STiTACS Unit 4 L25 To L29 Feynman Diagram Methods

Select/Special Topics from
‘Theory of Atomic Collisions and Spectroscopy’
P. C. Deshmukh
Department of Physics
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Chennai 600036
Unit 4 Lecture Number 25
Feynman Diagram Methods
Schrodinger, Heisenberg and Dirac ‘pictures’
Primary references:
[1] Fetter and Walecka – Quantum Theory of Many-Particle Systems
[2] Raimes – Many Electron Theory
PCD STiTACS Unit 4 1
Average HF energy STiTACS Unit 3 (RPA);
per electron L19, L20; Slides # 96, 97
electron-electron interaction, reduces the energy BELOW that of
the Sommerfeld gas (of course in the positive jellium potential)
FEG in HF-SCF jellium potential : 4

1 Ryd  me 2  13.60569... eV
E  2
 HF    2.21  0.916  Ryd
0
2
1 Bohr unit   0.5292... A
 N   rs 2 rs  me2
rs : Bohr units
First Order Perturbative treatment of

the exchange term  SAME RESULT
Second (and higher) Order Perturbative treatment of the
electron-electron Coulomb interaction however diverges.
PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 2
For free electron gas in jellium potential :
Need!
E 
 HF    2.21  0.916  Ryd Many-body
 N   rs 2 rs  theory – beyond
perturbation
Bohm & Pines: mid-fiftees
methods
D.Pines (1963) Elementary excitations in solids (Benjamin, NY)
Random Phase Approximation
2.21 0.916 3 2 0.916   2  4  kc
EBP  2   3      
rs rs 2r 2 rs  2 48  kf
s
kc : Upper bound to wave number of plasma oscillations

 Lower bound to wave length; since oscillations get
damped by the random thermal motion of the electrons.
N   i i 2 Z  N
1
  
Many
H (N )
  
 2m r  i  j 1 rij
electron
i 1
 i  problem
H ( N ) (q1 ,.., qN ) ( N ) (q1 ,.., qN )  E ( N ) ( N ) (q1,.., qN )
‘Exact “Having no body at all is already too many”
Solution’ ? – G. E. Brown
Non – Perturbative Methods / eg. RPA
Alternative techniques: Feynman Diagram

Configuration interaction methods: Methods
Multi-Configuration Hartree-Fock (MCHF)
Multi-Configuration Dirac-Hartree-Fock (MCDHF) 4
PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods
N   i i 2 Z  N
1
H (N )
     
 2m r  i  j 1 rij
i 1
 i 
The above Hamiltonian 

not an explicit function of time
If we can treat this term as if it has a time-

dependence, then the mathematical procedure
that would enables us to do so, would also
provide access to powerful methods using the
INTERACTION (Dirac) “PICTURE”.
Schrodinger picture
Heisenberg picture
Dirac (Interaction) picture
"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"
The Nobel Prize in

Physics 1932
Werner Heisenberg
"for the creation of quantum
mechanics, the application of
which has, inter alia, led to the
discovery of the allotropic
forms of hydrogen" The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933
Erwin Schrödinger, Paul A.M. Dirac 6
Schrodinger picture ‘picture’
Heisenberg picture
‘representation’
Dirac (Interaction) picture

H  r , t   i   r , t  Schrodinger picture
t
i H t
time-evolution:   r , t   e   r , 0
i H t H
2
1 H  1 H 
3
e  1 i t   i t    i t   ......
2!   3!  
H  r ,0  E  r ,0
stationary states
i E
t
Time dependent wave
function 
  r , t   e   r , 0
i E t
 r ,t   e   r , 0 State functions are
TIME DEPENDENT
OPERATORS q, p, H  INDEPENDENT
of time
Schrödinger picture

H S  r , t   i  S r ,t 
t
Schrödinger equation in the
Schrödinger picture
PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 8
UNITARY TRANSFORMATIONS
- leave the ‘physics’ invariant…..
-Rotation of basis in the Hilbert space
H H
-‘Generalized’ rotations
i t i t from one ‘picture’ to ‘another’
H  e S e
H H
i t i t
Oe ; O e
†  H  fn(time)
 H  fn(time)
 H  r , t     r ,0
time independent… Heisenberg Picture

wavefunction at t=0
9
- leave the ‘physics’ invariant…..
-Rotation of basis in the Hilbert space
H
i t
H
i t
-‘Generalized’ rotations
Oe ; O e † from one ‘picture’ to ‘another’
Heisenberg Picture
H H H
i
 H  r , t   OH  S  r , t   e  S r ,t 
i t t i t
H  e S e
time independent… i E t
wavefunction at t=0  S r ,t   e  S  r ,0 
H
i E t
 H r ,t   e   r , 0    r , 0
i t
e
 H  r , t     r ,0 H  H  t  but H H  H S  fn(t )
10
H H
i t i t
H  e S e
   iHt  H
i t
H
i t   i H t 
H   e  S e + e S  e 
t  t   t 
  iH i H t  H
i t
H
i t  iH   i
H
t
H   e  S e + e S  e
t    
 iH i H t H
i t i i t
H H
i t
H  e S e    e S He
t  
 iH i H t H
i t  
i i
H
t  i
H
t
H  e S e    e S e H
t  
i
H
t i
H
t note: Hamiltonian same in HP as in SP
H  e S e i
H
t i
H
t
HH  e HS e  HS
 iH i H t H
i t i i t
H H
i t
H  e S e    e S e H
t  
 iH i
H  H    H H
t  
 i
 H     H ,  H 
t  

i  H   H , H 
t
Schrodinger Picture
 S  fn(time)
Heisenberg Picture
 S (r , t )  fn(time) i
H
t
H H
Oe
i t i t
H  e S e
 H  fn(time)
 H  fn(time)
H
 H r ,t   e  S r ,t 
i t
H  H 0  H1
Ho
i t
Oe
H0 H0 H0
i
&  I r ,t   e  S r ,t 
Dirac Picture i t t i t
Interaction I  e S e
Picture BOTH I and  I are functions of time
H  H 0  H1 Schrodinger equation

↑ H S  r , t   i  S r ,t 
Soluble part t
Unitary transformation
Ho
operator that effects i t
transformation to the Oe
Dirac/Interaction picture
H0
i
 I r , t   S r , t 
t
i
H0
t i
H0
t e
 I (t )  e S e
H0
 I r ,t   e  S r ,t 
i t

H0
i
 H 0  H1  S  r , t   i e  I r ,t 
t
t
 i 0 t
H
 H 0  H1  S  r , t   i e  I  r , t 
t
 i 0 t
H
H 0 S  r , t   H1 S  r , t   i e  I r ,t 
t
 H 0  i 0 t 
H H0
i
H 0 S  r , t   H1 S  r , t   i  i  I r ,t  + i e  I r ,t 
t
e
  t
H0
 I r ,t   e  S r ,t 
i t

H0
i
H 0 S  r , t   H1 S  r , t   H 0 S  r , t  + i e  I r ,t 
t
t


H0
i
H1 S  r , t   i e  I r ,t 
t
t
H0
i
 S r ,t   e  I r ,t 
t

H0 H0
i i
 I r ,t   i e  I r ,t 
t t
H1e
t

H0 H0
i i
 I r ,t   i  I r ,t 
t t
e H1e
t

H I (t )  I  r , t   i  I r ,t 
t

Just “like”  H  r , t   i   r , t  Schrodinger equation
t
16

H I (t )  I  r , t   i  I r ,t 
t

Just “like”  H  r , t   i   r , t  Schrodinger equation
t
H0 H0
H0 H0 i t i t
i t i t  I (t )  e S e
H I (t )  e H1e H0
 I r ,t   e  S r ,t 
i t
in accordance with 
Transformation of only the ‘correlation’ part of

the Hamiltonian that remained to be treated in
the Schrodinger picture formalism.
However : note the role of H 0
H  H 0  H1
17
H0 H0
H I (t )  e
i t
H1e
i t
H  H 0  H1
Notation 
The subscript I denotes the transformation
to the INTERACTION PICTURE of the
difficult/correlation part H1 of the
Hamiltonian.

