‫اﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺑﻴﺌﻲ ﻳﺼﻒ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ وﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬

‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم‪ .‬ﻟﺘﺼﻔﺢ ﻋﻨﺎوﻳﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ‪ ،‬اﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫( ﻫﻲ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺑﻴﺌﻲ ﻳﺼﻒ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ اﻻﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪Sustainability :‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ وﻣﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬واﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻌﻴﺸﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺪى‬
‫اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ وﻫﺬا ﺑﺪوره ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻔﻆ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ واﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﺆول ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻷرض ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻰ دﻋﻢ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻧﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺻﻮر "اﻟﻜﻠﺔ اﻟﺰرﻗﺎء" ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺳﺎ‪) 2001:‬إﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﺴﺎر( و‪ 2002‬إﻟﻰ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺑﺪءا ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ أﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ واﺳﻊ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ وﺟﻪ ﻣﻦ وﺟﻮه اﻟﺤﻴﺎة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض‪ً ،‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ وﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى ﻓﺘﺮات زﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ واﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ .‬إن اﻟﺪورات اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻴﺪ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء واﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ واﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮوﺟﻴﻦ واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺤﻴﺔ وﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬وأﻣﻨﺖ ﺣﻴﺎة داﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻤﻼﻳﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ‪ .‬وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ازدﻳﺎد ﻋﺪد اﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻜﺎن ﻫﺬه اﻷرض‪،‬‬
 ‫ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ واﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت‬
‫ً‬ ‫أﺛﺮا‬
‫اﻧﺤﺪرت اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ وﻛﺎن ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺰان اﻟﺪورات اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ً‬
‫]‪[1‬‬
‫اﻟﺤﻴﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‪.‬‬

‫ﻫﻨﺎك أدﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﻴﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ ،‬وأن إﻋﺎدة اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺸﺮي ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮا‪ [1].‬إن ﺳﺒﻞ اﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺄﺧﺬ أﻧﻤﺎﻃﺎ ﻋﺪﻳﺪة ً‬
‫ﺑﺪءا‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎ‬
‫ً‬ ‫داﺧﻞ اﻟﺤﺪود اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺟﻬﺪً ا‬
‫ﻣﻦ إﻋﺎدة ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻷوﺿﺎع اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬اﻟﻘﺮى اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺒﻠﺪات اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ]اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ[‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺪن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫وإﻋﺎدة ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ )اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺮة‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء‪ ،‬واﻟﺰراﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ(‪ ،‬أو ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫)اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ(‪ ،‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪة )ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة(‪ ،‬ﻹﺟﺮاء‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼت ﻓﻲ أﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﻤُ ﺠﺘﻤﻊ واﻟ ِﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‪.‬‬

‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸـﺮﻳﻦ أول ﻣﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﻛﺐ اﻷرض‬
‫وﻫﺬا ﻣﻬﺪ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻋﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 20‬آذار ‪" :1987‬اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ دون اﻟﻤﺴﺎس ﺑﻘﺪرة اﻷﺟﻴﺎل‬
‫]‪[3][2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪".‬‬

‫وﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﺗﻤﺮ اﻟﻘﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﻌﺎم ‪] 2005‬اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ[ ﻟﻮﺣﻆ أن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ذﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺘﻮﻓﻴﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ و اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫و اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ وﻫﻲ "اﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ" ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ [4].‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺮأي ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺛﻼث ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺘﺪاﺧﻠﺔ ﻣﺸﻴﺮة‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﺎ‪[5].‬‬ ‫إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﺮﻛﺎﺋﺰ اﻟﺜﻼث ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺒﻌﺪ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ‪ ،‬وإﻧﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﺰز ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﻘﺒﻞ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎ وﺷﻬﺪ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮات ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ [8][7][6].‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ؟ وﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﺗﻜﻮن أﻫﺪاﻓﻬﺎ؟‬
‫وﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻫﺬه اﻷﻫﺪاف؟ ﻫﻲ أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄوﻳﻞ‪ [9].‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ دﻋﺎة ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺮة اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺠﺮد ﺗﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺒﺪو أن اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻄﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺪﻫﻮر اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ [10].‬وﺗﺴﺎءل ﻫﻴﺮﻣﺎن داﻟﻲ وﻫﻮ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫ﺑﻴﺌﻲ‪" :‬ﻣﺎ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺮة ﺑﺪون ﻏﺎﺑﺔ؟"‪ [11].‬ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮر‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮن اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي‬
 ‫ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪ ذاﺗﻪ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄي ﻛﺴﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻄﺎع واﺣﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺧﺴﺎرة ﻣﻦ ﻗﻄﺎع آﺧﺮ‪ [12].‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ ﺑﺜﻼث ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ داﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﺪة اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‪.‬‬

