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    Fiber optics BE Entc

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    91 views28 pages

    FOC Decode

    Uploaded by

    abheetpethe.scoe.entc
    Fiber optics BE Entc

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Photodetectors 3 1 Explain the terms quantum efficiency and res hoto-detector. How are these terms related to each other ? ‘Ans. : Quantum efficiency ‘The quactum efceny i defined as the number of electon-hole ‘sir generated per incident photon of energy hv and is given as Number of electron-hole pairs generated ‘Number ofinédent photons ce wher, Ip is average photcurent Fis sveage opal power incident on phoodtct. ‘Absorption coefficient of material determines the quantum canie, (Quay Quantum efficiency ) < 1 as al he photon incident will not generate oh pairs. It is normally expressed in percentage. Responsivity ai ay 2 Draw and exp detectors. Ans: + Responsivy gives transfer characteris of detector ie, photo ‘uent per nit incident opi power ‘Type respnsvities of PIN photodiodes are - Silicon pin photodiode at 900 mm = 0468 AW. Germanium PIN photodiode st 13pm + 045 AW. In GaAs PIN photodiode a 13 um -+09 AW. Operating wavelengths and responsvies of photodiodes ture of responsivity curves of optical Photodades | Operating wavelength. | Respoosivity 2 s 90 a Os Aw oe oe AW Responsivity cure ‘ Responsivty cuve at 4 incon of wavelength fr silicon constructed pin photodiode ‘+ Response tie of photo dod i determined by factors, |) Potocries in depletion region 4 Diffcion tine of photocaies Ii) RC time constant of diode and exer cuit. "Tent or Engering Sucre [ SPPU : May-13, Marks 6 ] a “ie for Erierig Sens Ih or he psc i en = 18+ 108 He Savina sponse tie for phtadioge is pven by Response ine = Response time = —_ Response time = 523, 10° = 5235 Ans. walanche Photodiode 13 With the help of neat dlagram explain the construction and norking of avalanche photodiode Ans: Avalanche Phoalide (APD) Construction ‘When @ junction die ie applied with high reverse bas brekown an ostur by 0 paste mechanisms dest ionization of the Ine ‘toms, zener breakdown and high velocity cavers casing impact ionization of the late atoms elle nalanche Breakdown. ‘+ APDs wes the avalanche breakdown phenomena for is operation. The ‘APD basis itera gan which increases is responsi. 1 Fig. Q151 shows the schematic stuctuc of an APD. By virtue of the oping concentration and pial constton ofthe np junetin, the ‘lec eld is high enough fo cause impact ionization, SS = Ts npering San Pee cmmmeenn_=->_rrrwasig Fig. 121 APD schematic and variation of Eild acrous diodg working ‘Under nom opening bis, the Hayes (he p™ region) is completly depleted. Tis is known as reach through condition, hence APDs ay ‘ko known as reach through APD or RAPDs. Impact lonzation ‘The photogenerated cars averse a region where very high eleeie fei is present. These caries can gain enough encrgy under high cdectie field and excite new elecworcole pais. This phenomena is Caled impact ionization. lonization rate (K) ‘The average numberof electon le airs created by a carer per unit isance ave i called the lonzation rate (K) + Similar to PIN photodiode, light absorption in APDS is most efficient in ayer. In this repon the E-teld separates the cates and the elecoas dif into the avalanche region where caer multiplication o¢cu ‘Ff the APD is based close to breakdown, it will result in revere leakage curent. Thus APDs are usualy biased just below breakdown, wth he bis voltage being tightly controled. os ier Engineering Sere =— erated inthe phitodde 8 ven wee ty. * AVEIME vale of wl muliged ap cunee I= Primary insipid perce + espns of APD ie gres op Baro = 22 94 . he os Burp = FoM con) where, y= Unity gain responsivity 244 State advantages ad drawbacks of AP. An: Rr 13. Advantages of APD |. Due to carier multiplicion factor, low level light can be deed 2 Increase insenstivity of eeiver (5 015 6B) 3. SNR of receiver, high bene overall SNR improves 4. Excel: lines Disadvantages of APD 1. Complex stcnue 2M fcior depends on temperture, Therefore temperature stbintion ie required 3. High reverse bias vole is requed (80 10 40 vot). 