H0 H0
H I (t )  e
i t
H1e
i t
H  H 0  H1
Transformation of only the ‘correlation’ part of

the Hamiltonian that remained to be treated in
the Schrodinger picture formalism.
H0 H0
i t i t
  I (t )  e S e
H I (t )  I  r , t   i  I r ,t 
t H 0
 I r ,t   e  S r ,t 
i t
 I  r , t   fn(time)
Time  dependence is determined by both H 0 and H1
Unitary transformation
H  H 0  H1
Ho
operator that effects i t
transformation to the Oe
Dirac/Interaction picture
H0 H0 H0
i
&  I r ,t   e  S r ,t 
i t t i t
I  e S e

Recall  H I (t )  I  r , t   i  I r ,t 
H H
t
i 0
t i 0
t
H I (t )  e H1e
IF : H1  0 
 i  I r ,t   0
THEN : H I (t )  0 t
 I  time-independent
Interaction/Dirac picture ↔Heisenberg picture
Reference: Fetter and Walecka –
Time  Development Operator Quantum Theory of Many-Particle Systems,
Chapter 3
U  t , t0 
FW/Eq.6.11/page 55  I  t   U  t , t0  I  t0 
 I  t   U  t , t1 U  t1 , t0  I  t0 
 I  t   U  t , t  I  t 
Existence of UNIT operator U  t , t   1
Closure property U t1 , t3  U    t1 , t2 U  t2 , t3 
1  U  t , t   U  t , t0  U  t 0 , t   Existence of INVERSE
U 1  t0 , t   U  t , t0  ‘GROUP’ properties
 I  t   U  t , t0  I  t0 
norm  I  t   I  t    I  t0   I  t 0 
 I t  I t   I  t0  U  t , t 0  U  t , t 0   I  t 0 
    †
U †  t , t0  U  t , t 0   1
U  t , t0   U
† 1
 t , t0   unitary


Recall: H I (t )  I  r , t   i  I r ,t 
t
 I  t   U  t , t0  I  t0 

H I (t ) U  t , t0  I  t0   i U  t , t0  I  t0 
t
 For arbitrary  I  t0  

H I (t ) U  t , t0   i U  t , t0   Equation of
t motion for the
time-development
operator.
H0 H0 H0
i
&  I r ,t   e  S r ,t 
i t t i t
I  e S e
time-evolution of Schrodinger state:

i H t
 r ,t   e   r , 0
i H t t0 
If initial time is t0 :   r , t   e   r , t0 
H0 H0 H
i i i  t  t0 
 I r ,t   e  S r ,t   e  S  r , t0 
t t
e

H0 H0 H
i i i  t  t0 
 I r ,t   e  S r ,t   e  S  r , t0 
t t
e
H0
i
 S  r , t0   e  I  r , t0 
t0
H0 H H0
i i t t0  i
 I r ,t   e  I  r , t0 
t t0
e e
Time Evolution: t0 to t
H0 H H0
i i  t t0  i
U  t , t0   e
t t0
e e
25
H0 H H0
i i  t t0  i
U  t , t0   e
t t0
e e
 AB   B† A†
†
H0 H H0
i i  t t0  i
U  t , t0   e
t t0
†
e e
U  t , t0   U
† 1
 t , t0 

H I (t ) U  t , t0   i U  t , t0   Equation of
t motion for the
time-development
operator.
Formal solution 
H0 H H0
i i  t t0  i
U  t , t0   e
t t0
e e
In general  H , H 0   0 hence the order of the
operators is important.
Next class: Dyson’s Chronological Operator
PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods Questions: pcd@physics.iitm.ac.ic 27

P. C. Deshmukh
Chennai 600036
Dyson’s Chronological Operator
Primary references:
Fetter and Walecka – Quantum Theory of Many-Particle Systems
Raimes – Many Electron Theory
 I  r , t   UI  t , t0   I  r , t0  Time evolution
of interaction
picture states

H I (t ) UI  t , t0   i UI  t , t0   Equation of
t
motion for the
Differential equation for the
Time Evolution Operator
time-development
operator.
Formal solution 
H0 H H0
i  i  t t0   i
UI  t , t0   e
t t0
e e
Today:
we develop an integral equation for the time

development operator 29

i U  t , t '  H I '(t ) U  t , t '  H I (t ) U  t , t '
t
Raimes
– Many Electron Theory
Eq.5.32 page 97
Fetter and Walecka

– Quantum Theory of Many Particle Systems
Eq.6.17, page 56

i U  t , t0   H I (t ) U  t , t0 
t

i U  t , t0   H I (t ) U  t , t0 
t
 i
i.e. U  t , t0   H I (t ) U  t , t0 
t
integrating from t0 to t :
 i t
U  t ', t0    dt ' H I (t ') U  t ', t0 
t
t0
dt '
t ' t0
i
U  t , t0   U  t0 , t 0   dt ' H I (t ') U t ', t0 
t

t0
U  t0 , t0   1
i
U  t , t0  =1  dt ' H I (t ') U  t ', t0 
t
t0
i
U  t , t0  =1  dt ' H I (t ') U  t ', t0 
t
t0
Independent variable t appears as UPPER LIMIT

If U were ordinary functions, then such integrals
would be “VOLTERRA INTEGRALS”
U  t , t0   time development operators
 not ordinary functions of time t
Iterative solutions available; which are guaranteed to

converge in the case of ordinary functions ……
…… we attempt similar procedures in the present case.
We are dealing with operators….
….so we must preserve the ‘ordering’
i
U  t , t0  =1  dt ' H I (t ') U  t ', t0 
t

t0
i
U  t ', t0  =1  dt '' H I (t '') U  t '', t0 
t'

t0
i  i 
U  t , t0  =1  dt '' H I (t '') U  t '', t0  
t t'

t0
dt ' H I (t ') 1 
  t0 
 i   i 
2
U  t , t0  dt ' H I (t ')  dt '' H I (t '') U t '', t0 

t t t'
=1     dt ' H I (t ')    
  t0   t0 t0
Order of the operators is important: left ↓right↓

 i  t  i 
2
U  t , t0  dt '  dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '') U t '', t0 

t t'
=1     dt ' H I (t ')    
  t0   t0 t0

 i  t  i 
2
U  t , t0  dt '  dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '') U t '', t0 

t t'
=1     dt ' H I (t ')    
  t0   t0 t0
i
U  t '', t0  =1  dt ''' H I (t ''') U  t ''', t0 
t ''
t0
 i  t  i 
2
U  t , t0 
t t'
=1     dt ' H I (t ')     dt '  dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')  ....
  t0   t0 t0
Consider the 3rd term
t t' 1 t t'
t0
dt ' 
t0
dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')   dt '  dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')
2 t0 t0
1 t t'
  dt '  dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')
2 t0 t0

Integration is over the variables t’ and t’’
t t' 1 t t'
 dt '  dt '' H (t ') H (t '')  2  dt '  dt '' H (t ') H (t '')
t0 t0 I I t0 t0 I I
1 t t'
  dt '  dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')
2 t0 t0
t '' t ''  t t '  t ''

t ''  t '
t ' t t'  t
t0 
t '  t ''t0  t ''  t Fetter & Walecka / Fig.6.1 / page 57
Raimes / Fig.5.1/page 100
t0
t0 PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods
t' 35
Integration is over the variables t’ and t’’
t t' 1 t t'
 dt '  dt '' H (t ') H (t '')  2  dt '  dt '' H (t ') H (t '')
t0 t0 I I t0 t0 I I
1 t t'
  dt '  dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')
2 t0 t0
t '' t ''  t t '  t ''

t ''  t '
t ' t t'  t
t0 
t '  t ''t0  t ''  t Fetter & Walecka / Fig.6.1 / page 57
Raimes / Fig.5.1/page 100
t0
t0 PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods
t' 36
Heaviside
  x step function
 ( x  xc )  1
  x ; x  xc   0
  x ; x  xc   1
x
x  xc

t t' 1 t t'

t0
dt ' 
t0
dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')   dt '  dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')
2 t0 t0
1 t t'
  dt '  dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')
2 t0 t0
t t'

t0
dt '  dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '') 
t0
1 t
dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')   t ' t ''
t

2 t0
dt ' t0
t0  t ''  t '
1 t t'
  dt '  dt " H I (t ') H I (t ")
2 t0 t0
Fetter & Walecka / Eq.6.21 / page 57

1 t
dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')   dt '  dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')   t ' t '' 
t t' t
 t0
dt ' 
t0 2 t0 t0
1 t t'
  dt '  dt " H I (t ') H I (t ")
t t' 2 t0 t0

t0
dt '  dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '') 
t0
1 t
dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')   t ' t ''
t

2 0
t
dt ' t0
1 t
dt " H I (t ') H I (t ")   t ' t "
t
  dt '  t0  t ''  t '
2 t0 t0
t t'
 t0
dt '  dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '') 
t0
t '' t'
1 t in 2nd term
dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')   t ' t ''
t

2 0
t
dt '  t0
1 t
dt ' H I (t '') H I (t ')   t '' t '
t
  dt ''  Fetter & Walecka
2 t0 t0 Eq.6.21 / page 57
t t'

t0
dt '  dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '') 
t0
1 t
dt '  dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')   t ' t ''
t

2 t0 t0
1 t
  dt ''  dt ' H I (t '') H I (t ')   t '' t ' 
t
2 t0 t0
Operators containing the latest time

stand farthest to the left.
Combining the two terms:
t t'
t0
dt '  dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '') 
t0
1 t
  dt '  dt ''  H I (t ') H I (t '')  t ' t ''   H I (t '') H I (t ')  t '' t ' 
t
2 t0 t0
Fetter & Walecka / Eq.6.21 / page 57 PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 40
t t' Operators containing the latest
t0
dt '  dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '') 
t0 time stand farthest to the left.
1 t
  dt '  dt ''  H I (t ') H I (t '')  t ' t ''   H I (t '') H I (t ')  t '' t ' 
t
2 t0 t0
T: Time-ordered product of operators.

