©XYLEM L PROPERTIES OF SOLIDSoo INTER MOLECULAR FORCE | + In solids, each atom or molecule is sur- rounded by neighbouring atoms or mol ecules. These are bonded together by interatomic or intermolecular forces and stay in a stable equilibrium position. + Ifa solid is deformed by a force, on its removal the interatomic forces tend to drive them back to their original posi- tions, + The body regains its original shape and size, + The restoring mechanism can be visu- alized by taking a model of spring-ball system DEFORMING FORCE ‘A deforming force is a force that causes a change in the structure of an object when applied. RESTORING FORCE The force which is responsible to restore original size and shape is called restoring force. ELASTICITY \ich it tends to re~ abody, by which it | size and shape when the ap- red, is known as elasticity. The property of gain its original plied force is remove itoppose the deforming force. Steel is more elastic than rubber. PLASTICITY If the Material does not regain its original shape, it is said to be plastic in nature, and this property is known as ‘Plasticity’ EEE ee STRESS en _ Ve S _ When a body is subjected to a deforming force , a restoring force is developed in the body. The restoring force is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the applied force. The Restoring force per unit area t is known as stress. Internal Restoring Force Finerat Area of cross section — A Stress = Fexorat A Sl Unit : Nm? Dimension: M'L" 7-2 Ras ky LONGITUDNAL STRESS —— by the change in Tensile stress is caused lengthTensile stress is caused by the change in length 4 ———— a E Tensile stress = F unit N/m? m ML. = fm TS Gama Tensile stress m m(gt la pg ce a) SHEARING STRESS Caused by change in shape BR shearing stress = F,= tangential force | STRAIN Strain Change in dimension/Original dimension. STRAIN - _ AL _ Change in length Longitudnal stress = 5° = Sicinartength Volumetric strain Original radius " Volumetric strain = a Same as pressure Caused by change in volume Volume stress = £ = Pressure F = normal force/thrust __J @XYLEM 1, Shearing strain VOLUME STRESS ae : ; 1. Shear stress is related to (length (2) area (8) volume (4) shape &me 2. Iftwo equal and opposite deforming forces cre applied parallel to the cross-sectional Greq of the cylinder as shown in the figure, there is a relative displacement between the opposite faces of the cylinder. The ratio of Ax to Lis known as (1) longitudinal strain = (2) shearing strain (3) volumetric strain (4) Poisson's ratio 3. A20 kg loadis suspended by awire of cross section 0.4 mm®. The stress produced in N/ m. 4, On suspending a weight Mg the length | of elastic wire and area of cross section A it's length becomes double the initial length. The instantaneous Stress action on the wire is. a ar HOOKE’ S LAW Within the elastic limit, STRESS OC STRAIN stress strain (E= modulus of elasticity ) tan 0 = modulus of elasticity 1. For perfectly elastic = infinity Steel is more elastic than rubber Depends on: (a) Nature of metal (b) Temperature. Young's Modulus Bulk Modulus Modulus of rigidity 5. According to Hooke’s law of elasticity, if stress is increased, the ratio of stress to strain (I) decreases (2) increases (3) becomes zero (4) remains constant fa.STRESS STRAIN CURVE Tonsile strength —> Fracture point a point Fluid region, on- Hooke's law obeyed A- Proportional limit AB - Not proportional but body regains it’s original shape and size when load is removed B- Yield point BtoD- Body doesn‘t rega dimension. Beyond B is plastic region. D- Tensile strength beyond D - added strain is produced even for a small applied force. E- Fracture occur — MM —_ Elastomer Eg: Rubber Doesn't obey Hooke's Law Duetile Material Strain, Stain, E Brittle Material UF Strain, Strain, E Plastic reigion is large for ductile materials and smaller for brittle materials Proportion Limit The limit in which Hook's law is valid and stress is directly proportional to strain is called pro- portion limit. Elastic