‫ً‬
‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻻ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻫﻮ أﻣﺮ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﻨﺎل وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻜﺜﺮة اﻷﻣﻮر اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮاﻗﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎ‬ ‫إن‬
‫واﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﻴﺎن واﺿﺢ ﻣﺤﺪد ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ "وﺟﻬﺔ"‪ .‬وﻫﻨﺎك ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ "ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻌﻴﺶ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﺪاﻋﻤﺔ"‪ [13]،‬وﻣﻊ ﻏﻤﻮﺿﻪ‪ ،‬أي أﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻟﻔﻜﺮة اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﺣﺪودً ا ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻜﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ أﻳﻀﺎ دﻋﻮة إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪم أو "اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ"]‪ ،[14‬إذن ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺤﺪد ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻌﺎرﻳﻒ اﻟﻮاردة اﻷﻫﺪاف واﻟﻘﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﺤﺪث ﻣﻴﺜﺎق اﻷرض]‪ [15‬ﻋﻦ "ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺪام‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮم ﻋﻠﻰ اﺣﺘﺮام اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬وﺣﻘﻮق اﻹﻧﺴﺎن اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﺪاﻟﺔ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬وﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﻼم"‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺒﺎدئ واﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻹﻃﺎر اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻲ واﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ رواﺑﻂ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎت واﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻨﻮات‬
‫اﻷﺧﻴﺮة ﻇﻬﺮ ﻣﺠﺎل ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺮف ﺑﻌﻠﻮم اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ [16].‬وﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻢ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺣﻘﻼ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺤﺪ ذاﺗﻪ وﻳﻤﻴﻞ‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻟﺤﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ وﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎه ﺧﻠﻖ ﻣﺠﺎل ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ اﺗﺨﺎذ اﻟﻘﺮارات اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ ﻫﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪[17].‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎس واﻟﺴﻴﺎق‬

‫ﺗﺪرس وﺗﺪاة اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت واﻷﻃﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﺰﻣﺎن واﻟﻤﻜﺎن واﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻴﺎﻗﺎت‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﺮاوح اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻴﺔ )اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ( ﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ اﻷرض‬
‫وﺣﺘﻰ اﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ واﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺒﻠﺪان واﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺎت واﻷﺣﻴﺎء واﻟﺤﺪاﺋﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺣﻴﺎة اﻷﻓﺮاد‬
‫واﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ واﻟﻤﻬﻦ وأﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﺤﻴﺎة وأﻧﻤﺎط اﻟﺴﻠﻮك وﻫﻠﻢ ﺟﺮا‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻃﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻮﺻﻠﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ واﻹﻧﺴﺎن أو أي ﺟﺰء ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ [18].‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﺎل ﺑﻮﺗﻜﻴﻦ داﻧﻴﺎل‪ ،‬وﻫﻮ ﻣﺆﻟﻒ وﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻴﺌﻲ‪" :،‬ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أن ﻫﻨﺎك‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮازﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻣﺎن واﻟﻤﻜﺎن"‬

‫اﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼك ‪ -‬اﻟﺴﻜﺎن‪:‬اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ واﻟﻤﻮارد‬

