technology to make him appear
multilingual. Similarly, deepfake technology can break the language barrier on video conference calls by
translating speech and simultaneously altering facial and mouth movements to improve eye-contact and
make everyone appear to be speaking the same language.

The technology behind deepfakes enables multiplayer games and virtual chat worlds with increased
telepresence, natural-sounding and -looking smart assistants and digital doubles of people. This helps to
develop better human relationships and interaction online. Similarly, the technology can have positive
uses in the social and medical fields. Deepfakes can help people deal with the loss of loved ones by
digitally bringing a deceased friend “back to life”, and thereby potentially aiding a grieving loved one to
say goodbye to her. Further, it can digitally recreate an amputee’s limb or allow transgender people to
better see themselves as a preferred gender. Deepfake technology can even help people with Alzheimer's
interact with a younger face they may remember. Scientists are also exploring the use of GANs to detect
abnormalities in X-rays and their potential in creating virtual chemical molecules to speed up materials
science and medical discoveries.

Businesses are interested in the potential of brand-applicable deepfake technology, as it can transform e-
commerce and advertising in significant ways. For example, brands can contract supermodels who are not
really supermodels, and show fashion outfits on a variety of models with different skin tones, heights, and
weights. Further, deepfakes allow for superpersonal content that turns consumers themselves into models;
the technology enables virtual fitting to preview how an outfit would look on them before purchasing and
can generate targeted

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Fashion ads that vary depending on time, weather, and viewer. An obvious potential use is being able to
quickly try on clothes online; the technology not only allows people to create digital clones of themselves
and have these personal avatars travel with them across e-stores, but also to try on a bridal gown or suit in

digital form and then virtually experience a wedding venue . Also, AI can provide unique artificial voices
that differentiate companies and products to make branding distinction easier. (Westerlund, 2019)

Let’s take a look at how deep fake and CGI are shaping a bold new future for
filmmakers. Here are some vivid examples of what Deep fake and CGI can
produce:
There was a time when Adobe Photoshop seemed like actual magic. Upon its release, the software shook
the news, entertainment, and advertising communities to their core, and crafty users from all walks of life
turned to it to alter images for journalistic, humorous, and sometimes nefarious ends. Truly, it was a
technological game changer.

Fast forward to what feels like several centuries later, and we see digital image manipulation edging
toward yet another new frontier, thanks to yet another seemingly magical new technology: Deep fake.

This new trend,

Figure 4 An example of Deep fake in action, replacing Amy Adams in Man of Steel with Nicolas Cage.
Image via Wikipedia. which focuses
specifically on

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manipulating faces, is something that both indie filmmakers and commercial video professionals need to
keep their eyes on.

De-Aging and CGI Doubles

Some of these concepts and techniques have actually been in recent practice for some big motion pictures
— albeit in a perhaps different, if not more sophisticated, manner. The most notable example might
be Martin Scorsese’s The Irishman (2019), which digitally de-aged Robert De Niro to appear thirty years
younger.

As you can see in the picture above, much of the technology used was “Flux” 3D modeling, and it’s quite
impressive when you start to break down the amount of detail and digital artistry that went into the
project.

Shortly after The Irishman‘s debut, the internet jumped on a video uploaded by a YouTube account
called iFake, which ran footage from the film through a free Deep fake technology to produce arguably
better results.

Figure 5 De-Again and CGI Doubles

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 Conclusion
Technology has been improving since the 1990s and in the history of development, deep fakes are the
perfect summary, and deep fakes appeared in 1997.

Deepfake is a machine learning and artificial intelligence technology used to manipulate and falsify real
videos.

-In the 2000s, deepfakes became more convincing and powerful, and in 2001, they made face matching
and tracking significantly more efficient.

-In 2016 and 2017, while some universities was different in goals, it was trying to achieve and improve
computing and rendering times while updating graphics resolution in a way that seemed realistic.

-The term deepfakes originated around the end of 2017 from a Reddit user named "deepfakes".

-As of 2018, it’s easy make deepfakes today with the biggest hurdle being patience.

Applications on Deep fakes: Politics, Art, Acting, Movies, Internet memes, Social media and Sock
puppets. Some of the most famous deepfakes videos are Donald Trump and Barack Obama

Deepfakes use facial mapping technology and AI that swaps the face of a person on a video into the face
of another person, as they use real footage,which make Deepfakes are difficult to detect.As for
technology, deepfakes are the product of ‘the generator’ and ‘the discriminator’ Generative Adversarial
networks

Deepfake technology also has positive uses in many industries, including film, educational media, digital
communications, games, entertainment, social media, healthcare, materials science, social and medical
fields, and various business areas, such as fashion, e-commerce and advertising.

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References
Jones, V. A. (2020). Artificial Intelligence Enabled – Deepfake Technology. ProQuest Dissertations.

mudium.com. (2019, sep 24). mudium.com. Retrieved from mudium.com.

Westerlund, M. (2019). The Emergence of Deepfake Technology. Technology Innovation Management Review,
9(11).

Wikipedia.

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