Test Bank for The Development of Children and Adolescents: An Applied Perspective by Hauser-

Test Bank for The Development of Children and

Adolescents: An Applied Perspective by
Hauser-Cram, Nugent, Thies, Travers

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 Hauser-Cram Test Bank

Chapter 7: Psychosocial Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

1. Who proposed the first theory that a child’s early experiences with parents shape his
emotions and personality?
A. Erikson
B. Piaget
C. Bowlby
D. Freud

Ans: D
Section Ref: Theories of Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 1
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

2. Each of Freud’s ____________stages is based on _________.

A. six; a body part.
B. five; a pleasure center.
C. four; a pleasure center .
D. five; a body part.

Ans: B
Section Ref: Theories of Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 1
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

3. If a child is not stimulated appropriately during Freud’s stages, the child becomes
A. hostile.
B. rebellious.
C. fixated.
D. regressed.

Ans: C
Section Ref: Theories of Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 1
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge
 4. Mary is an adult who likes to bite her nails, chew gum and ice, and is a dental hygienist.
Freud would say she is ____________in the __________stage.
A. stuck; anal
B. fixated; oral
C. still; baby
D. having problems; genital

Ans: B
Section Ref: Theories of Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 1
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

5. Freud believed that the __________ was the prototype for all love relationships in life.
A. Mother-child relationship
B. Father-child relationship
C. act of breastfeeding
D. grandparent relationship

Ans: A
Section Ref: Theories of Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 1
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

6. Freud proposed a(n) ______ theory, while Erikson proposed a ____________ theory.
A. psychosocial; psychosexual
B. psychosexual; psychosocial
C. eight-stage; five-stage
D. proven; hypothetical

Ans: B
Section Ref: Theories of Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 1
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

7. One big difference between Erikson and Freud’s theories is that Erikson’s
A. only went to puberty.
B. was psychoanalytic.
C. covered the whole life span.
 D. did not include the influence of people.

Ans: C
Section Ref: Theories of Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 1
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

8. Erikson’s theory is based on eight major ______________ that must be resolved.

A. crises
B. mind–body conflict
C. attachments
D. emotional constructions

Ans: A
Section Ref: Theories of Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 1
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

9. The first stage in Erikson’s theory is

A. Autonomy versus Shame.
B. Trust versus Mistrust.
C. Autonomy versus Shame.
D. Initiative versus Guilt.

Ans: B
Section Ref: Theories of Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 1
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

10. Erikson states that the first year and a half of life is vital for
A. learning independence.
B. establishing trust in others.
C. getting oral needs satisfied.
D. motor development.

Ans: B
Section Ref: Theories of Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 1
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

11. John Bowlby extensively studied the _____________between a child and caregiver.
A. genetics
B. attachment
C. stages
D. maternal care

Ans: B
Section Ref: Theories of Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 1
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

12. After the long nine-month wait, Judy’s baby finally arrived. But it has been three weeks
now and she still feels sad and cries all the time. What is going on?
A. SIDS
B. baby blues
C. postpartum depression
D. SAD

Ans: C
Section Ref: Theories of Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 1
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

13. Postpartum depression poses risk only to the mother.

A. True
B. False

Ans: False
Section Ref: Theories of Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 1
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

14. Baby Ladasha is almost a month old and is depressed and irritable. She has trouble
regulating her emotions. What could be the problem?
A. She’s an extrovert. .
B. She has SIDS.
 C. Her mother did cocaine during her pregnancy.
D. Her mother is depressed.

Ans: D
Section Ref: Theories of Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 1
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

15. According to attachment theory, if a child has a warm and responsive relationship with
the mother in the first year of life, the rest of relationships throughout the life span should
be positive.
A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

16. According to the ideal in attachment theory, when little Donnie falls and hurts his knee,
he will
A. seek out his mother for comfort.
B. punch his friend.
C. get up and keep playing.
D. say bad words.