‫ﻣﻦ أﻫﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮات اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺗﺪﻣﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﺒﻴﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻸرض‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬
‫اﻷﺛﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ وﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻛﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻔﺮد‪ ،‬وﺑﺪوره ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪة‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮارد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ وﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﺠﺪدة أم ﻻ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﺒﺸﺮي ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺪرة اﻻﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﻢ‬
‫اﻹﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻧﻈﻢ دﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻹدارة ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻮارد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت ﻋﺪﻳﺪة‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ واﻟﺰراﻋﺔ واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬وﻷﻧﻤﺎط اﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻷﺳﺮ واﻷﻓﺮاد ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد واﻟﺴﻠﻊ واﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫]‪[20][19‬‬ ‫ﻛﻼرك‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻷي ﺑﺎت‪ ،‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻃﻮرت ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ أول اﻟﻤﺤﺎوﻻت ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ رﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﺒﺸﺮي ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن )س(‬

 ‫اﻟﺜﺮاء )ث( أي ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎت اﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼك )ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ "اﻟﺜﺮاء" ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أﺧﺘﻼف ﻣﻌﻨﺎه(‪،‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ )ت( وﻫﻮ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ وﺣﺪة ﻣﻮارد ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‪) .‬ﺳﻤﻴﺖ "ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ "‪ ،‬ﻷن ﻫﺬا اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ‪[21]:‬‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ )ب(= س × ث × ت‬

‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬

‫"ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ" ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻹدارة ﻋﻠﻢ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ [22].‬إن اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ )واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻄﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮاء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻔﺮدي أو اﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ( ﺗﺘﻄﻮر ﺑﺸﻜﻞ داﺋﻢ‪ :‬أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺆﺷﺮات‬
‫وﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ وﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت وﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ وﻧﻈﻢ إﺻﺪار اﻟﺸﻬﺎدات ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرة اﻟﻨﺰﻳﻬﺔ واﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻔﻬﺎرس‬
‫واﻟﻤﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ‪ [23] ،‬وﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻹﺑﻼغ‪ .‬واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ‪[25][24].‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺾ أﻓﻀﻞ ﺗﺪاﺑﻴﺮ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﻘﺎرﻳﺮ اﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔاﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎت‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺧﻼﺻﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻘﻮل اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ وﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮات ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﻜﻢ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﻲ اﻟﻔﺮدى ﻟﻠﺒﻠﺪان ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺆﺷﺮ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ وﻣﺆﺷﺮ اﻷداء اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺴﻜﺎن‬

‫ﺗﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‬

 ‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‪ ،2050-1950 ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻨﺤﻮ اﻟﻤﻘﺪر ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 2011‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ اﻹﺣﺼﺎء اﻷﻣﻴﺮﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺘﻨﻘﻴﺢ ﻋﺎم ‪ 2008‬ﻟﻠﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮات اﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻷﻣﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎن واﻟﺘﻮﻗﻌﺎت‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ‪ 7‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،2012‬ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ 6.9‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪ ،2009‬ﻟﻴﺘﺠﺎوز ‪ 9‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﺑﺤﻠﻮل‬
‫ﻋﺎم ‪ .2050‬وﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ دوﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪ 5.6‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ 2009‬إﻟﻰ ‪7.9‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﻴﺎرات ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ .2050‬وﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﻤﺮﻳﺔ ‪ 1.2) 59-15‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر دوﻻر( و‪ 60‬أو أﻛﺜﺮ‬
‫)‪ 1.1‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر دوﻻر( ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻋﺪد اﻷﻃﻔﺎل ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻦ ‪ 15‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫ﻳﺨﻀﻊ ﻋﺪد ﺳﻜﺎن دوﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ زﻳﺎدة ﻃﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1,23‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر إﻟﻰ ‪ 1,28‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎر‪ .‬وازﻳﺎدة ﻣﺮدﻫﺎ ﻟﻠﻬﺠﺮة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻗﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ أن ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ‪ 2.4‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮن ﺷﺨﺺ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪2009‬‬
‫و‪[26].2050‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ أﺳﻠﻮب ﺣﻴﺎة ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺺ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻔﺮد أو اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻷرض اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪ [27].‬وﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﻣﻤﺎرﺳﻮا اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺺ اﻧﺒﻌﺎﺛﺎت اﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ واﺳﺘﻬﻼك‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ واﻟﺤﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ‪ [28].‬ﻫﺪف ﻣﺆﻳﺪوا اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻟﺠﻌﻞ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻹﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻮازﻧﺔ‬
‫واﺣﺘﺮام اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ]]اﻟﺘﻜﺎﻓﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻟﺪورات اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻸرض‪ [29].‬وﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺔ واﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﺎة‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺒﺎدئ اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻟﺴﺘﺮ ﺑﺮاون ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻴﺌﻲ واﻋﺪ وﻣﺆﺳﺲ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ورﻟﺪ واﺗﺶ وﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔاﻷرض ‪ ،‬ﻳﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎدي واﻟﻌﺸﺮون ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ " اﻟﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة اﻟﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة وإﻋﺎدة اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أو إﻋﺎدة ﺗﺪوﻳﺮ‬
‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﺘﻨﻮع "‪ [30]".‬إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻳﻬﺪف ﺑﻨﺎة ﻗﺮﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻴﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻘﺮى إﻟﻰ أن اﻟﺘﺤﻮل إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة ﻟﻦ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺎ إﻻ إذا ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﺑﻨﻴﺖ ﺟﺬاﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫وﺗﻜﻴﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻀﺮورة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪى اﻷﺟﻴﺎل‪.‬‬
 ‫أرﻛﺎن اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫]‪[31‬‬