4 Random naire of photodiode gives atonal not. 2.15 Compare p-ia and APD, ‘Ans. + Refer Q11 and QI, "efor ering Ss ae ‘se ‘Les entive Mor senive ' = o-2®) (1015 a 2 Bising Tow revene Saad | High revere big votnge volage Ge 10V. Sey 13] Wavelength elon | 300-100 am. 200-100 am 4] aie "Noir pi, | sternal pin | SN mio Pow. Bete | Dewcorceat | Simple More comple. 7. Canvesion| (051 1.0 Ampewan. | 0 1 100 Ampuvan, ei | con (Cheap. More expensive, 9] Suppor csainy | Nene igh volage and raed temperate compeasaon {16 A given APD hat 4 quantum efficiency of 65 % at wavelength fof 900 am. If OS j.watt of optical power produces « multiplied photocarrent of 10 4A fad the multiplication factor M. 1m [ SPU : May-08, Marks 6) ‘Am: Given: (Quantum efficiency n = 65 % = 05 Wavelength = 900 am = 900«10°9 m Incident optical power Pa, = 0 ywatt = 0.510% W Multiplied ouput curent Ty, = 101A = 10% 10° Amp. => efor Enero Sens = 23597107 Amp = 02382 ua Molipliction factor | M_ = 0010" 2359107 1017 An InGaAs avalanche photdeector basa quasar eciacy of 90% at a wavelength of 1810. If an iacdeat optical power of 5 iW produces a multiplied photoareeat od 15 uA. Calsate responsivity ication factor. | SPPU : Decit2, May-t4, Marks 6 ] dans: Given :n = 90%, = 090 = 1510 nm = 1310. 10% Py = 05 uW = 05 x 10% Jy = 15 uA = 15% 10%Amp. Respnsviyi given by. |x-2e a) as Aas —_— “Teneo Energies rhe Ope Communion i, x (ss10x10 i 8 Gea) P*) = 094s = 098 Am, ascio"®__15410* agus Car®) (5x10 YO) “Fete for Engng Se (Unie fv} 4 | Fiber Optic Link Design and WDM Systems ‘44: Potnt to Point Optical Link (a4 Explain og bel sate, ‘Ans: Long haa sytem ln onder 10 increase the raion dituce of epic sigs, ay technologies, like the TDM (Tine Division Mulipleing) and! WD (Wavelength Divison Muiplesng, have been ned. Except for tat reveal opal components Ike single mode fiber oe cables optcal tmpiifiers and dispersion compensating modules (DCMS) are ao Pot {into set realize the gol. z for eoaly dispersion compensation. ‘For long-bul optical transmissions, DWDM (Dense Wavelength Divison Maliplxing) technology is used “DWDM technology eubles diferent wavelengths to transmit over ingle optical fer. Different wavelengths we combined in a ‘device Man/Demux which {short of mukiplexeldemulipleret. The DWDM MovDemx provider low insertion loss and low polrzation-dcpndent las fer optical inks. aD ‘Per Ope Communication 4-2 _ Fiber Op Link Dein and WDM 5, 1 The new technologies include = 1880 nm High Optical Ovput 110 Channel CATV Transits = CWDM Signal Mukiplesing (Up 10 § Channels) + DWDM Signal Mubiplesing (Up 10 32 Channels) = Extum-Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) Dispersion Compensation Modules (DCMS) 2 State the key system requirements needed in analyzing 4 tng, ‘To full these requirements explain the choice of compon ‘her asvociated characteristics in « point-to-point optical ink, ‘Ans. : Key system requirements ‘An optical communication system should have following basic requir specifications =| 8) Tranamission type (Analog / digit), 1). System Sielty (SNR / BER) (9) Required transmission bandwith 8) Acceptable repeater spacing ©) Cost of system 1) Relay 8) Cost of maatenane. Point-to-Point Links 1A point-so-point link comprises of one tansminer and a receiver syste, ‘Ths isthe simplest frm of optical communication link and i st the basis for examining complex optical communication links “For analyzing the performance of any lnk following important axpects ae t be considered. 