Operators containing the latest time stand farthest to the left.
1 t
dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')   dt '  dt '' T  H I (t ') H I (t '')
t t' t

t0
dt ' 
t0 2 t0 t0
 i   i 
2
U  t , t0 
t t t'
  t0   t0 t0
Generalizing:
 i 
 n
1
U  t , t0  =  dt2 .. dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn )
t t t
n 0
 
  n! 
t0
dt1 
t0 t0
There are n! ' time - orderings ' of the time labels t1, t2 ,....., tn
41
 i   i 
2
U  t , t0 
t t t'
  t0   t0 t0
T: Time-ordered product of operators. Fetter & Walecka / page 57,58

 i 
 n
1
U  t , t0  =  dt2 .. dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn )
t t t
n 0
 
  n!  t0
dt1 
t0 t0
Now, let t0  
 i  t  i 
2
U  t ,   =1     dt ' H I (t ')   
t t'
     
dt ' 

dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')  ....
 i 
 n
1
U  t ,   = dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn ) 
t t t
n 0
 
  n!  
dt1  
dt2 ..


U  t ,   =1  U n with
n 1
 i 
n
1
dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn ) 
t t t
Un   
  n! 
dt1 
dt2 ..

T  A  t1  B  t2    A  t1  B  t2  if t1  t2
 B  t2  A  t1  if t2  t1
t1  t2 : chronologically same!
T  H I  t1  H I  t2    H I  t1  H I  t2  if t1  t2
 H I  t2  H I  t1 
T  H I  t1  H I  t2    H I  t1  H I  t2  if t1  t2
 H I  t2  H I  t1  if t2  t1

  
T  H I t1 H I t2   T  H I t2 H I t1 
  
    
  
 i 
 n
1
U  t , t0  =  dt2 .. dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn ) 
t t t
n 0
 
  n! 
t0
dt1 
t0 t0
Consider nth term in this series:

 i 
n
1
dt2 .. dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn ) 
t t t
 
  n!  t0
dt1  t0 t0
There are n ! ' time - orderings ' of the time labels

t1 , t2 ,....., tn
one of these n! ways is: t1  t2  .......  tn
t1 , t2 ,..., tn are dummy labels that get integrated out

and
i↓ j↓ j↓ i↓
T  H I (t1 ) ..H I (ti )..H I (t j )..H I (tn )   T  H I (t1 ) ..H I (t j )..H I (ti )..H I (tn ) 
ADIABATIC “SWITCHING” of the PERTURBATION
H  H 0  H1
Perturbation: ‘unfriendly’ part
‘solvable’ part
t adiabatic switching
H  H 0  e H1 control parameter
Raimes – Many Electron Theory Eq.6.6 page 105
 : small (positive) ; in the end   0

t
as t  ; e  0 & H  H 0  soluble part
as t  0; H  H 0 + H1  full Hamiltonian
Perturbation is turned on and off very slowly
quasi-static (adiabatic) ;
end-results to be obtained independent of α. 45
t
H  H 0  e H1
adiabatic switching
control parameter
This mathematical device enables us use the
provisions of the INTERACTION PICTURE
very fruitfully.
 : small (positive) ; in the end   0
as t  ; e t  0 & H  H 0  soluble part
as t  0; H  H 0 + H1  full Hamiltonian

INTERACTION PICTURE
H0 H0 H0
i
 I r, t   e  S r, t 
i t t i t
I  e S e
H0 H0
i i
 H1  e
t t
H I (t )  e
t
H  H 0  e H1
adiabatic switching
control parameter
Perturbation: ‘unfriendly’ part,
controlled by the mathematical switch
H0 H0
e H1  e
i
H I t   e
i t t
t

H0 H0
e H1  e
i t i t
t
HI  e
The following two results remain valid
under adiabatic switching when H1   e H1  t

(1) i U  t , t0   H I (t ) U  t , t0 
t
(2)
 i 
 n
1
t t t
n 0
 
  n! 
t0
dt1 
t0 t0

H0 H0
e H1  e
i t i t
t H0 H0
HI  e I  e
i t
S e
i t
H0
Interaction  I  t   U  t , t0  I  t0   I r ,t   e  S r ,t 
i t
picture 
H I (t ) U  t , t0   i U  t , t0 
t
The time development operator must
explicitly depend on α
H  H 0  H1
 I  t   U  t , t0  I  t0 
 i 
 n
1
t t t
n 0
 
  n! t0
dt1  t0 t0
U   t , t0  = H  H 0  e t H1
 i 
 n
1
= dt2 .. dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn ) 
t t t
n 0
 
  n! 
t0
dt1 
t0 t0

H0 H0
e H1  e
i t i t
t
HI  e
Two limits that concern us

t   and   0
t
as t  ; e  0 & H  H 0  soluble part
H 0 0  E0 0
 0 : time  independent stationary eigenstate of H 0
Time evolution of the Schrodinger state if there

were no ‘correlations’
i H t i H0 t
 S r ,t   e   r ,0  
H H
e 0  r 
0
H   H 0  e t H1   H 00  E00
H0
t  
time  independent stationary eigenstate of H 0
i H t i H0 t
time-evolution:  S  r , t   e   r ,0   e 0  r 
H H0
How would the corrosponding  I  r , t  evolve with time?
H0
 I r ,t   e
i
 S r ,t 
t
  I  r ,0    S  r ,0 
If there were NO correlations,  I  r , t  would evolve as:
H0
i H0 t
 I r ,t   e  0  r    0  r   independent of time
i t
e

 I r ,t   0  I  r , t   independent
t of time
If there were NO correlations,  I  r , t  would evolve as:
H0
i H0 t
 I r ,t   e  0  r    0  r   independent of time
i t
e
The eigenstates of H0 remain independent of

time in the interaction picture;
since in this case the perturbation H1=0.
When correlation is present

As t increases from  , the perturbation is turned on
H  H 0  e t H1
 I  t   U  t , t0  I  t0 
 I  r , t     0 H   H 0  e t H1 
H  H0
t  
 I  r , t  0  0
 U  t  0, t     I  r , t   
 U  t  0, t     0
Two limits that concerned us: t   &   0
Next class:
What happens in the limit α→0?
Gell-Mann and Low theorem

P. C. Deshmukh
Chennai 600036
Gell-Mann and Low Theorem
M. Gell-Mann and F. Low Phys.Rev. 84:350 (1951)

H  H 0  e H1 t H 0 0  r   E0 0  r 
i E t
 S r ,t   e  S  r , 0 Schrodinger picture
H t   H 0 ;  S  r ,    0  r 
Heisenberg picture
H H H
i
 H r, t   e  S r, t 
i t t i t
H  e S e
Dirac / Interaction picture
H0 H0 H0
i
 I r, t   e  S r, t 
i t t i t
I  e S e
I  r , t  0  H  r , t  0  S  r , t  0 
 I  r , t  0   H  r , t  0   S  r , 0
55
H  H 0  e t H1
H H H
i
 H r, t   e  S r, t 
i t t i t
H  e S e
H0 H0 H0
i
 I r, t   e  S r, t 
i t t i t
I  e S e
E0
i
If H1 =0, H=H 0 &  S  r , t   e  S  r , 0
t
H0
 I r , t   e  S  r , t  = S  r , 0 
i t
IF : H1  0 
 i  I r ,t   0
THEN : H I (t )  0 t
 I  time-independent
Interaction/Dirac picture ↔Heisenberg picture 56
As t increases from  , the perturbation is turned on
H  H 0  e t H1 i.e. H  t      H 0  e t H1 t    H 0
 I  r , t     0
 I  r , t  0  0  U  t  0, t     I  r , t   
0  U  t  0, t     0
i.e.
0  U  t  0, t     0
57
H   H 0  e H1  t
; H  H0
t  
H t 0 : full Hamiltonian (with correlations)
 I  r , t  0  0  U  t  0, t     I  r , t   
0  U  t  0, t     0
Two limits concern us: (1) t   & (2)   0

Today,
we examine the following question:
What happens in the limit α→0?
Fetter & Walecka,
Quantum Theory of Many-Particle Systems
pages 60, 61 Gell-Mann and Low theorem
H 00  E00 Gell-Mann and Low theorem
H   H 0  e H1  t
 H0
t  
Question: How do we get eigenstate of H  H 0  H1 ?
 I  r , t  0  0  U  t  0, t    0
U (0, )  0 0
If lim  exists,
 0  0 U (0, )  0 0  0
then it is an eigenstate of H  H 0  H1 ; t0  
0 0 For ‘PROOF’, see:
i.e. H  E Fetter & Walecka

Quantum Theory of
0  0 0  0 Many-Particle Systems,
page 61
59
Gell-Mann and Low theorem
H 00  E00
 I  r , t  0  0  U  t  0, t    0
H   H 0  e H1 
t
 H0
t  
The eigenstate
0 U (0, )  0
 lim
0  0  0  0 U (0, )  0
of H  H 0  H1 develops ADIABETICALLY
from  0 which is an eigen-state of the
unperturbed Hamiltonian: H 00  E00

 I  r , t  0  0  U  t  0, t    0
The question we had asked:

H 00  E00 what happens in the limit α→0?
t 0
H   H 0  e H1 
t
 H0 H   H 0  e H1  t
 H
t    0
 H  r , t    S  r , t  0 =  I  r , t  0
 U  t  0, t     0
lim U  t  0, t    0 need not be well defined.