‫‪(Circles of Sustainability image (assessment - Melbourne 2011‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺎس ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻻﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺧﺘﻴﺎر ﻧﻤﻂ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة واﻟﻘﺮارات‪ .‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮم واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻴﻪ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ وﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ واﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ دون اﻟﻤﺴﺎوﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﻞ اﻟﻘﺎدم‪ [33][32].‬ﻳﺼﻒ ﻣﻔﻬﻮم أوﺳﻊ آﺧﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ‪ :‬اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد واﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم اﻷول‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ وﺻﻒ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮن داﺧﻞ اﻟﻘﺪرات اﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪدﻫﺎ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮم اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ أو ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮم‬
‫دواﺋﺮ اﻹﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ وﺻﻒ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﺑﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت ذو اﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎت ﺿﻤﻦ ﺣﺪود ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺮاﺑﻄﺔ‪[34].‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪام و اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎدﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ .‬اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪام ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ [35].‬اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﺑﺪورﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻫﺬه‬
‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺔ‪[36].‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ‪ .‬اﻟﻌﻤﺎرة واﻟﺰراﻋﺔ ﻫﻲ أﻛﺜﺮ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﻟﻬﺬه‬

‫اﻟﺒﻴﻮت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬
 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻤﺴﻜﻦ اﻳﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ )ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ(‬

‫اﻟﺒﻴﻮت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻣﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ وﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻤﺎرﺳﺎت اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ أﺳﻠﻮب‬
‫ﺣﻴﺎة ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻨﺎﺋﻬﺎ وﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ اﺛﺎر ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض‪.‬‬

‫و ﻋﺎدة ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺤﻼت اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺪارس‪ ،‬وﻣﺮاﻛﺰ اﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬أو‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ اﻻﻟﺘﺰام ﺑﺨﻴﺎرات اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪ [37].‬أﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺑﻴﻮت ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ وﻫﻲ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ أي ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ أو ﻣﺎء أو ﺧﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪.‬‬