4) Distance of tansmisson ) Channel data rate c) Biterror rate “All above parameters of transmission link are associated with the ‘huraterisics of various devices employed in the link Import ‘components and ther characteristics are listed in following the table. ‘Fig. 21 illsrates a simple point-o-poiat link “Gale for Engieing Sade Fepeater spacing (L). The The bit tednance peda for pinot is ‘+ Two inporsat aay fordevitingpeormace of ay fber ink e- 3) Link power ig Powe lg 4) Rise time budget / Bani, “eee haat i swe w daemibe where eat power o achieve the desi signal uly. The ‘ower a recive is he east powe mim nk et ‘+The component i he ink mut be vied fist eaough and the Hh dipenion must be low enough to mest he bedi garcons of the mean, Adequate bandwidth fr sew can be eed by developing «rie dine budget Design Considerations * The overall stem comidertin ices flowing sep: 1. Selection of operating wavelength 2. Sdetin of photodetector 4. Seletin of pil sue 4. Selection of opal er. 1. Selection of operatig maveengh * Before sling sine componens, the opting wavelength fo the system i decided. The operating wavlegh selon depends co te ASsunce and steno, cg 7 Gar Egerg Sane Fier Ope Commanicton ‘ier Op Link Dein ond DM ‘Fee shorter distance, te $0.900 ne region it prefered bt fo ong ance 1300 oe 1580 nm region is prefered due to lower atemuaee, and dispersion. 2, Selection of photodetector ‘eThe pest step is selection of photodetector, While selecting hotodetector following factors are considered - 4) Minimum opie! power tat mus fill on photodetector to satay BER at specified data rate, ii) Complexity of circuit. fi) Cost of design. in) Bias requirement. 1, Selecting of optical source ‘Next step in system consideration is choosing a proper optical source, ‘important factors to consider ae ~ {Signal dispersion. i) Data rate, {i) Transmission distance. in) Cos. ¥)_ Optical power coupling. ‘i Circuit complexity. 4. Selection of optial ber ‘+The last factor in sytem consideration is to selection of optical fer ‘bereen single mode and multimode fiber with sep or grided index ‘er ‘Fiber selection depends on type of optical source and. tolenble spersion. Some important factors for selection of ber are |) Numerical Aperuze (NA), as NA increases, the fiber coupled power increases also the dispersion. fi) Anenuaion characters. i) Environmental induced loses eg. due to temperature variation, moisture and dust ee —_——— J “A Gude for Engineering Studens 10 Oe Commancaton 4g keen evn ad WDM Syren 0. Fepain Hak power age gy 1 palette ak. Alo gine onto Peet te dl fr Tnkclows bude "the raphial represen Ans: # For opting tink to he sted a8 shown i Fig ga ae On HA P Hb “on one Fla. 2.1 Optial power loss model ‘Let fc dente he losses occu tconecae ‘yy denotes the lores occur a splices (4, denotes the loses cca in her ‘All the losses from source to deter compies te system. taal toss (Pr) ‘Link power margin conse the losses due to somponent apg and temperature Mucuton. Usually a link margin of 6 4B 8 considered hile estimating ink power budget, ‘Total opt les pesto oe + Gplcing loss ~ Fiber aremuaton) + Stem margin (Py) Pr = 2ic+ajLe System margin (Pa) where, Lis mansion distance, yf system margin, G4 Components chosen for 2 digital optical ber tink of overall Tength 10 kim and operating at » 20/M bids using an RZ. code a ‘of launching an average power of 01 MW at 085 = ao Boing Se — he Op Lk ete nd WOM Ogg, ——— A 1 Fiber atenuation 25 dB/Am and My Requlres splicing every 2 km with loss of 0.3 €B per apie, “There alo 1 connector lot atthe receiver of 1.8 4B. te) The receiver requires mean incident optical power of ~ 46 dy inorder to give the necessary BER of 10". ‘Predicted safety margin of 6B. Write down the opial power budget for the #7 tnd hency determine its viability. a [ SPU : May'3, Marka 9 Ams Component / Parameter LED out (01 MW) Receiver sesvigy ‘Alowe os E10 46) = 36 8 Fiber os (10x25) Splice loss ($ x03) (Connector os (11.5) Sale aria Excess power agi The aye is vibe and provides 3B excess power magn (5 An optical ber link of length 4 kan comprises» Mer cable with ‘an attenuation of $ dBshm. The splice lnses for the link are tctimated at 2 dBm, and the connector les atthe source etector are 35 and 25 dB respectively. Ignoring the effects of ‘lsperson on the link determine the total channel los. {[ SPPU : Fob.A6 In Sem, Marks 3] Aas: d= 5B, 0) =24B, cg = 05425) 8, L= 4m sd 7 anger ts her Oe ken and WOM Syme 42: Rise Time Budget 26 Write shor note on; Re tne hedetag Ans: Rise time budget Rise time gives imporant_infrman Reese tage am man ft ital em. dee ‘optical fiber lnk, ‘spersion Imation of an ‘Toa se time of «fer tk Uk ste rocemsgure of nie tne of «22h contibuor the penetine eps ‘The link components must be switched fast cough and the fiber ispersion must be low enough 1 meet the bandwidth requirements of the application, Adequate banéidth for a sytem can be assured by developing arise tie badge As the ight sources and detctrs bat& fite response ine inputs te deve oe na tawon crafts “Rise tie and il ine determine the over repose tine and bene ‘he resoing bandh ‘Congets,couples an spies do oot als en spe they need ot be scot ite te Badge but hey appear ine Uk power ae “Four basic element tht obs tthe isin ae ~Traaniver rises (tn) Groep Velo Dispersion (GYD) ss time (Ivo) —_—_—_—aeaeneneEee = “Tonto Engrg Sens ree Coamminen ~ Moda dein iti of tat) = Receiver rise time (tr.) vm = [thea tte th] Qs ‘Rise time due to modal dispersion given #8 62) where, By is bandwidth HE) 1 is length offer am) 4s» parameter ranging beeen OS and By is bandwidth of 1 km length fer. ‘+ Rise time due to group velocity dispersion is tow = Diol F ~ (63) here, is dispersion oo(am son} «is hapower spel width of orce Lis eng of ber ‘ Resiver ated tei in maosecond is 3 tre where, By is 3 4B - BW of receiver (MB) 1 Equstion (Q6.1) can be writen as #[2+e epee)” top [Raa 8] => “A Ge for Engeing Smee : 17 Pe Opin gat Sem 1055) the stem hand th i gven by bw - (058) 27 The 10 10.90% rise nes fo = pe open ed DAM analog optical fiber link ar = . LED source: 10 nse, tee Fiber cable: Intermodal: 9 avkm Intramoda : 2 nk APD detector :3 asec “The desined lin length wit repeaters BW Js 6 MHz Determine the above combination of components pve an adequate response, 1 [ SPPU : Dec.-13, Marks 8 ] 235 As. Tyga = O35 = 235. 583s Ge} Tl tne, yy “11003 + 18 + TP 2 7)! £11100? + @x 57 + ax 5% + 317 2008 Toe (8) > Tye Specified components pve a system re time whichis adeguate for the ‘undid and diane requerenss ofthe opi ler ink. “43: WDM Concepts {28 Desribe the concept of wavelength division muliplering and sate the key system fetures of WDM. SS =S 1 eo vgiering Sere re pt Lk Den nt ororees te a cp WOM ns 10 40 a ny deat wees OS, cin UND wg ‘ie sen aen “outiplesing (WDM). "Fig is ty hemes be coer of WOM , Sa Iydas. wee an aol tbe ie ga WOM concert vee hex es of ee an tsa en wee ies, i ope Ae Sve HA WOM Scheme Implamentain and Working MOM nats of ret wavelet (3001600 can pag, Fig. 0.8.2 WOM scheme Each ipa i generated by a sept epic source with x uque wavelength. An optical muliplner couples light ftom individual sources 1 te easing het —<— “Ga for egneing Suen Fry ik Desen and WDM Sem Py 42 shows imple WDM scheme 6 ot a et ng he Jewltlener IMS have nanow "pect operton mith SRP ‘crete cto. The aceepale lint of erowal It ‘8 raaturos of WOM Chupstant antes or eae of WDM ate as meron blo + 1. Capacity aperae Since ech wavelength spp deere ct atin op, ch 2, Trampareney : WDM can cary fast agnteosas, 80% synchronous, syehonas aalog and iia Jt 3. Wavelength routing + Lik capacy and feuiity 8 