 0
0 U (0, )  0 Limit of

 lim
0  0  0  0 U (0, )  0 the RATIO
 I  r , t  0  0  U  t  0, t    0
The question we had asked:

what happens in the limit α→0?
lim U  t  0, t    0 need not be well defined.
 0
0 U (0, )  0 Limit of

 lim
0  0  0  0 U (0, )  0 the RATIO
The phase of the numerator diverges in

the limit α→0, but it is nicely cancelled
Gell-Mann and
in the ratio by the denominator. Low theorem
 I  r , t  0  0  U  t  0, t    0
U (0, )  0 0
If lim  exists,
 0  0 U (0, )  0 0  0
then it is an eigenstate of H  H 0  H1 ;
0 0 Gell-Mann and
i.e. H  E Low theorem
0  0 0  0
0 0
0 0 H  0 E
0  0 0  0
0 H  0 0  0
 E
0  0 0  0 PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 63
H   H 0  e H1  t

H0 H  = E 
t   0 0 0 0
 I  r , t  0   0  U  t  0, t    0
0 H  0 0  0
From Gellman & Low Theorem:  E
0  0 0  0
 0 H 0  H1  0 0  0
 E
0  0 0  0
0 H 0  0  0 H1  0 0  0
+  E
0  0 0  0 0  0
0  0  0 H1  0 0  0
E0 +  E
0  0 0  0 0  0
 0 H1  0
E  E0 
0  0
H   H 0  e H1  t
 H0
t  
H 0 0 = E0 0
 I  r , t  0  0  U  t  0, t    0
 0 H1  0 Can the energy

E  E0 
0  0 correction depend on α?
 0 H1U  t  0, t     0
E  E0  lim
 0  0 U  t  0, t     0
Fetter & Walecka

Quantum Theory of Many-Particle Systems, Eq.6.45, page 61
Raimes
Many Electron Theory, Eq.6.15, page 105
 0 H1U  t  0, t     0
Using: E  E0  lim
 0  0 U  t  0, t     0
We now show that:

 
E  E0  lim i  log  0 U  t ,    0 
 0  t t 0
 1 
  U  t ,     
lim i   log  0 U  t ,    0   lim  0  0 
 0  t t 0  0   
i  0 U  t ,    0 
 t t 0
  
 0 i U  t ,    0 

lim i  log 0 U  t ,   0   lim  t 
 0  t t 0  0 
  0 U  t ,    0 
t 0

  

 0 i U  t ,    0 
  t
lim i  log 0 U  t ,   0   lim  
 0  t t 0  0 
  0 U  t ,    0 
t 0

now: i U  t , t0   H I (t ) U  t , t0 
t
  0 H IU  t ,    0 
lim i   log 0 U  t ,   0 
  lim  
 0  t t 0  0   0 U  t ,    0 t 0
   0 H1U  t  0, t     0
lim i  log  0 U  t ,    0   lim
 0  t t 0  0  0 U  t  0, t     0
 0 H1U  t  0, t     0
but: E  E0  lim
 0  0 U  t  0, t     0
Thus: E  E0  lim i   log 0 U  t ,   0 


 0  t t 0
Raimes / Many Electron Theory / Eq.6.22, page 106
H   H 0  e t H1   H0
t  
H 0 0 = E0 0
0 0
H  E
0  0 0  0
E  E0  E  ?
 
E Adiabatic  lim i  log  0 U  t ,    0 
Hypothesis  0  t t 0
Rayleigh
Schrodinger
E  ?
Perturbation
Theory 68
From STiTACS /U4L25/S45:
U   t , t0  =
 i 
 n
1
= dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn ) 
t t t
n 0
 
  n!  
dt1  
dt2 ..

n=0 term
U   t , t0   1 
 i 
 n
1
 dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn ) 
t t t
n 1
 
  n! 
dt1 
dt2 ..


U   t , t0   1   U n
n 1
 i 
n
1
dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (t n ) 
t t t
Un   
  n!  
dt1  
dt2 ..


 
E  lim i  log  0 U  t ,    0 
 0  t t 0

U   t , t0   1   U n
n 1
 i 
n
1
dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (t n ) 
t t t
Un   
  n!  
dt1 

dt2 ..

remember that: H   H 0  e t H1 
 t1  t2
e , e ,...etc. appear in H I (t1 ), H I (t1 ),...etc.

 0 U  t ,    0   0 1   U n  0
n 1

 1  0 U n 0
n 1
 where
 1   An
n 1 An   0 U n  0 70

 0 U  t ,    0  1   An An  0 U n 0
n 1
 

log  0 U  t ,    0  log 1   An 
 n 1 
1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5
 
log e 1  x  x  x  x  x  x  ....
2 3 4 5
for  1  x  1
2 3

1 
 1 
log  0 U  t ,    0   An    An     An 
n 1 2  n 1  3  n 1 
4 5
1 
 1 

   An     An   ....
4  n 1  5  n 1 
 
E  lim i  log  0 U  t ,    0 
 0  t t 0
2 3
1  1

  
log  0 U  t ,    0   An    An     An 
n 1 2  n 1  3  n 1 
4 5
1   1  
   An     An   ....
4  n 1  5  n 1 
An   0 U n  0
 i 
n
1
dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn )   0
t t t
 0  
  n! 
dt1 

dt2 ..

  1 
2
 1   
3

  An    An     An   
   n 1 2  n 1  3  n 1   
E  lim i    
 0 t  1  4
 1 

5

 
 
  n  5 n 
A  A  .... 
 4  n 1   n 1   t 0
  1 
2
 1   
3

  An    An     An   
   n 1 2  n 1  3  n 1   
E  lim i    
 0 t  1  4
 1 

5

 
 
  n  5 n 
A  A  .... 
 4  n 1   n 1    t 0
 i 
n
1
dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn )   0
t t t
An   0 U n  0  0  
  n! 

dt1 
dt2 ..

   A12  A2 2  A32  ...   

  1   
  1  A  A 2  A 3  ...   
 1 2A A  A A
1 3  A A
1 4    
  2   A A  A A  A A  ..   
    
i   
2 1 2 3 2 4
E  lim 
 0  t  3
 3
 3
    
  1 1 
A A A ... A A A ...
2 3 1 2 3
 
    A1 A2 2  A1 A32  A1 A4 2  ...  A2 A1 A3  ...   .... 
  3 
 
    A2 A1  A2 A3  A2 A4  ....... 
2 2 2
  t0
1  2 3  nth order corrections

E  E  E  E  ..
indexed by the power of H1
Observe where the terms for various orders come from!
1  2 3
E  E  E  E  ..
   A12  A2 2  A32  ...   
  1   
  1 A  A2  A 3  ...   1 2 1 3 1 4  
  A A  A A  A A  
  2 
    A2 A1  A2 A3  A2 A4  ..  

E  lim i   

 0  t  A  A2  A3  ...
3 3 3
 A1 A2 A3  ...  
  1 1 
 
    A1 A2 2  A1 A32  A1 A4 2  ...  A2 A1 A3  ...   .... 
  3 
 
 
    A2 A1  A2 A3  A2 A4  .......
2 2 2
  t0
An   0 U n  0
 i 
n
1
dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn )   0
t t t
 0  
  n! 

dt1  
dt2 ..

Messy? Let us 1  

E  lim i  A1 
look at just the I  0  t  t 0
order term  PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 74
1  
E  lim i  A1 
 0  t  t 0
An   0 U n  0
 i 
n
1
dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn )   0
t t t
 0  
  n!  
dt1 

dt2 ..