‫و إذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﻜﻦ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺒﻴﻮت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻮردة ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺼﺎدر‬
‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ وﺗﺸﺘﺮي اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﺈﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺒﻴﻮت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺘﺠﺪدة وﺑﻴﻊ أي ﻓﺎﺋﺾ إﻟﻰ أي ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‪ .‬و ﻫﻨﺎك ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﺎن ﻣﺘﻌﺎرف ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺨﻴﺎر‬
‫]‪[38‬‬
‫وﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ واﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺰدوج‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮك اﻟﺬي ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﻓﻲ أﻏﻠﺐ اﻟﺒﻴﻮت‪ ،‬وﻳﺸﻐﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻣﺎم ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫وﻳﺸﻐﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﻠﻒ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ )ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام “اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ“ ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ووﺿﻊ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﻀﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﺪم اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺧﻼل ﺳﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺬروة ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ إﻧﺘﺎج ﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎل(‪ .‬ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺷﺮﻛﺎت اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ أن ﺗﺸﺘﺮي اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ‪ .‬وﻳﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﺰدوج ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﺘﺮﻳﻦ‪ :‬واﺣﺪ ﻳﻘﻴﺲ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ‪ ،‬واﺧﺮ ﻳﻘﻴﺲ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ‪ .‬إﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬أو ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺒﺪال ﺑﻴﻊ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺨﺘﺎر أﺻﺤﺎب اﻟﺒﻴﻮت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﺻﺮف اﻟﺰاﺋﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺤﻦ اﻟﺒﻄﺎرﻳﺎت‪ .‬ﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻬﻢ اﻟﺨﻴﺎر ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﺧﻼل أوﻗﺎت ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻷﻗﻞ ﺟﻮدة)ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‪[39].‬‬ ‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻻﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك رﻳﺢ أو إﻟﺦ‪ ،(..‬و أن ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮا ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺒﻴﻮت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻤﻤﺔ ) إﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪام( ﻋﺎدة ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻟﺨﻠﻖ اﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﻴﻂ ﻗﺪر اﻹﻣﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺨﻠﻖ أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻨﺎخ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ) ﻋﺎدة ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮر ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل أو اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺸﺮق واﻟﻐﺮب(‪ ،‬وﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﻈﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ أو ﺣﻮاﺟﺰ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات اﻷﺧﺮى‪ .‬ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﻤﺄوى اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪام ﺧﻴﺎرات ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ) اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻹﺿﺎءة اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻟﺘﺪﻓﺌﺔ‪ ،‬وﺧﻠﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻋﺎزﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺮارة ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺸﺮﻓﺎت‪ ،‬واﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻖ اﻟﻌﻤﻴﻖ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﺧﺎت ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ(‪ [40][39].‬وﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺷﻴﺪت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﺴﺘﺪام ﻋﻠﻰ إدارة ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاد اﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﻔﺎﺋﻀﺔ ﻛﺈﻋﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﺘﺪوﻳﺮ واﻟﺴﻤﺎد‪ ،‬واﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻌﺎد ﺗﺪوﻳﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺴﺘﺼﻠﺤﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻮاد اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ذو اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺧﻠﻘﺖ وﻋﻮﻣﻠﺖ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ )ﻛﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺰﺧﺎرف اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺎء( ‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻮاد واﻷدوات‬
‫اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻗﺪر اﻹﻣﻜﺎن ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻼت واﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﻮاد اﻹﻧﺘﺎج ذو اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ )اﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ(‪[42][41].‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮاﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮاد "ﺧﻀﺮاء" ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬أي ﻣﺎدة اﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﻣﻮاد ﻛﻴﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ أو ﻣﺴﺮﻃﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﺟﻬﺎ‬
‫أو ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ )ﻛﺎﻟﻔﻮرﻣﺎﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺠﺎرة( وﻧﻘﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪرﻫﺎ أو‬
‫ﻣﺼﻨﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬أو ﺗﻢ زراﻋﺘﻬﺎ أو ﺣﺼﺎدﻫﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺧﻀﺮاء‪ .‬ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ أن ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ أي ﻣﺎدة‬
‫ﺧﻀﺮاء ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻛﻔﺎءة ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻮارد‪ ،‬وﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻣﺴﺎوﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ أو اﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ‪ ،‬وأن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻛﻔﺎءة ﻓﻲ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ )ﺳﻮاء ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ وﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺄوى(‪ [42].(.‬أو ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻤﺼﺪر ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺤﺘﻮى ﻣﻌﺎد اﻟﺘﺪوﻳﺮ‪ ،‬وﻣﺤﺘﻮى ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻹﻋﺎدة اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام أو إﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﺪوﻳﺮ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ أو اﻟﺘﻐﻠﻴﻒ اﻟﻤﻌﺎد ﺗﺪوﻳﺮﻫﺎ أو ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻹﻋﺎدة اﻟﺘﺪوﻳﺮ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻌﺎد ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻟﻜﻒء واﻟﻤﻮاد‬
‫اﻹﻣﻜﺎن‪[43].‬‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ اﻷﻣﺪ ﻗﺪر‬

‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻮاد اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ "ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ" ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺘﻌﺎرف ووﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﺸﺮوط‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ أن‬
‫اﻟﺨﺸﺐ ﻣﺴﺘﺪام إذا ﻧﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام إدارة اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﻮﻟﺞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻘﻠﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬
‫اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪام‪ ،‬إﻟﺦ‪ ، ..‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺤﺎﻻت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﻮاد ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﻇﻞ ﻇﺮوف ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ دورة اﻟﺤﻴﺎة‪.‬‬

‫أدوﺑﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺰ‬

‫ﺧﻴﺰران‬

‫ﻋﺰل ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺴﻠﻴﻮﻟﻮز‬

‫‪Cob‬‬

‫‪Composite wood (when made from reclaimed hardwood sawdust and reclaimed or‬‬
‫‪(recycled plastic‬‬

‫ﻃﻮب ﻃﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﻀﻐﻮط‬

‫‪Cordwood‬‬

‫‪Cork‬‬

‫ﻗﻨﺐ‬

‫ﻧﻤﺎذج اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻌﺎزﻟﺔ‬

‫‪Lime render‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﻤﻊ‬

‫ﺧﺸﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﻣﻘﺮة ﻣﺠﻠﺲ رﻋﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎط‬

‫ﻟﻴﻒ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ )‪ ،coir‬ﺻﻮف‪ ،‬ﺟﻮت‪ ،‬اﻟﺦ‪(.‬‬

 ‫‪Organic cotton insulation‬‬

‫‪Papercrete‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﺪﻛﻮﻛﺔ‬

‫ﺣﺠﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺼﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻃﻮب ﻣﺴﺘﺼﻠﺢ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺪن ﻣﺪور‬

‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﺪورة‬

‫ورق ﻣﺪور‬

‫‪Soy-based adhesive‬‬

‫ﻋﺰل ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺼﻮﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺑﻨﺎء ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺣﺰم اﻟﻘﺶ‬

‫‪Structural insulated panel‬‬

‫ﺧﺸﺐ‬

‫ﻋﺰل اﻟﺒﻴﺖ‬

‫ﻋﺰل اﻟﻤﻨﺰل اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪام ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪار ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ‪ .‬اﻟﺠﺪران اﻟﻤﻌﺰوﻟﺔ واﻟﻐﺮف اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺰوﻟﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻠﻞ أو ﻳﻠﻐﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ واﻟﺘﺪﻓﺌﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل اﻟﻤﺼﻤﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎ ﺟﻴﺪا‪ .‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻟﻌﺰل ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻨﻮع اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم‪ .‬ﻋﺎدة‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﺰل اﻟﻐﺮف اﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺷﺮاﺋﺢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻮاد اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺘﻲ وﺿﻌﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﻮارض اﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻔﺬ اﻟﺠﺪران اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺠﺎوﻳﻒ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻠﺠﺪران اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺗﺠﺎوﻳﻒ ﺗﻘﻒ وراءﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﺼﻠﺐ ﻟﻠﺠﺪار ﺿﺮوري واﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫وﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺜﺒﻴﺖ‪ .‬اﻟﻨﻮاﻓﺬ اﻟﻤﻮﻓﺮة ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ اﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺰل‪ .‬ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻣﺆﻛﺪة‪ ،‬اﻟﻨﻮاﻓﺬ )واﻷﺑﻮاب(‬
‫اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻮﻣﺔ ﺟﻴﺪا ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺰل‪ [38].‬اﻟﻨﻮاﻓﺬ اﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺰدوﺟﺔ أو اﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﻨﻮاﻓﺬ ﻟﻤﺤﺎﺻﺮة اﻟﻐﺎز أو ﺧﻠﻖ ﻓﺮاغ ﺑﻴﻦ اﺛﻨﻴﻦ أو ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﻟﻮاح ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺟﺎج اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﺤﺮاراة وﺗﺤﺼﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫داﺧﻼ وﺧﺎرﺟﺎ‪ [42][39].‬اﻟﺰﺟﺎج ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻻﺑﺘﻌﺎﺛﻴﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ‪ E‬ﻫﻮ ﺧﻴﺎر آﺧﺮ ﻟﻌﺰل اﻟﻨﺎﻓﺬة‪ .‬ﻫﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ رﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺷﻔﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن وﻫﻮ ﻃﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ زﺟﺎج اﻟﻨﻮاﻓﺬ‪ ،‬وﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى إﻟﻰ ﻣﺼﺪرﻫﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺸﺘﺎء واﻟﺒﺮودة ﺧﻼل ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺼﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ اﻟﺴﺘﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ أﻣﺎم اﻟﻨﻮاﻓﺬ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺰﻟﻬﺎ‪" [40].‬اﻟﻨﻮاﻓﺬ اﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮة" اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮأﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺧﻠﻖ اﻟﺜﻮرة اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎت واﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ اﺛﻨﺎن أو ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﻼء اﻟﺸﻔﺎف‬
‫اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ وأﻳﻀﺎ أﺟﺰاء ﻋﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺟﺎج وﺗﻌﺒﺌﺔ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻞ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻼﺋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮل اﻟﺒﻌﺾ أﻧﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺰل أرﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﺔ‪[44].‬‬ ‫وﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻤﺮات أﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮاﻓﺬ اﻟﻤﺰدوﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺰﺟﺠﺔ‬

‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ اﻷﺳﻄﺢ‬
 ‫ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰ اﻷﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻤﺎدة ﻋﺎﻛﺴﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ اﻷﻟﻤﻨﻴﻮم( ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺎض اﻟﺴﻄﺢ وﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﺺ‬
‫وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‪ .‬أﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء أو "أﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻌﻴﺶ" ﻫﻲ ﺧﻴﺎر ﻣﻌﺮوف ﻟﻌﺰل‬
‫اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺣﺮارﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﺪرﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻘﺎط ﺟﺮﻳﺎن ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﻌﻮاﺻﻒ واﻷﻣﻄﺎر‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻮرة اﻷوﺳﻊ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺟﺰﻳﺮة اﻟﺤﺮارة )إﻃﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺰﻳﺮة اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ( وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻘﻮل ﺑﺄﻧﻬﻢ ﻗﺎدرﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺒﺪال “اﻟﺒﺼﻤﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﺪﻳﺔ“ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﻨﻌﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺺ اﻻﺛﺎر‬
‫]‪[46][45‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ وﺟﻮد اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‬

‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ واﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻫﻲ أﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎرات اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻹﺳﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪام‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وأﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮب‪ ،‬وأﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻴﻴﻒ ‪ ،‬واﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺎت أو إﺿﺎءة اﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪام اﻟﺘﻲ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺷﻌﺎر اﻟﻨﺠﻮﻣﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺪﻋﻮم ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ واﻟﺬي ﻳﻜﻮن أﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﺮاﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ وﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻣﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻄﻠﻮب‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‪ [48][47].‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻠﺠﺄ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪام ﻗﺎدر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫اﻷرض‪[49].‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة وﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ أن ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻷن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﻣﻴﺎه‬

‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﺮﻣﺎدﻳﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟﻚ ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﻐﺴﺎﻻت‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﺼﺎرف‪ ،‬واﻻﺳﺘﺤﻤﺎم‪ ،‬واﻟﺤﻤﺎﻣﺎت ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﻋﺎدة اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ري اﻟﺤﺪاﺋﻖ‬
‫واﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻴﺾ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه‪ .‬و ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺼﺎد ﻣﻴﺎه اﻷﻣﻄﺎر ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺎه ﺟﺮﻳﺎن اﻷﻣﻄﺎر ﻫﻮ أﻳﻀﺎ وﺳﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻠﺠﺄ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪام‪ [50].‬ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺗﻜﺮار اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻈﻒ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﺎة اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ وﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﻳﻨﺔ وذﻟﻚ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪[52][51].‬‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺔ وﻣﻌﺪﻻت اﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎن اﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ‬