increased by wing muliple wavelength 4, Wovelengahsviteing = WDM can add or drop: mules 1058 comets and wateerthconene's ‘a9 State major requirement of ransmiers used ip WDM ER Aas Major requirements of WOM tansmiter 1 Tunable Tresmine capable of runing any desied wavelenth ‘by simple tuning proved. Set of features like qui, suabiliny and sabiiy of rained hh ‘Low sive generator, Avoid inerhane ross ‘Abii to tune and integrate individu! wane. “44: WDM Components ‘010 Explain applicnton of FBG as dslipleer for WDM system. ‘vns + Fiber rage erating . nee fer Braga ating is 2 pevioic oc aperiodic pemason of the recov refaetive index in the cre of an optical er 3 4 = ns ene ore ommenen 4:1) Ph Ov i Dg nt WO St sl the wavelength we e Peed to por. por abe any pee pei ‘erie pentatonic? Tye eid of the order ot ‘Raveength then remaicing wavelength are nate ee Pee Sega x knee He ing peat poe. . a ers C06 2 Tl fe. vee, mat mai teins wig 2 oe ace ae a en min Soha sd pmag sree opel Peel tag te as srg 2112 ade ne mii, en of the fier SOR nd period of eaing have he ee mad a eel cea. He, fom al he worl cats rap ong of ope cesar Dated oH TS Pr ae ee pat ceca oes OE Fig. 11.2 Danutipleer uncon ung fer A od sends them out at ervtea os rata x et - aon ‘aThe circulator takes four wavelengths 21,22,43 and Ay from input pore. and sends them to por-2. All wwvelegts except > Pas crest orang teemoe 2" susies the Bragg, comin of H805 _ ene ge eee ad exis por. rostwnverats + Pon 2 {Q.42 Write a short note on optical coupler, overs ‘Ans: Opies! coupler a fer optic coupler may be described as an opal clement tat nf aoe ther ope tems tat have one or more input Shes and several ouput fiber. PA coupler busily rings fgets vo ox more Ses ores 10 ret vith each ober. a The basic coupler is the 22 coupler, which is made from fused Aber. Fig, 4.1 Opin creuitor ee a "1 Guide for Engineering Sens aA fey ate spliting aio = SAE = Aas 78 = 9% Aas spliting ro = ap ‘a4 A 2% 2 biconical tapered ber coupler bas an Up opdcal powes eve of Py = 200 :W. The oatput powers atthe other three ports are r= 90s, By = BS yW and Py = 62 W, Calelte coupling aio (Citing ratio), excess Tos, fsertion lst and ross talk for the coupler. 5 [ SPPU : Apriht6, In Som, Marks 6 ] Ans Splining aio 100% Siete ig timy - an rer opt Link Dein and WDM Syms Pe pe commie a wee asa meron ios = 10 log 2 (om po 0191) = ong asa a cma wm(B) : = 10° 3 r000r? | os Ama on S9Q] me sus nat en 2 ce eta a te ar mama fan pl 1 ae ~—,. een a om. poe at Fig. 8.4 22 Aber couner ete lion Fused eoniclly epered recnique is wed 10 Pr couples The input and oust port bas The tapered secon gradually coupling region of eng =e Jong tapered section of length reduced and fused together 10 form peoesComaninin 4, the re nt nnd 9 rt ‘input optical power: Py oo mre ‘Throughput power : Py Cooled power: P Cross talk : Py over dv 1 teflon: Fy Te dual ape eto dete be pt 7, ect deve sled eel soe «The optical power coupled from one fiber wo other 1. Axial ot =, ‘Asal length of coupling region where the Ses fom Sher 2. Radius of fiber in outing region, 3. The difference in radi of two fibers in couping rion. Performance parameters of optical coupler 4. Spliting rate / coupling rato Spliting ratio is defined as - ~@is) ; wi i = [gi] semen: Sn sd op er oe ena = (Q152) 3. Insertion fons = « Taserion loss refers to the Toes for » particular port to port path. For path fom input pri to oupat por j- = (Q153) Insertion loss = whet ‘re Opt Commancen 4-18 Per Ope nt Destin 04 WDM Sem 4. Cross tak: ‘Cros tak is « measure of degree of islation between input Por ang power scatered or reflected beck o ter input port. 7 om wk = 10g {F) {a4 tapaawerkng opt ample. 