A1   0 U n  0
 i  t
 0    dt1 H I (t1 )  0 H0 H0
i t i t
  
I  e S e
t
H1  e H1
H0 H0
i t i t
H I (t )  e H1 e
1
H i j
ci† i f j c j  
2 i

j k l
ci†c†j ij v lk ck cl

P. C. Deshmukh
Chennai 600036
Correspondence between Adiabatic Switching

technique and Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation
theory.
H 00  E00 Gell-Mann and Low theorem
H   H 0  e H1  t
 H0
t  
Question: How do we get eigenstate of H  H 0  H1 ?
 I  r , t  0  0  U  t  0, t    0
U (0, )  0 0
If lim  exists,
 0  0 U (0, )  0 0  0
then it is an eigenstate of H  H 0  H1 ; t0  
0 0 For ‘PROOF’, see:
i.e. H  E Fetter & Walecka

Quantum Theory of
0  0 0  0 Many-Particle Systems,
page 61
77
H   H 0  e t H1   H0 H 0 0 = E0 0
t  
From Gellman & Low Theorem:
E  E0  E  ?
 0 H1U  t  0, t     0
E  E0  lim
 0  0 U  t  0, t     0
We showed that:
 
E Adiabatic  E  E0  lim i  log  0 U  t ,    0 
Hypothesis  0  t t 0
Rayleigh
Schrodinger
E  ?
Perturbation
Theory
 
E  lim i  log  0 U  t ,    0 
  0  t t 0
U   t , t0   1   U n
n 1
 i 
n
1
dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (t n ) 
t t t
Un   
  n!  
dt1 

dt2 ..

remember that: H   H 0  e t H1 
et1 , et2 ,...etc. appear in H I (t1 ), H I (t1 ),...etc.
  where
 0 U  t ,    0   0 1   U n  0  1   An
An   0 U n  0
n 1 n 1
2 3

1   1  
log  0 U  t ,    0   An    An     An 
n 1 2  n 1  3  n 1 
4 5
1   1  
   An     An   ....
4  n 1  5  n 1  79
  1 
2
 1   
3

  An    An     An   
   n 1 2  n 1  3  n 1   
E  lim i    
 0 t  1  4
 1 

5

 
 
  n  5 n 
A  A  .... 
 4  n 1   n 1    t 0
 i 
n
1
dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn )   0
t t t
An   0 U n  0  0  
  n! 

dt1 
dt2 ..

   A12  A2 2  A32  ...   

  1   
  1  A  A 2  A 3  ...   
 1 2A A  A A
1 3  A A
1 4    
  2   A A  A A  A A  ..   
    
i   
2 1 2 3 2 4
E  lim 
 0  t  3
 3
 3
    
  1 1 
A A A ... A A A ...
2 3 1 2 3
 
    A1 A2 2  A1 A32  A1 A4 2  ...  A2 A1 A3  ...   .... 
  3 
 
    A2 A1  A2 A3  A2 A4  ....... 
2 2 2
  t0
1  2 3  nth order corrections

E  E  E  E  ..
indexed by the power of H1
Observe where the terms for various orders come from!
1  2 3
E  E  E  E  ..
   A12  A2 2  A32  ...   
  1   
  1 A  A2  A 3  ...   1 2 1 3 1 4  
  A A  A A  A A  
  2 
    A2 A1  A2 A3  A2 A4  ..  

E  lim i   

 0  t  A  A2  A3  ...
3 3 3
 A1 A2 A3  ...  
  1 1 
 
    A1 A2 2  A1 A32  A1 A4 2  ...  A2 A1 A3  ...   .... 
  3 
 
 
    A2 A1  A2 A3  A2 A4  .......
2 2 2
  t0
An   0 U n  0
 i 
n
1
dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn )   0
t t t
 0  
  n! 

dt1  
dt2 ..

Messy! 1  
E  lim i  A1 
Look at just the I  0  t  t 0
order term PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 81
1  
E  lim i  A1 
 0  t  t 0
An   0 U n  0
 i 
n
1
dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn )   0
t t t
 0  
  n!  
dt1 

dt2 ..

A1   0 U n  0
 i  t
 0    dt1 H I (t1 )  0 H0 H0
i t i t
  
I  e S e
t
H1  e H1
H0 H0
i t i t
H I (t )  e H1 e
1
H i j
ci† i f j c j  
2 i

j k l

i
H0
t i
H0
t H1  e t H1
H I (t )  e H1 e
1
H 
i j
ci i f j c j  
†
2 i
 j k l
Transformation to interaction picture of some

second quantized creation and destruction
operators in some order…..
H0 H0
i t i t
†
e ci c j e

H0 H0
i t i t
†
e ci c j e
H0 H0 H0 H0 H0 H0
i t i t i t i t i t i t
e †
ci c j e  e ci e†
e cj e
H0 H0
i i
 cI ,i † (t )cI , j (t ) suppress subscript I
t t
†
e ci c j e
for ‘interaction picture’
for brevity.
H0 H0
i t i t
e ci c j e†
 ci † (t )c j (t )

H0 H0
i t i t 1
H I (t )  e H1 e H1  
2 i

j k l
H1  e t H1
H0 H0 H0 H0 H0 H0
i t i t i t i t i t i t
e †
ci c j e  e †
ci e e cj e
H0 H0
This recipe would work for
i t i t
e †
ci c j e  ci † (t )c j (t ) any combination of creation
and destruction operators.
1
H I (t )    ci† (t )c†j (t ) ij v lk ck (t )cl (t ) e t
2 i j k l
α: adiabatic switching:
H   H 0  e t H1 
85
1
2 i j k l
H0 H0
i
ck (t )  cI ,k (t )  ?
i t t
I  e S e
H0
 I r ,t   e  S r ,t 
i t
cI ,k (t )  solution to the equation of motion
i

t
cI ,k (t )  i

t
e  i
H0
t
ck e
i
H0
t

cI ,k (t )  solution to the differential equation:
i

t
 I (t )  i
 i
t
e  H0
t
S e
i
H0
t
 with  I (t )  cI ,k (t ) ;  S  ck
  H 0  i H0 t H
i 0 t
H
i 0t  H 0 
 i
H0
t 
 i i  e S e  e S  i e 
    

  H0  e
i
H0
t
S e
i
H0
t
e
i
H0
t
S  H0  e
i
H0
t

H0 H0
i
S ,H 0  e  I  t  , H 0  
i t t
e  
 I (t )  solution to the differential equation:
i

t
 I (t )  i
 i
t
e  H0
t
S e
i
H0
t
  
  t  , H 
I 0 

i cI ,k (t )  cI ,k (t ), H 0  
PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods t 87
 H0
i
H0
cI ,k (t )  cI ,k (t ), H 0   ck ,H 0  e
i t t
i
t e
H0 H0
since H 0    j c j †c j
i
ck ,  j c j c j  e
i t t
e †
 j   j
 

H0 H0
i

i t t
i cI ,k (t )  e  j ck ,c j c j  e
†
t j 
for fermion operators :

 ar , as †     rs  ar † , as †    0  ar , as   0
ck ,c j †c j   ck c j †c j  c j †c j ck   jk  c j †ck  c j  c j †c j ck
  jk c j  c j †ck c j  c j †c j ck
 

H0 H0
i t i t
i cI ,k (t )  e  j jk c j e  k cI ,k (t )
t j  88

i cI ,k (t )  k cI ,k (t )
t
†  ik t
 cI ,k (t )  ck e  ik t
 cI ,k (t )  ck e
†
1
2 i j k l
1
H I (t )    ii t i j t
† †
ci c j ij v lk ck cl e e eik t e il t e t
2 i j k l
ci†c†j ij v lk ck cl e 
1 i i  j k l t
H I (t )    e t
2 i j k l
ij v lk   dq1  dq2i*  q1   *j  q2  v  q1 , q2  l  q1  k  q2 
Raimes
Many Electron Theory, Eq.7.16, page 114 89
1  
E  lim i  A1 
 0  t  t 0
A1   0 U1  0
 i  t
α switch
 0  
   
dt1 H I (t1 )  0
1 i i  j l k t

H I (t )    † †
ci c j ij v lk ck cl e e t
2 i j k l
A1   0 U1  0 ↓ Note: ↓ integration variable is t1