Limit That maximum stress which on removing the deforming force makes the body to recover completely its original state. Yield Point: The point beyond elastic limit, at which the length of wire starts increasing stress, is de~ fined as the yield point. ge 6. The stress-strain curves are drawn for two different materials X and Y. It is ob- served that the ultimate strength point and the fracture point are close to each other for material X but are far apart for material Y. We can say that materials X and Y are likely to be (respectively), (1) Plastic and ductile (2) Ductile and brittle (3) Brittle and ductile (4) Brittle and plasticee The stress-strain graph for a metal wire is as shown in the figure. In the graph, the region in which Hooke’s law is obeyed, the ultimate strength and fracture points are represented by 8. Which of the following graphs represents stressstrain variation for elastomers? a) 4 (@) Ves ® ( eo Breaking Pint: The position when the strain becomes so large that the wire breaks down at last, is called breaking point. @ BREAKING STRESS ee BF = breaking stress x area, BFOA & aA (B.s),= (BS), At this position, strain is called breaking strain. BREAKING OF WIRE UNDER IT’S OWN WEIGHT PA=mg PA =VXpX = Alo, PS bax = P/PS Lax ee 9. The breaking stress of a wire depends upon (1) length of the wire (2) radius of the wire (3) material of the wire (4) shape of the cross-section &aMo | 10. The breaking stress for a | cross-sectionis called (1) yield point | (2) elastic fatigue (3) tensile strength (4) Young's modulus a. Ul. A wire of diameter 1 mm breaks under a tension of 1000 N. Another wire of sa material as that of the first one but of di ameter 2mm breaks under a tension of. fa 12. Asteel wire can support a maxi of W before reaching its elastic limit. How much load can another wire, made out of identical steel, but with a radius one half the radius of the first wire, support before reaching its elastic limit? ()w (2) w/2 (3) w/4 (4) aw a. YOUNG'S MODULUS = fl Y= [ongitudnal strain ~ AAL Comparing with a spring of force constant K Ft YX _ ano ene ay ity 13. Young’s modulus of a wire depends on (1) diameter of the wire (2) mass hanging from the wire (8) length of the wire (4) material of the wire 14.With rise in temperature, the Young's modulus of elasticity (i) increases (2) decreases (3) remains unchanged (4) None of these 15. The Young's modulus of a wire of length L and radius ris Y. If the length is reduced to L/2 and radius is r/2, then the Young's modulus will be @y2 (ay (3) 2¥ (4) av @XYLEMat ta 16. Which of the following statements is incor- rect? (1) Young's modulus and shear modulus are relevant only for solids. (2) Bulk modulus is relevant for solids, liquids and gases. (3) Metals have larger values of Young’s mod- ulus than elastomers. (4) Alloys have larger values of Young's mod- ulus than metals. Ba... 17. Fora perfectly rigid body (1) Young's modulus is infinite and bulk modu- lus is zero. (2) Young's modulus is zero and bulk modulus is infinite. (3) Young's modulus is infinite and bulk modu- lus is also infinite. (4) Young's modulus is zero and bulk modulus is also zero. 18. Which of the following substances has ighest value of Young's modulus? (1) Aluminium (2) iron (3) Copper (4) steel een 19, Awire of length Land area of cross-section A, is stretched by a loud. The elongation || produced in the wires Lif Y is the Young's modulus of the material of the wire, then the force constant of the wire is | (yA (2) YA (8) vafL (4) vast 20. Let Y, and Y, represent Young’s modulus for steel and aluminium respectively. It is said that steel is more elastic than alu- minium. Therefore, it follows that MYFY, ()¥¥, @)Y2¥, (4)¥,/¥,=0 a. oe 21. Awire stretches by acertain amount under @ load. if the load and radius both are in- creased to four types. The stretch caused in the wire is (tr (2) 1/2 ha, (3) 1/3 (4) 1/4 22. The area of a cross-section of a steel wire is 0.1 cm? and Young's modulus of steel is 2x10" Nm. The force required to stretch it by 0.1% of its length is (1) 1000 n (2) 2000Nn (3) 4000 N (4) 5000 N Sa...oo ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY 1 2« 2" 1A 2 =3 (7) 1, Stress , 2” Strain “Volume (strain)? 4x stress « volume x str Oe 1. The elastic energy stored per unit volume ina stretched wire is Oy 4 stress (2) a (stress)? Y vi tress)? (ah (exes) (Lstess yy es 2. Identical springs of steel and copper (Ya. >Y copper) are equally stretched. (i) Less work is done on copper spring. (2) Less work is done on steel spring. (3) Equal work is done on both the springs. (4) Data is incomplete. a, oe 3. If the work done in stretching a wire by 1 mm is 2 J, the work necessary for stretch- ing another wire of same material but with double radius of cross- section and half the length by Imm is (1) 165 (2)eu (3) 4J Ba. (4) 1/45 a By 4, Twowires of the same material and length but diameter in the ratio 1:2 are stretched by the same load. The ratio of elastic po- tential energy per unit volume for the two wires is (iu (3) 431 (2) 21 (3) 161 5. Awire of length L, area of cross section A hanging from a fixed support. The length of the wire changes to L, when mass M is suspended from its free end. The expres- sion for Young's modulus is: () Mg(L-L)/AL. (2) MgL/AL, (3) MgL/a(L-1) (4) (migh)/At ade 6. Two wires are made of the same material and have the same volume. The first wire has cross-sectional area A and the sec- ond wire has cross-sectional area 3A. If the length of the first wire is increased by Alon ‘applying a force F, how much force is needed to stretch the second wire by the same amount? ()9F — (2)erF ea, (3) F (4) 4F te 9. Copper of fixed volume ‘ V; is drawn into wire of length ‘1’. When this wire is sub jected to a constant force ‘ F ’, the exten- sion produced in the wire is‘ Al‘. Which of the following graphs is a straight line? (1) al versus 1/1 (2) Al versus F (3) al versus 1/P (4) Al versus | a... él 7. When a block of mass Mis suspended by a long wire of length L, the length of the wire becomes (L+I). The elastic potential ener- Gy stored in the extended wire is: (2) Mgt. (1) Mgt (3) 1/2 Mgi (4) 1/2 Mgt 8. The following four wires of length L and radius r, are made of the same material. Which of these will have the largest exten sion, when the same tension is applied? (I) t= 100 em, r=0.2 mm (2) L= 200em, r=0.4 mm (3) L=300 om, r=0.6 mm (4) L=400 om, r=0.8 mm a. 10. Awire of length Lhasa linear mass densi ty p, area of cross-section A and Young's Modulus ¥. It is suspended vertically from rigid support. The extension produced in the wire due to its own weight is qy HE (2) HE YA 2YA (g) Zug (4) 2es YA 3YARATIO OF DENSITY IMMERSED IN A LIQUID ar — W=Kle Il. If the ratio of diameters, lengths and Young's moduli of steel and brass wires ~ shown in the figure are p, q and r respec~ tively. Then the corresponding ratio of in- crease in their lengths would be w LLLLLLLLLLLL LLL steel off 2m 4 w Brass LUquid of donsity (p) ro RATIO OF EXTENSION g2t g2t @ wit 5pir 3p Spr apr F 3mg xl, »_%& YixAy al — % Fe 2mgxl, 2d? Ke Yax Az DB, De BULK MODULUS Xs SS SS SSS Bulk modulus, B= compressibility amg ™m Protremat =P Parase =Y/P 2mg Density of compressed liquid 2m p= pi fie2e ofee | ie Space for Keynotes 12. A sphere contracts in volume by 0.01%, fa... = — when taken to the bottom of sea 1 km deep. The bulk modulus of the material of the sphere is (Given density of sea water may be taken as 1.0*10° kg m~*). (1) 4.9%10° Nim? (2) 9.8x10° Nm? (3) 4.9*10° Nm? (4) 9.8x10° Nm? pe ~tte) | és! 13. The average depth of indian ocean is about AV 3000 m. The fractional compression, — of water at the bottom of the ocean is (Given : Bulk Modulus of the water =2.2*10° N mand g=10 ms) (1) 082% (2) 0.91% (3) 136% (4) 1.24% 16. To what depth must a rubber ball be taken indeep seaso thatits volumeis decreased by 0.1%. (Take, density of sea water =10° kg m®, bulk modulus of rubber =9x10° Nm, g=10 ms”) (9m (2)18m (3) 90m (4) 180. m Bo 14. The density