Ans: A
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

17. As a baseball player “tags up” so that he is safe, so a child does with her mother or
primary caregiver. This shows that the mother functions as _____________ for the child.
A. a game stop
B. a secure base
C. a toy
D. an analogy

Ans: B
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

18. According to the experts, you cannot spoil a baby.

A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

19. You can spoil a 2-year-old.

A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

20. When babies become solidly attached to their caregivers, they develop separation
anxiety.
A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

21. Somewhere between __________ and _____________ babies show a clear-cut

attachment
A. 0; 6 weeks
B. 6 weeks; 8 months
C. 8 months; 24 months
 D. 24 months; 4 years

Ans: C
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Knowledge

22. Children who have a clear-cut attachment with a caregiver also have stranger anxiety.
A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

23. Eight-month-old Reagan never minded a babysitter until now. When the sitter picks her
up, she cries and reaches for Mommy. It is clear that
A. the sitter has abused her.
B. Mom spoils her.
C. she has an attachment in the making.
D. she has stranger anxiety and is attached to her mother.

Ans: D
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Knowledge

24. One of the most often used measures of attachment is the ___________ developed by
__________.
A. Q-sort; Ainsworth
B. Strange Situation : Ainsworth
C. Q-sort; Bowlby
D. Strange Situation; Bowlby

Ans: B
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Knowledge

25. During the Strange Situation, observers are most interested in

A. the stranger.
B. how the stranger and baby interact.
C. How the mother and baby interact.
D. what the baby does when Mom returns.

Ans: D
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

26. Children with ____________attachment are not distressed when mother leaves the room
and are disinterested upon her return
A. secure
B. insecure-avoidant
C. insecure-resistant
D. disorganized

Ans: B
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

27. Children with ___________ attachment are distressed when mother leaves, and when she
returns they gesture to be held but they try to pull away at the same time.
A. secure
B. insecure-avoidant
C. insecure-resistant
D. disorganized

Ans: C
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge
 28. Children with __________ attachment show confused and contradictory behavior when
reunited with their mothers.
A. secure
B. insecure-avoidant
C. insecure-resistant
D. disorganized

Ans: D
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

29. The majority of children are ______________ attached to their parents.

A. securely
B. avoidantly
C. resistantly
D. not

Ans: A
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

30. Most children are securely attached to their caregivers.

A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

31. The Strange Situation has been used and validated around the world.
A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

32. The benefit of using the Attachment Q sort over the Strange Situation is that
A. it isn’t as subjective.
B. it is less stressful for the child.
C. no strangers are involved, so it is safer.
D. it is more valid.

Ans: B
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

33. Cultural research in attachment has shown that ___________infants are more upset than
_________infants when separated from their caregivers.
A. American; Japanese
B. Japanese; American
C. English; Japanese
D. Irish; Japanese

Ans: B
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

34. Secure attachment characteristics such as independence, openness, and sociability are
valued by all cultures worldwide.
A. True
B. False

Ans: False
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

35. Research studies have shown that infant attachment patterns continue into adulthood.
A. True
 B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

36. If you were an insecurely attached infant, you will have insecure relationships throughout
life because that does not change.
A. True
B. False

Ans: False
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

37. John had neglectful parents as a child, and now as an adult he finds he is not very trusting
of others. He hopes counseling will help him so that he can get married one day. What
would you say to John?
A. Your attachment style was set in infancy and it can’t change.
B. Yes, it can change if you work through your issues.
C. Medication is a better alternative.
D. Very few people ever really change, so why try?

Ans: B
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

38. A child with an insecure attachment may have trouble with moral behavior as an adult.
A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge
 39. Mothers who work full time during their child’s first year have children who
A. are no different than children who have nonworking mothers.
B. have more behavioral problems and higher stress levels than children of
unemployed moms.
C. have higher HOME scores.
D. are more likely to be immunized.

Ans: B
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

40. Research shows that maltreated children have not only impaired attachments but also
neurotransmitter changes and poor reactions to stress.
A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

41. Many children who are abused may end up depressed or with developmental delays.
A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

42. As compared to children who are not abused, abused children are more likely to
A. be more vulnerable to stress.
B. have difficulty with emotional regulation.
C. experience neurochemical changes in the brain.
D. All of these

Ans: D
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

43. Children who are not as adversely affected by maltreatment are described as
A. hardy.
B. survivors.
C. resilient.
D. unaware.

Ans: C
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

44. Which part of the brain is vital to emotional development?

A. hippocampus
B. medulla
C. cerebral cortex
D. limbic system

Ans: D
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

45. ESSAY: Discuss the similarities and difference in the upper and lower limbic systems
and include primary emotions and self-conscious emotions.