1 
 i  t
 t1  2
 c † †
c j ij v lk ck cl 
 0     0
i
dt1 e  i , j ,k ,l
  
 ii  j l k t1 
e 

A1   0 U1  0
1 
 i  t
t  2
 c † †
c j ij v lk ck cl 
 0     0
i
dt1 e  i , j ,k ,l
  
 ii  j l k t1 
e 
i i  j l k t1  t

dt1 ei1  t1
t t t
I  dt1 e e  dt1 e i1t1  t1
e 
  
where 1  i   j  l  k 
i1t1  t1 t
t
 i1  t1 e e ei1t e t
I  dt1 e  

 i1      i1   
i ei1  t
A1  0 U1 0 
2
0 
i , j , k ,l
ci†c†j ij v lk ck cl  0
 i1   
    
  E 1 
2 3
1   1 
  An    An     An   
   n 1 2  n 1  3  n 1   
E  lim i      
 0

t  1  4
 1 

5
   lim i  A1 
 
 
4  n 1
A n  5

 
 n 1
An 

 ....   0  t t 0
  t 0
i ei1  t
A1  0 U1 0 
2
0 
i , j , k ,l
ci†c†j ij v lk ck cl  0
 i1   
A1 i 1

t 2
0 
i , j , k ,l
ci c j ij v lk ck cl  0
† †
 i1   
i1    ei1  t
A1 i i

t 2
0 
i , j , k ,l
ci†c†j ij v lk ck cl  0 ei1  t   0 H I (t )  0
1 i i  j l k t
H I (t )    e t
2 i j k l
A1 i i

t 2
0 
i , j , k ,l
ci†c†j ij v lk ck cl  0 ei1  t   0 H I (t )  0
with
1 i i  j l k t
H I (t )    e t
2 i j k l
A1 i i Eq.6.35/Raimes
 0 H I  t  0  0  0 H ' 0 Page 108
t t 0
   i  
ei1  t 

1
E  lim i   0 ci c j ij v lk ck cl  0
† †

 0  t 
2 i , j , k ,l  i1     t 0
α0 not relevant for E 1   H ' 

0 0
first order correction;
1
but not so for higher =   0 ci†c†j ck cl  0 ij v lk
order terms….. 2 i , j , k ,l
1

1
E   0 ci†c†j ck cl  0 ij v lk
2 i , j , k ,l
Now, before we consider higher order terms,

recapitulate that:
A1   0 U1  0
 i  t
 0  
  

dt1 H I (t1 )  0
Resulted in:
A1   i  t
  0    dt1 H I (t1 )  0
t t   
i
  0 H I (t )  0
1

1
E   0 ci†c†j ck cl  0 ij v lk
2 i , j , k ,l
Now, we shall consider higher order terms:
nth order corrections indexed by the power of H I
1  2 3
E  E  E  E  ..
  1  2
 1 
 
3

  An    An     An   
   n 1 2  n 1  3  n 1   
E  lim i    
 0 t  1  4
 1 

5

    An     An   .... 
  4  n 1  5  n 1   
  t 0
An   0 U n  0
 i 
n
1
dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn )   0
t t t
 0  
  n! 
dt1 

dt2 ..


  1  2
 1 
 
3

  An    An     An   
   n 1 2  n 1  3  n 1   
E  lim i    
 0 t  1  4
 1 

5

    An     An   .... 
  4  n 1  5  n 1   
  t 0
An   0 U n  0
 i 
n
1
dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn )   0
t t t
 0  
  n! 
dt1 
dt2 ..

E
 2
 lim
 0

i 
 t
1
A2   A1  
2
2 
t 0

  i  2 
E
 2
 lim
 0
i  A2   lim
 0   A1  
 t t 0 2  t t 0
 i  t  i 
2
U  t ,   =1     dt ' H I (t ')   
t t'
      
dt ' 

dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')  ..
Equivalent form:
Operators containing the latest time
stand farthest to the left.
 i 
 n
1
U  t ,   = dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn ) 
t t t
n 0
 
  n! 

dt1  
dt2 ..

2nd order term

Note : we shall use 1 t t1
U   t ,   : e switch
t
2 
dt1 

dt2 H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )
H1  e t H1
  i  2 
E
 2
 lim
 0
i  A2   lim
 0   A1  
 t t 0 2  t t 0
 
A2  0 U 2  0 ; hence A2  0 U 2 0
t t
 1  t t1
t
A2  2
t
0 

dt1 H I (t1 ) 

dt2 H I (t2 ) 0
 1  t t1
t
A2  2
t
0 

dt1 H I (t1 )  
dt2 H I (t2 ) 0
  i  t i
from Slide 94:
t
0  
  

dt1 H I (t1 )  0   0 H I (t )  0
 1 t
PCD STiTACS Unit 4
Feynman Diagram t
A2  2 0 H I (t )  
dt2 H I (t2 )  0
98
Methods
H0 H0
e H1  e
i
H   H 0  e H1 
i t t
t
t
 H0 H I (t )  e
t  
H I (t  )  0
 1 t
t
A2  2 0 H I (t )  
dt2 H I (t2 ) 0
  1 0
 t A2   2 0 H I (t  0)
t 0
 
dt2 H I (t2 ) 0
Using t instead of t2 ↑
  1 0
 t A2   2  0 H I (t  0)
t 0


dt H I (t )  0
99
  1 0
 t A2   2 0 H I (t  0)
t 0

dt H I (t )  0
H0 H0
e H1  e
i t i t
t
H I (t )  e i.e. H I (t  0)  H1
  1 0
 t A2   2  0 H1
t 0
 
dt H I (t )  0
  1
H0 H0
e H1  e
0 i t i t

t
 t A2   2 
dt  0 H1 e 0
t 0
  1
H0 E0
0 i t i t
 t A2   2
t 0
 
dt  0 H1 e H1 0 e e t
Raimes
Many Electron Theory, Eq.6.39, page 109 PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 100
  1
H0 E0
0 i t i t
 t A2   2
t 0

dt  0 H1 e H1 0 e e t
space integral
H0 H0
i t i t
0 H1 e H1 0   dV ' 0 H1 e *
H10
H0 H0
H1 0   dV '  H1 e  H10 
i t i t
0 H1 e 0
*

H1 0   cm  m
m0
 
   m H1 0  m    m H1  0  m
m0 m0

H0 H0
H1 0   dV '  H1 e  H10 
i t i t
0 H1 e 0
*

H10    m H1  0  m
m0
H0
i t
 0 H1 e H1  0 
 
   
H0
  dV '    0 H1  n  n*  e  m 1 0
i t
 H   m
 n 0   m0 
  H0
   0 H1  n   dV '    e  m 
i t
 m H1  0 n
*
n 0 m 0

H0
i t
0 H1 e H1 0 
  H0
   0 H1  n   dV '    e  m 
i t
 m H1  0 n
*
n 0 m 0
  Em
   0 H1  n   n   m 
i t
 m H1  0 e   *
dV '
n 0 m 0
 nm
H0   Em
H1  0    0 H1  n 
i t i t
 0 H1 e  m H1  0 e  nm
n 0 m0

H0  En
H1 0    0 H1  n
i t i t
 0 H1 e  n H1  0 e
n 0
H0  En
H1 0  
i t 2 i t
 0 H1 e  n H1  0 e
n 0
  1
H0 E0
0 i t i t
 t A2   2
t 0
 
dt  0 H1 e H1 0 e e t
  1  En
 i E0 t  t
dt 
0 2 i t
 t A2   2
t 0


 n 0
 n H1 0 e  e

e

  1  En
 i E0 t  t
dt 
0 2 i t
 t A2   2
t 0

 n 0
 n H1 0 e  e

e
 E  E i  
  1  i  n 0 t

2 0
 t A2   2
t 0 n 0
 n H1  0 
dt e  
 E  E i  
  1  i  0 n t

2 0
 t A2   2
t 0 n 0
 n H1  0  
dt e  
0
 E E 
i  0 n  t
 E  E i  
0 i  0 n t e 
e t

 
dt e  

 E0  En  i  

i  E0  En  i  
i  
  
 E  E i  
  1  i  0 n t

2 0
 t A2   2
t 0 n 0
 n H1  0 

dt e  
0
 E E 
i  0 n  t
 E  E i  
0 i  0 n t e 
e t

dt e  

 E0  En  i  

i  E0  En  i  
i  
  
2
  1   n H1  0
 t A2  
t 0
 iE
n 0  En  i   ?
0
  i  
 t  1 
 2
E   lim
2
lim i  A2  A 
 0  t t 0  0 2 t 0
Questions: pcd@physics.iitm.ac.ic
106
P. C. Deshmukh
Chennai 600036

Feynman Diagrams

1  2 3
E  E  E  E  ..
   A12  A2 2  A32  ...   
  1   
  1 A  A2  A 3  ...   1 2 1 3 1 4  
  A A  A A  A A  
  2 
    A2 A1  A2 A3  A2 A4  ..  

E  lim i   

 0  t  A  A2  A3  ...
3 3 3
 A1 A2 A3  ...  
  1 1 
 
    A1 A2 2  A1 A32  A1 A4 2  ...  A2 A1 A3  ...   .... 
  3 
 
 
    A2 A1  A2 A3  A2 A4  .......
2 2 2
  t0
Chronological operator
An   0 U n  0
 i 
n
1
dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn )   0
t t t
 0  
  n! 

dt1  
dt2 ..