of water at the surface of the ocean is p and atmospheric pressure is, Po. If the bulk modulus of water is K, what is the density of ocean water at a depth where the pressure is nPo? wm mes K-nPo K+nPo, ok ok Sore (4) treo wo 15. Aglass slab is subjected to a pressure of 10 atm. The fractional change in its vol- ume is (Bulk modulus of glass =37*10° N mm, atm= 1105 N m2) (1) 27*102 (2) 27103 (3) 2.710 (4) 2.7108 &o..... 17. The bulk modulus of a spherical object is ‘8’. Ifitis subjected to uniform pressure ’‘p’, the fractional decrease in radi () B/3p (3) p/3B (2) 3p/8 (4) pia SSS MODULUS OF RIGIDITYMaterial G (10° Nm* or Gpa) Aluminium 25 Brass 36 Copper 42 Glass 23 tron 70 lead 5.6 Nickel 7 Steel 84 Tungsten 150 Wood 10 om 18. Asquare lead slab of side 50 cm and thick- ness 10 cm is subject to a shearing force (on its narrow face) of 9.0x 104 N. The low- er edge is riveted to the floor. How much placed? will the upper edge be a. Equivalent Young’s modulus i NA) deh __ i i 18. A copper and a steel wire of the same di- ameter are connected end to end. A de- forming force F is applied to this compos- ite wire which causes a total elongation of Tem. The two wires will have (1) the same stress and strain (2) the same stress but different strain (3) the same strain but different stress (4) different strains and stress a, 20. A metal wire of length L, and area of cross-section Ais attached toa rigid sup- port. Another metal wire of length Land of the same cross-sectional area is at- tached to the free end of the first wire. A body of mass M is then suspended from the free end of the second wire. If Y: and Y, are the Young's moduli of the wires re- spectively, the effective force constant of the system of two wires is [v.¥a)A] [¥e)al rcrenny a (uae [Q.¥2)Al (4) [1 ¥2)"2A] RK (Mile Yo) (uu)? y Ye o a Series kik. Parallel kea= tke kog= kite Yi¥2 Yea Yit¥2 Vit Yo. 2 @XYLEM 8POISSON'S RATIO RELATION BETWEEN Y, K, 1] AND ox Lateral strain Y= 3k(I-20) ) Longitudinal strain U=2n(It0) a Eliminatiing o or Y between these, we get. aD > ar yok (ii) 1 i 3K+n - ko 05 3k-2n i Practical value= 0¢ 6 <05 8K+2y ae I 7 23. The relation between Yn and Bis 1 2) av ara > APPLICATION OF ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF : MATERIALS DEPRESSION OF A BEAM SUPPORTED AT THE ENDS Abeam supported at the ends and loaded at the centre. —— !———— 22, 0=0.2. f alongetuelnal strain of 4x10-is caused by what percentage will the vol- ume changeA bar of length |, breadth b, and depth d when loaded at the centre by a load W sags by an amount given by To reduce the bending for a given load, ono should use a material with a largo Young's modulus ¥. In reducing the bending, increasing the depth drather than the breadth b is more effective, Since, Sad Seb" But on increasing the depth, unless the load is exactly at the right place, the deep bar may bend as shown. This is called buckling, Jeb To avoid this, a common compromise is the cross-sectional shape. + This shape reduces the weight of the beam without sacrificing the strength + This reduces the cost. To ostimato tho maximum hoight of amountaln Tho prossuro at tho baso of the mountain ~ hpg Wharo p is tho donsity of the material of the mountain and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Tho sidos of tho mountain are free, Therefore there is a shear component approximately hpg itself, Tho olastic limit of a typical rock is 3 x 10" Nm? p= 3x10? kgm? h=1okm which is more than the height of Mt. Everest ee Vas Va 24. A bar of length |, breadth b and depth d Is supported at its ends and is loaded at the centre by a load W. If ¥ is the Young’s modulus of the material of the bar, then the depression 5 at the centre is we Wb? wa? we 1) ——— (2) ——__ (3)——._ (4) —_ Fav Ora Pao © boy a. de 25. Aspringis made of steel and not of copper because (i) steel is more elastic than copper (2) steel is less elastic than copper (3) steel is more plastic than copper (4) steel is less plastic than copper a. XYLEM a5)