Answer: The limbic system is complex and multilayered. However, the limbic structures can be
roughly separated into two levels: an upper and a lower level. The lower limbic structures lie
deep within the brain. The upper limbic system is in the cerebral cortex. The lower limbic
structures produce spontaneous expressions of emotion that are instinctive and therefore
universal. These are the primary emotions, which include joy, sadness, anger, and fear. These
emotions may be accompanied by physiological changes, such as a racing heart, widened eyes,
and changes in breathing. All these changes are produced by the lower limbic system. The lower
limbic structures mature early in development. Thus, even newborns can display joy, sadness,
fear, disgust, anger, surprise, and pleasure, as well as corresponding physiological changes.
The upper limbic system—that is, the limbic cortex—is devoted to conscious emotional
experience—the self-conscious emotions. The limbic cortex is where awareness of and control
over feelings occurs. This part of the limbic system does not play a role during the first 6 months.
Beginning at around 6 months of age, the emotional life of infants takes a giant leap as higher
limbic centers begin to influence other parts of the brain. Massive increases in dendrites and
synapses in the frontal lobe now make it possible for babies to become more finely tuned to their
social environments.

The 6- or 7-month-old infant, for example, expresses anxiety or wariness in the presence of
unfamiliar adults for the first time. At earlier ages, most infants accept unfamiliar people without
much fuss. Now, though, infants are beginning to realize that not all people are the same. They
become much more selective about whom they will allow to hold them, play with them, and so
forth. These special activities are usually reserved for close family members.

Ans:
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

46. The primary emotions include

A. joy, sadness, anger, and fear.
B. joy, sadness, embarrassment, and fear.
C. joy, jealousy, pride, and sadness.
D. joy, fear, anxiety, and sadness.

Ans: A
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

47. The __________ is responsible for conscious emotions.

A. lower limbic system
B. limbic cortex
C. deep limbic system
D. entire limbic system

Ans: B
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

48. It isn’t until about _________ that a child adds conscious emotions to the primary ones.

A. 3 months
B. 6 months
C. 1 year
D They are present at birth

Ans: B
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

49. A child experiences many more emotions around 6 months because of

A. parents.
B. stranger anxiety.
C. separation anxiety.
D. massive brain growth.

Ans: D
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

50. A child’s experiences during the first year of life form his or her emotional foundation.
A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

51. The __________ theory says each emotion has distinctive features in all cultures.
A. primary emotion
B. discrete emotion
C. secondary emotion
D. fundamental emotion
Ans: B
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

52. The facial expressions of the primary emotions are the same worldwide.
A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

53. Sarah’s brows are lowered and her lips are pulled to the side. What emotion does this
expression convey?
A. happiness
B. crying face
C. anger
D. pride

Ans: B
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

54. The terms secondary emotions, self-conscious emotions, and cognitive dependent
emotions all mean the same thing.
A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

55. Self-conscious emotions are so named because

A. they are embarrassing.
 B. they require self-awareness.
C. others can notice them nonverbally.
D. others can notice them verbally.

Ans: B
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

56. An awakening of sociability and the social smile occur about when?
A. right after birth
B. 2–3 months
C. 5–6 month transition
D. 10–13 months

Ans: B
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

57. Both pride and distress appear regularly around

A. 5–6 months.
B. 7–8 months.
C. 10–13 months.
D. 15–18 months.

Ans: C
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

58. Betsye’s son can change from being happy one minute to putting on a temper tantrum the
next and she is worried. What do you tell her?
A. Take him to a psychiatrist now!
B. He is spoiled.
C. That is SO normal . . .no worries.
D. He needs a time out.

Ans: C
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

59. ___________ refers to the two-way emotional access parents and children have to each
other.
A. Emotional availability
B. Emotional regulation
C. Emotional access
D. Emotional bidirectionality

Ans: A
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

60. Children who can regulate their emotions tend to have more friends and make better
grades than those who have difficulty regulating emotions.
A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

61. Two-year-old Stephen can decode others’ facial expressions and can use other people’s
reactions to determine his feelings. A psychologist would say that Stephen is
A. autistic.
B. socially competent.
C. emotionally aware.
D. an out of sync child.