   
E 1  lim i  A1 
 0  t  t 0  i  t
A1   0 U1  0  0  
   
dt1 H I (t1 ) 0
i1t1  t1 t
e e ei1t e t
dt1 ei1  t1
t
I   

 i1      i1   
A1   i  t i

t t
0  
  
dt1 H I (t1 )  0   0 H I (t )  0
   i  
ei1  t 

1
E  lim i   0 ci†c†j ij v lk ck cl  0  
 0  t 
2 i , j , k ,l  i1     t 0
 
E 1   0 H '  0
α0 not relevant for
first order correction;
1
= 
2 i , j , k ,l
 0 ci†c†j ck cl  0 ij v lk but not so for higher
order terms…..
  1  2
 1 
 
3

  An    An     An   
   n 1 2  n 1  3  n 1   
E  lim i    
 0 t  1  4
 1 

5

    An     An   .... 
  4  n 1  5  n 1   
  t 0
An   0 U n  0
 i 
n
1
dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn )   0
t t t
 0  
  n! 
dt1 
dt2 ..

E
 2
 lim
 0

i 
 t
1
A2   A1  
2
2 
t 0

  i  2 
E
 2
 lim
 0
i  A2   lim
 0   A1  
 t t 0 2  t t 0
  i  
 t  1 
 2
E   lim
2
lim i  A2  A 
 0  t t 0  0 2 t 0
 
A2  0 U 2  0 ; hence A2  0 U 2 0
t t
 1  t t1
t
A2  2
t
0 

dt1 H I (t1 ) 

dt2 H I (t2 ) 0
at t=0
 1 t
t
A2  2 0 H I (t )  
dt2 H I (t2 )  0
PCD STiTACS Unit 4
Feynman Diagram 111
Methods
  1
H0 E0
0 i t i t
 t A2   2
t 0

dt  0 H1 e H1 0 e e t
H0 H0
H1 0   dV '  H1 e  H10 
i t i t
0 H1 e 0
*
  
H1 0   cm m    m H1 0  m    m H1  0  m
m 0 m 0 m 0
  1  En
 i E0 t  t
dt 
0 2 i t
 t A2   2
t 0
 
 n 0
 n H1 0 e  e

e
112
 E  E i  
  1  i  0 n t

2 0
 t A2   2
t 0 n 0
 n H1  0 

dt e  
0
 E E 
i  0 n  t
 E  E i  
0 i  0 n t e 
e t

dt e  

 E0  En  i  

i  E0  En  i  
i  
  
  1   n H1  0
 t A2    iE  En  i  
t 0 n 0 0
?
  i  2 
E
 2
 lim
 0
i  A2   lim
 0   A1  
 t t 0 2  t t 0
113
lim
 0
i
2

 t  1 
A
2 

t 0
?
? 
t
 A1   2 A1
2 A1
t
 i  t
A1     0
   
dt1H I (t1 )  0
A1  i 
    0 H I (t )  0
t  
 2
 A1   2 0
t
 dt1H I (t1 ) 0 0 H I (t ) 0
2
t 
(t  0)
 2 2
 t  A1    2 0
0
t 0


dt1H I (t1 ) 0 0 H I (t  0) 0

 2 2
 t  A1    2 0
0
t 0
 
dt1H I (t1 ) 0 0 H I (t  0) 0
H0 H0
e H1  e
i t i t
t
H I (t )  e H I (t  )  0 H I (t  0)  H1
 2 2
 t  A1    2 0
0
t 0

dt H I (t ) 0 0 H1 0
0 

0
dt H I (t ) 0   0 
0

dt e  i
H0
t
e t
H1  e
i
H0
t
 0
E0 E0
e H1  e
0 0 i t i t
 dt H I (t ) 0   t
0 dt  0 e 0
 

115
 2 2
 t  A1    2 0
0
t 0
 
dt H I (t ) 0 0 H1 0
E0 E0
e H1  e
0 0 i t i t
 dt H I (t ) 0   t
0 dt  0 e 0
 
0
 t
dt e 0 H1 0

 e t 0

   0 H1  0
  
 0 H1  0


 2 2 0 H1 0
 t  A1    2  0 H1  0 PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram
t 0  Methods
116
  i  2 
E
 2
 lim
 0
i  A2   lim
 0   A1  
 t t 0 2  t t 0
2
  1   n H1  0
 t A2  
t 0
 iE
n 0  En  i  
0
 2 2 0 H1 0
 t  A1    2 
 0 H1  0
t 0
  2
 
   n H1  0  2  0 H1  0 
1  i
 lim  i   0 H1  0  
 
E 2  2
 0   i  E0  En  i    2   
  n 0 
  2
   H  2

  n H1  0 
  +  0 1 0
i

 
E 2  lim  
 0 
  n 0  E0  En  i       

  2
   H  2

  n H1  0 
  +  0 1 0
i

E 2
 
 lim  
 0 
  n 0  E0  En  i       

n=0 term ↓
 2
 2
   H  2

  0 H1  0  n H1  0 
   +  0 1 0
i 
 lim 
 
E 2
 0   E0  E0  i    n 1  E0  En  i       
 
↑ n=0 term
Individually, the first and the third term on r.h.s. blow

up as α→0, but these two terms cancel each other
2
happily.   n H1  0
E
 2
 lim 
 0 n 1  E0  En  i  
2
  n H1  0
E
 2
 lim 
 0 n 1  E0  En  i  
2
  n H1  0  Same as 2nd order
 
n 1  E0  En 
Rayleigh-Schrodinger
perturbation theory.
α→0 was needed to see correspondence with

Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation theory.
Same result holds good for higher order terms.
Raimes Many Electron Theory, Eq.6.48, page 111

2
  n H1  0

 2
E 
n 1  E0  En 
If it is the same result as Rayleigh-Schrodinger

Perturbation Theory, what is the advantage?
Combined with time-dependent methods and

FEYNMAN DIAGRAMS, the present method
offers tremendous convenience, specially in
addressing higher order corrections.
The technique of adiabatic switching,
and
addressing the perturbations
using the methods we discussed
can be applied to many other situations;
not just a many-electron system.
PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman 121

Diagram Methods
We have seen the second order term:
1 t t1
A2  2
0 
dt1 H I (t1 ) 

dt2 H I (t2 ) 0
Let us get an advance glance at the nth

order term:

An  0 U n 0  complex?
 i 
n
 
2 
 
i , j , k ,l p ,q ,r , s
.... 
u , w, x , y
 ij v lk  
  
  pq v sr  
   
  ....   
  uw v yx  
  
 1  
   0 † † 0
 i   2   2  .... n    n  1    
† † † †
ci c j ck cl c p cq cr cs ....cu cwcx c y
 1 
 ....   
 i n   
  i  1  2 .... n   n t 
 e 

 i      ....   n  
  1 2 n  
“I learned very early the difference between
knowing the name of something, and
knowing something.” ― Richard P. Feynman (1918-1988)
http://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/1429989.Richard_P_Feynman
particle creation Downloaded on December 09, 2013
Vertex is where an interaction between

Mediator particle destruction interacting particles is indicated
(Boson)
PHOTON
hole creation
hole destruction

Our interest in the present course:
Select/Special Topics
in the
Theory of Atomic Collisions and Spectroscopy
Study of electron-correlation effects in atomic
collision / photoabsorption processes -
-Random Phase Approximation
-Many Body Perturbation Theory
-Configuration Interactions …… etc.
-RRPA: Relativistic Random Phase Approximation
-MCTD: MultiConfiguration Tamm Dankoff method
-MQDT: Multichannel Quantum Defect Theory etc…
1
H1    † †
ci c j ij v lk ck cl
2 i j k l
We shall use the INTERACTION PICTURE

H0 H0 formalism.
i t i t
I  e S e H0 H0
i t i t
H0 H I (t )  e H1e
 I r ,t   e  S r ,t 
i t
t
H  H 0  e H1  Adiabatic switching on
H0 H0 of the interaction.
e H1  e
i t i t
t
H I (t )  e
H0 H0
e H1  e
i t i t
t
H I (t )  e α: adiabatic switch
H I (t  )  0 control parameter
1
2 i j k l
From U4L26/Slide 66: H   H 0  e t H1 

 
E  lim i  log  0 U  t ,    0 
 0  t t 0
Correction to the energy due to the interaction between
the many-particle electron system.
  From U4L26
E  lim i  log  0 U  t ,    0 
 0  t t 0 STiTACS
2 3
1  1 
  
log  0 U  t ,    0   An    An     An 
n 1 2  n 1  3  n 1 
4 5
1   1  
   An     An   ....
4  n 1  5  n 1 
An   0 U n  0
 i 
n
1
dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn )   0
t t t
 0  
  n! 

dt1 
dt2 ..