1 Not opal nies ang ie ht og nated SSivce heer ier ning a he itt eck, Ope gaa ected when hamper 1 panel Py or Crecealyw chee ppaien venon Oil anplictin Seno Teun (rave fine ia “toes toy ama qyumion of oi mgs erp ~~ Preamplifiers. “Poem on. Q1c1 own ble ak dag of oa emp. Lee] |e = 161 Opt! ampiitor Parameters for characerelog optical amplifiers 1. Exteral pumping 2. Amplifier exin 3. Operating regions 4. Signal to noise ro Operation of optical amplifier +The exteral pump source energy is absorbed by the electrons i the ‘active medium. The electrons shfs to the higher energy level prodocing opulton inversion, J “Ct for Enger Soe alloys of group and m Papv si nda at eins, Ce, ni 4.6 : Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (S0A) (osT Write short note on semiconducter opts ampler, s SOA is a Laser diode without end minors and with anirfecton coating coupled to both fiber ends, in ether fer 8 spe ger gh da SOR on eae «+ Active medium consists of alloy semiconductr(, Ge, i, AS)- {+SOA works in both low atenuition windows Le 1300 nm and 1550 sm. ‘The 3 dB bandwidth is about 70 nm because of very broad sain geet. “+SOA consumes les power and as fewer components. {two major pes of SOA are - 2) Fabry-Perot Amplifier (FPA) ) Traveling Wave Amplifier (TWA) {SOA bas rapid gin response I pst 0.1 ms. ‘construction of SOA ga oa Fig, 0174 Semiconductor optel amplifier ry “Fa or Enginering Sens ‘ber Ope Commanicton 4-20 Fiber Ope Lint Dein ond WDM Syromy {ibe Ope Commanicaton_ 4-20 _ Fier Op Unt Doin ent PON Srvome Principle of Operation 1. Stimulted emission to amplify an optical sig 2. Active repon of the semiconductor. 3. Injection cuent to pump electrons at the condcton band. 44 The input signal stimulates the wanton of electrons own 1 the valence band to acquire an amplification. ‘Advantages and Disadvantages of SOA ‘Advantages 1) The semiconductor optical amplifier is of small size and lectically pumped. 2) Tecan be potemially less expensive than the EDFA and can be imegrted ith semisonductor lasers, modulators, €- 3) All four types of nonlinear operations (cos gain modulition, ‘rose phase modulition, wavelength conversion and four wave ‘mixing) can be conducted. 4) SOA can be run with low power Isr. This originates fom the Short nanosecond of Test eper state ifeime, 20 that the gxin acs rapidly to changes of pomp oc signal power and the ‘anges of gu allo cause phase changes which can distort the ‘Souls. Disadvantages "The pefomance of SOA is sll not comparable wih the EDFA. The SOA bat higher noise, lower gin, moderate polarization dependence and high nonlinearity with fast uansent tie. “47 : Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) 48 Explain; Principle of operation of Erbium Doped Fiber ‘Amplifier (EDFA). ‘Ans: EDFA ‘The most popular material for Jong haul telecommuniaton applications isa silica fiber doped wih Erbium, which is known as Ertium-doped ‘ber amplifier or EDFA. ‘+The operation of an EDFA by islf normaly is Limited to the 1530 0 1560 nm region. — = "Cie for Egg Sader ‘Se permn wind eee en bl pc ea 1), Conventional or Cand: 1528 am = 1565 tm 2) Long or Lbun : 1570 nt 1610 om 7 An opal fiber is doped with tere earth sas fiber can absorb light at one nite Feat ffeueny and emit ight a nce Ser ete 1 Sa ag ce ae ‘« Additional optical signals at wavelengths between 1530 and 1620 1 emit photons atthe same wavelength a he incoming signal. This implies the weak optical signal to , 1 boost in ee. igher power, eftting => 1s sss Fig. 181 EDFA schematic “eThe cnerey level diagram of Esbiam (Ex) ions in sii is shown im Fig. Q182. (See Fig. Q182 on next pase) EDFA Architecture ‘EDFA configuration depends purely on pumping yp they ate 1. Codtetioal pumping 2, Counter directional purring 3. Dual pumping Fig. 18.3 Coairectionsl pumping 2. Counter Directional Pumping vine pun is nec inthe oppo dzecion 0 the Sigal flow. This configuton provides beter gait. eo wae_|

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