Ans: B
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

62. In order to become socially competent, a child needs to learn these skills:
A. decoding facial expressions; social referencing.
 B. mutual gaze, trust.
C. emotional communication, social interaction.
D. stranger anxiety, decoding faces.

Ans: A
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

63. Laurie hears her first loud thunderstorm. She looks anxiously to her Mom who calmly
tells her not to worry, God is just rearranging the furniture. Laurie goes back to playing.
What just happened?
A. mimicry
B. facial decoding
C. social competence
D. social referencing

Ans: D
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

64. Prior to the DSM-V, a child had severe deficits in social interaction, communication,
and restricted interests, he may have been diagnosed with
A. Autism
B. Asperger’s.
C. Pervasive Developmental Disorder NOS
D. any of these.

Ans: D
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

65. Research suggests that children with a disorder on the autism spectrum may have
problems with this area of the brain:
A. hippocampus.
B. cerebellum.
C. frontal lobe.
D. amygdala.
Ans: D
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

66. The strongest risk factor for autism is

A. parental coldness.
B. having an autistic sibling.
C. parental social skills.
D. warmth in parenting during the first year.

Ans: B
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

67. ESSAY: List and discuss six “red flags” that may signal autism in a child.

Answer: According to the National Institute of Mental Health, several early behaviors are
possible indicators of autism spectrum disorders. Following are some of these “red flags”
for autism.

• Does not babble, point, or make meaningful gestures by 1 year of age.

• Does not speak any words by 16 months.

• Does not combine two words by 2 years.

• Does not respond to name.

• Loses language or social skills.

• Makes poor eye contact.

• Does not seem to know how to play with toys.

• Excessively lines up toys or other objects.

• Is attached to one particular toy or object.

• Doesn't smile.

• At times seems to be hearing impaired.

 It is very important to note that there are many possible explanations for most of the
behaviors listed above. A child's attachment to a particular toy or difficulty with language
skills is not, in itself, a sign of autism. It is also important to note that a child who does
have excellent language skills may still be diagnosable on the autism spectrum. In fact,
some children who are diagnosed with Asperger syndrome have extraordinary language
and reading skills.

Ans:
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

68. Two-year-old Leah likes to say “mine” so much her mother is annoyed. What would the
psychologist say about this?
A. She is spoiled.
B. She has a good sense of self.
C. She needs a sibling so she can learn to share.
D. Put her in time out.

Ans: B
Section Ref: The Emerging Sense of Self
Learning Objective: LO 4
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

69. Erikson’s ______________stage is when toddlers learn their sense of self.

A. 1st
B. 2nd
C. 3rd
D. 4th

Ans: B
Section Ref: The Emerging Sense of Self
Learning Objective: LO 4
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

70. If a parent is very critical of her child’s “accidents’ during toilet training, the child may
develop a sense of
A. autonomy.
 B. mistrust.
C. guilt.
D. shame.

Ans: D
Section Ref: The Emerging Sense of Self
Learning Objective: LO 4
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

71. __________ says children are born with an emergent sense of self.
A. Erik Erikson
B. Daniel Stern
C. Jean Piaget
D. Sigmund Freud

Ans: B
Section Ref: The Emerging Sense of Self
Learning Objective: LO 4
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

72. Daniel Stern theorizes that by the time a child turns 2 the ___________self is apparent.
A. emergent
B. subjective
C. verbal
D. reflective

Ans: C
Section Ref: The Emerging Sense of Self
Learning Objective: LO 4
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

73. Fourteen-month-old Betty Jane has red blush on her nose. When she looks in a mirror,
she will
A. touch her own nose.
B. touch the mirrored baby’s nose.
C. cry.
D. look away.

Ans: B
Section Ref: The Emerging Sense of Self
Learning Objective: LO 4
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

74. Even infants can demonstrate empathy.

A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: The Emerging Sense of Self
Learning Objective: LO 4
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

75. Research into empathy and morality suggests that these qualities are
A. learned through the environment.
B. developed through experience.
C. passed down through the generations.
D. inborn.

Ans: D
Section Ref: The Emerging Sense of Self
Learning Objective: LO 4
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

76. There is so much overlap in Western and non-Western parenting values that there really
is not much difference between the two.
A. True
B. False

Ans: False
Section Ref: Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

77. Fathers who participate in caring for their children have better marriage relationships.
A. True
B. False
Ans: True
Section Ref: Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

78. Which parent tends to be more physically stimulating when playing?

A. Mom
B. Dad
C. Grandma
D. Babysitter

Ans: B
Section Ref: Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

79. In the United States, the role of _________ as caregivers to young children has been
dramatically increasing.
A. parents
B. cousins
C. grandparents
D. siblings

Ans: C
Section Ref: Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

80. Research on day care shows that __________ is (are) the most important influence on a
child’s development.
A. caregiver quality
B. parents
C. number of hours spent in day care
D. staff turnover

Ans: B
Section Ref: Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 5
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Knowledge

81. Your typical, consistent style of interacting with your environment is known as your
A. personality.
B. temperament.
C. attitude.
D. affect

Ans: B
Section Ref: Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

82. Temperament is inborn and tends to be stable throughout the life span.
A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

83. Tyler is unpredictable and negative and does not like change and new things. His
temperament would be classifies as
A. negative.
B. slow to warm up.
C. easy.
D. difficult.

Ans: D
Section Ref: Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

84. Carol thinks children are great because her first born has a(n) ___________
temperament. The baby is usually smiling, is interested in new things, and is not intense.
A. slow to warm up
B. easy
 C. difficult
D. practically perfect in every way

Ans: B
Section Ref: Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

85. According to Thomas and Chess’s research, there are __________ dimensions of
temperament.
A. four
B. five
C. seven
D. nine

Ans: D
Section Ref: Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

86. Which one of the dimensions of temperament describes how expressive a child is?
A. activity
B. sensory threshold
C. adaptability
D. intensity

Ans: D
Section Ref: Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

87. Which one of the dimensions of temperament shows the child’s initial response to
novelty?
A. approach/withdrawal
B. adaptability
C. intensity
D. persistence

Ans: A
Section Ref: Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

88. If a parent likes to snuggle and the child does not, you could say they do not have
______________ according to Chess and Thomas.
A. synchronicity
B. goodness of fit
C. corresponding temperaments
D. reciprocity

Ans: B
Section Ref: Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

89. If there is a mismatch between the behavioral styles of a parent and child, which one
needs to be the most adaptable?
A. parent
B. child
C. both. They need to meet in the middle.
D. It can’t be fixed.

Ans: A
Section Ref: Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

90. According to Erikson, shame and doubt are the same concept.
A. True
B. False

Ans: False
Section Ref: Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge
 91. ___________ states that the relationships children have with their parents lay the
foundation for all subsequent relationships.
A. Freud
B. Erikson’s theory
C. Attachment theory
D. Piaget

Ans: C
Section Ref: Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

92. The ___________ model focuses on how the child and environment interact with each
other,
A. dynamic
B. transactional
C. attachment
D. psychoanalytic

Ans: B
Section Ref: Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

93. Maternal employment during the first year of a child’s life is associated with later
problem behaviors in the child.
A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

94. ____________ direct and energize behavior.

A. Thoughts
B. Emotions
C. People
 D. Relationships

Ans: B
Section Ref: Emotional Development
Learning Objective: LO 3
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

95. The idea that children are born with a group of core emotions is called
A. self-conscious emotions.
B. primary emotions.
C. discrete emotions theory.
D. secondary emotion theory.

Ans: C
Section Ref: Theories of Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 1
Difficulty: Medium
Bloom: Knowledge

96. Psychosocial theory says that the successful resolution of autonomy versus shame has a
great deal to do with the experience of potty training.
A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: Theories of Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 1
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

97. Children can equally attach to their fathers and their mothers.
A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

98. Temperament has a clear-cut, well-recognized definition.

A. True
 B. False

Ans: False
Section Ref: Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

99. Parenting quality has more impact on a child’s emotional development than does
attending day care.
A. True
B. False

Answer: True p. 66 Easy

Ans: True
Section Ref: Environment, Temperament, and Psychosocial Development
Learning Objective: LO 5
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge

100. The quality of early childhood attachment can impact the grown child’s choice of a mate.
A. True
B. False

Ans: True
Section Ref: The Importance of Attachment
Learning Objective: LO 2
Difficulty: Easy
Bloom: Knowledge
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