‫اﻧﻈﺮإﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻮاد ذات اﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‪ LEED:‬اﻟﺮﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ واﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ اﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪ Sustainable urban design and‬اﺑﺘﻜﺎر‪Photovoltaic ombrière SUDI is an autonomous and mobile station that replenishes :‬‬
‫‪ energy for electric vehicles using‬ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺷﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﺬا ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻠﺒﻲ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻮﻗﺖ اﻟﺤﺎﺿﺮ ﺑﺪون ﻣﺴﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬أو ﺑﺎﺧﺘﺼﺎر‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﻼ‬
‫ﺣﺪود‪ .‬ﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺠﺪد وأن ﻻ ﻳﺆذي اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ أو اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺼﺎدر‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة اﻧﺘﺸﺎرا ﻫﻲ‪ :‬اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻴﺎه‪ ،‬واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻃﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح‪ ،‬واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻤﺎ ذﻛﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﺄوى‪ ،‬أن ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺳﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺨﺘﺎرون أن ﻳﻨﺘﺠﻮا ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺘﺠﺪدة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻢ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﻻﺧﺮون‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺨﺘﺎروا أن ﻳﺸﺘﺮوﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ أو اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺨﺮ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ )ﻛﻤﺎ ذﻛﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ أﻳﻀﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻲ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻹﻧﺘﺎج وإﺳﺘﻬﻼك اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ اﻷﺳﺮ(‪ .‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮاء اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ اﻟﻤﺤﺪود‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻤﺴﻮن وﻻﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻻﺗﻘﺪم اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء‪ .‬ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ذﻟﻚ ﻋﺎدة ﻳﺸﺘﺮي ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ أو ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ اﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻬﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻬﺮي ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻦ اﺧﺘﻴﺎرﻫﻢ واﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮاه ﺗﻐﺬي اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪ [53].‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻠﻘﺎﻫﺎ اﻷﺳﺮ اﻟﺸﺎرﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺟﺰء ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء اﻟﻮاردة‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ أو ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﺮى‪ .‬اﻟﻐﺮض ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮاء اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء ﻫﻮ ﻟﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺠﻬﻮد اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‪ [54].‬إﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ أﺳﺎس ﻋﻨﺪ اﻷﺳﺮ اﻟﻔﺮدﻳﺔ أو اﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻫﻮ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺮوﻧﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺰال ﻣﺤﺪود ﻓﻲ ﺛﺮاء اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ )ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﻠﻚ اﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ(‪.‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة وﺗﻐﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺮة أﺧﺮى إﻟﻰ اﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ )ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻤﺸﺎرﻛﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ وأﻟﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ( اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﺎدة اﻷﺳﺮ دﻓﻌﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻻﻳﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻔﺎﺋﺪﺗﻬﺎ وﻳﻌﻄﻮن اﻋﺘﻤﺎدات اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة ﻛﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﺴﻌﻮا ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺗﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ )اﻟﻤﺮاﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﻬﺘﻤﺔ ﺑﺸﺮاء اﻋﺘﻤﺎدات اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻹدﻋﺎء ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎج اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪدة(‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ اﻷﺳﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻣﺎﻳﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ أرﺑﻌﺔ أﺿﻌﺎف اﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎء وﻟﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺷﺎﺋﻊ‪[55].‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬا ﻟﻴﺲ‬

‫اﻧﻈﺮ ً‬
‫أﻳﻀﺎ‬

‫ﺳﻴﺘﺎ ﺳﻠﻮ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻢ أﺣﻴﺎء اﻻﻧﺤﻔﺎظ‬

‫اﻧﻘﺮاض‬

‫زراﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﻤﺮة‬

‫ﺗﻄﻮر ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻲ‪-‬اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫رﻋﺎﻳﺔ‬

‫اﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺟﺪول أﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﻘﺮن ‪21‬‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺑﺪون ﺳﻴﺎرة‬

 ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‬

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 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﻮﻣﻨﺰ ﺻﻮر وﻣﻠﻔﺎت ﻋﻦ‪ :‬اﺳﺘﺪاﻣﺔ‬
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