  1 
2
 1   
3

  An    An     An   
   n 1 2  n 1  3  n 1   
E  lim i    
 0 t  1  4
 1 

5

 
 
  n  5 n 
A  A  .... 
 4  n 1   n 1   t 0
i ei1  t
A1  0 U1  0 
2

i , j , k ,l
ij v lk  0 ci†c†j ck cl  0
 i1   
Slide 80 / U4L27 ; Raimes / Many Electron
Theory / Eq. 7.18, page 114
1  i   j  l  k 
Two equivalent forms of the
Time Evolution Operator:
 i  t  i 
2 (A)
U  t ,   =1     dt ' H I (t ')   
t t'
     

dt ' 

dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')  ....
(B)
 i 
 n
1
U  t ,   =  dt2 .. dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn )
t t t
n 0
 
  n! 

dt1
H0 H0
e H1  e
i
We must use U  t ,   since H I (t )  e
i t t
t
We shall now consider the 2nd order term; use (A)

 i  t  i 
2
U  t ,   =1     dt ' H I (t ')   
t t'
      
dt ' 

dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '')  ..
 i 
2
U 2,  t ,   =  
t t1
   
dt1 

dt2 H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )
 t1  t2
A2   0 U 2  0
e  e
 i 
2
t t1
 0  
  

dt1 

dt2 H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )  0
1
2 i j k l
131
 i 
2
t t1
A2   0  
  
dt1 

dt2 H I (t1 ) H I (t2 ) 0
1
2 i j k l
t t1
 
dt1 

dt2
A2  ci† (t1 )c†j (t1 ) ck (t1 )cl (t1 )
1  ij v lk 
 2
2
   
  pq v sr 
 0 e t1 0
i , j , k ,l p ,q ,r , s   c†p (t2 )cq† (t2 ) cr (t2 )cs (t2 )
e t2
pq v sr   dq1  dq2 p*  q1  q*  q2  v  q1 , q2  s  q1  r  q2 

132
t t1

dt1 

dt2
A2  ci† (t1 )c†j (t1 ) ck (t1 )cl (t1 )
1  ij v lk 
 2
2
   
  pq v sr 
 0 e t1 0
i , j , k ,l p ,q ,r , s   c†p (t2 )cq† (t2 ) cr (t2 )cs (t2 )
 ik t
cI ,k (t )  ck e e t2
cI ,k † (t )  ck †eik t
A2   t dt ei1t1 e t1 t1 dt ei2t2 e t2 
  1  2

1  ij v lk   
 2
2
   
  pq v sr  


i , j , k ,l p ,q ,r , s     0 † † † † 0

ci c j ck cl c p cq cr cs
 
1  i   j  l  k  2   p  q  r  s 
133
A2   i  2 t2  t2 
t t
 
i1t1  t1 1
dt e e dt e e 
 
1 2
1  ij v lk  
 2     
2 i , j ,k ,l p ,q ,r , s   pq v sr    0 
 0 † † † †
ci c j ck cl c p cq cr cs 
 
1  i   j  l  k  2   p  q  r  s 
t t1
 
i1t1  t1
dt1e e dt2 ei2t2 e t2  ?
 
t1


dt2 ei2t2 e t2  ?
 i2  t2
ei2  t1
t1
e
dt2 ei2  t2
t1 t1
 
dt2 ei2t2 e t2  

 
 i 2      i 2   
134
t t1
 
i1t1  t1
dt1e e dt2 ei2t2 e t2  ?
   i2  t1
t1 e

i  2 t2  t2
dt2 e e 

 i 2   
t ei2  t1 1 t
i1t1  t1  i2  t1


dt1ei1t1 e t1 
 i2     i 2      dt1e e e
1 t i 1 2  2 t1

 i 2     
dt1e
i 1 2  2 t1

t
 i2  t1
t e 1 e

i1t1  t1
dt1e e 

 i 2     i 2     i  1   2   2  
 i 1 2  2 t
t t1 1 e
 
i1t1  t1 i  2t2  t2
dt1e e dt2 e e 
 
 i 2     i  1   2   2 
A2   t dt ei1t1 e t1 t1 dt ei2t2 e t2 
  1  2

1  ij v lk   
 2
2
   
  pq v sr  


i , j , k ,l p ,q ,r , s     0 † † 

ci c j ck cl c†p cq†cr cs 0
 
1  i   j  l  k  2   p  q  r  s 
 i 1 2  2 t
t t1 1 e
 
i1t1  t1 i  2t2  t2
dt1e e dt2 e e 
 
 i 2     i  1   2   2 
A2  

1



1  ij v lk    i 2     

2 2
   
  pq v sr   i  1  2  2 t  0 † † † †
ci c j ck cl c p cq cr cs
0
i , j , k ,l p ,q ,r , s    e 
  i  1   2   2  
 
Next: generalize the Raimes / Many Electron Theory / Eq. 7.20, page 115
pattern for nth term….. PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 136
A2   1


 
1  ij v lk    i 2     

2 2
   
  pq v sr   i  1  2  2 t  0 † †
c c c c c † †
c c c
0
i , j , k ,l p ,q ,r , s    e  i j k l p q r s
  i  1   2   2  
 
  1 
2
 1   
3

  An    An     An   
   n 1 2  n 1  3  n 1   
E  lim i    
 0 t  1  4
 1 

5

 
 
  n  5  
4  n 1
A  A n

 .... 
 n 1  t 0
An   0 U n  0
 i 
n
1
dtnT  H I (t1 ) H I (t2 )..H I (tn )   0
t t t
 0  
  n! 
dt1 

dt2 ..

nth order term….

One may generalize the pattern we have
seen above…. PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods
137
An  0 U n 0  complex?
 i 
n
 
2 
 
i , j , k ,l p ,q ,r , s
.... 
u , w, x , y
 ij v lk  
  
  pq v sr  
   
  ....   
  uw v yx  
  
 1  
   0 † † 0
 i   2   2  .... n    n  1    
† † † †
ci c j ck cl c p cq cr cs ....cu cwcx c y
 1 
 ....   
 i n   
  i  1  2 .... n   n t 
 e 

 i      ....   n  
  1 2 n   Questions:
pcd@physics.iitm.ac.ic

STiTACS Unit 4 L25 To L29 Feynman Diagram Methods

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STiTACS Unit 4 L25 To L29 Feynman Diagram Methods

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Select/Special Topics from

‘Theory of Atomic Collisions and Spectroscopy’

FEG in HF-SCF jellium potential : 4

First Order Perturbative treatment of

kc : Upper bound to wave number of plasma oscillations

Alternative techniques: Feynman Diagram

The above Hamiltonian 

If we can treat this term as if it has a time-

"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"

The Nobel Prize in

time independent… Heisenberg Picture

PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 15

Transformation of only the ‘correlation’ part of

PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 18

Transformation of only the ‘correlation’ part of

PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 22

time-evolution of Schrodinger state:

PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 24

Next class: Dyson’s Chronological Operator

PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods Questions: pcd@physics.iitm.ac.ic 27

PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods

Fetter and Walecka

Independent variable t appears as UPPER LIMIT

Iterative solutions available; which are guaranteed to

U  t , t0  dt ' H I (t ')  dt '' H I (t '') U t '', t0 

Order of the operators is important: left ↓right↓

U  t , t0  dt '  dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '') U t '', t0 

PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 33

U  t , t0  dt '  dt '' H I (t ') H I (t '') U t '', t0 

Consider the 3rd term

PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 34

t '' t ''  t t '  t ''

t '' t ''  t t '  t ''

PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 37

Fetter & Walecka / Eq.6.21 / page 57

PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 38

Operators containing the latest time

T: Time-ordered product of operators.

Fetter & Walecka / Eq.6.19 / page 57

T: Time-ordered product of operators. Fetter & Walecka / page 57,58

Consider nth term in this series:

There are n ! ' time - orderings ' of the time labels

t1 , t2 ,..., tn are dummy labels that get integrated out

 : small (positive) ; in the end   0

as t  ; e t  0 & H  H 0  soluble part

PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 46

PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 47

PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 48

PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 49

Two limits that concern us

Time evolution of the Schrodinger state if there

The eigenstates of H0 remain independent of

When correlation is present

Two limits that concerned us: t   &   0

Gell-Mann and Low theorem

PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods Questions: pcd@physics.iitm.ac.ic 53

M. Gell-Mann and F. Low Phys.Rev. 84:350 (1951)

PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 54

Two limits concern us: (1) t   & (2)   0

i.e. H  E Fetter & Walecka

PCD STiTACS Unit 4 Feynman Diagram Methods 60

The question we had asked: