a f
subshell
Shape of | spherical | Dumblell | Cloverleat Complex
orbital (Except
doughtaut)
i
Ierepresent the orbital angular momentum, which is equal to 5—Vi(E+D)
The number of electrons in subshell = 2(2¢+ 1),
Fora given value of ‘n’ the total value of *(” is always equal to the value of ‘n’
‘Magnetic quantum number (m) :
It was proposed by Linde and denoted by ‘mm’.
It gives the number of permitted orientation of subshells
The value of m varies from — ¢10 + through zero.
Ittells about the splitting of spectral lines in the magnetie field ie. this quantum number proved the
o1 Zeeman effect,
(© Fora given value of ‘n” the total value of ‘mm’ is equal to
() Fora given value of *¢ the total value of ‘mn’ is equal to (2¢+ 1)
@ Degenerate orbitals - Orbitals having the same energy are known as degenerate orbitals.
e.g. forp subshell P,, P, and P, aro degenerate orbital
() The mimber of degenerate orbitals of s subshell 0.
4 Spin quantum number (s) :
(@) twas proposed by Goldshmidt & Uhlenbeck and denoted by the symbol of ‘s’.
apa a
(©) Thevahteof's'is+ or", which is signified asthe spin orotation or direction of electron onit's axis
uringthe movement.
(© Thespinmaybe clockwise or anticlockwise.
h
@ _Itrepresents the value of spin angular momentum which is equal to = 56+).
(©) Maximum spin ofan atom=¥; « number of unpaired electron.
Mustration
1. Thecomeet order of atomic orbitals in terms of energy between 8s and 8p orbital are
(A) 74, 6F (B*) 5g. 6f, 7 (64, 7f (D) 4h, 5g, 6f, 74
Sol. (ail): 8 —» 8+0=8
8p —> B+
Sg > SH4
€ = —> 643
7d —9 742
comrect orler —> 8s 5g 67d 8p
2. Which of he following se of quantum mimber's valid/invali. Incase of valid set write the symbol of the
orbital it represents [may have more than one answers] & in case itis invalid mention the reason.
n 1 m
@ 3 not known 0
(butless than 3)
@ 2 = 4
(i) 4 2 =f
Sol. (i) Valid, 35/3py/3p/3p/3d_, 4/34 3d /3d_/3d,,
(invalid 'f camot be negative
GaiValid 4d 2/442 Ad 44d,
02 SHAPE AND SIZE OF ORBITALS
Anorbital is the region of space around the nucleus within which the probability of findingan electron of
given energy is maximum (90-95%). The shape of this region (electron cloud) gives the shape of the
orbital. It is basically determined by the azinmthal quantum nuuiber [, while the orientation of orbital
depends on the magnetic quantum number (m)
s-orbital (0= 0) : These orbitals are spherical and symmetrical about the nucleus. The probability of
finding the electron is maximum near the micleus and keeps on decreasing as the distance from the
nucleus increases. There is vacant space between two successive sorbitals known as dial node. But
there is noradial node for 1s orbital since itis starting from the mucleus,
Thesize of the orbital depends upon the value of prineipal quantum mumber (x). Greater the value of n,
larger isthe size ofthe orbital, Therefore,
2s-orbital is larger than 1s orbital but both of them are non-directional and spherically symmetrical
in shape.
p-orbital (J = 1): The probability of finding the p-clectron is maximum in two lobes on the opposite
sides of the nncleus. This gives rise to a dumb-bell shape for the p-orbital. For p-orbital /= 1
Hence, m=-1, 0, +1. Thus, p-orbital have three different orientations. These are designated as
Py» Py &; depending upon whether the density of electron is maximum along the x y and z axis
respectively, As they are not spherically symmetrical, they have directional character. The two lobes
of p-orbitals are separated by a nodal plane, where the probability of finding electron is zero.
The three p-orbitals belonging to a particular energy shell have equal energies and are called
degenerate orbitals.
orbital (/=2):
For d-orbitals, 1= 2. Hence m=-2,-1, 0, +1, 42. Thus there are 5 d-orbitals, They have relatively
complex geometry. Out of the five orbitals, the three (d,.d,..4,,) project in between the axis and the
othertwo d.; and d,>,: lie along theaxis
Spherical nodes : The spherical surface where probability of finding the electron is zero, is called
spherical nodes.
No. of spherical nodes in any orbital =n—/—1
‘Nodal Plane : Thisis a plane passing through the nucleus where the probability of finding the electron.
iszero,
‘Number of nodal plane ina orbital =¢
Orbital Nodal plane
Px %
Py x
Pr x
dy yar
xyXz
dy XYZ
03 @
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
‘The distribution of electrons in different orbitals of atom is known as electronic configuration of the
atoms.
Filling up of orbitals in the ground state of atom is govemed by the following rules:
Aufbau principle
Anf ban is a German word, meaning ‘building up’
According to this principle, "In the ground state, the atomic orbitals are filled in order of increasing
energies i. in the ground state the electrons first occupy the lowest energy orbitals available"
In fact the energy of an oxbital is determined by the quantum number n and / with the help of (a+)
mule or Bohr Bury rile. According to this rule
(@) Lower the value of n + J, lower is the energy of the orbital and such an orbital will e filled
up frst
(b) When two orbitals have same value of (n+ 1) the orbital having lower value of "n" has lower
energy and such an orbital will be filled up first .
‘Thus, order of filling up of orbitals is as follows:
Is <28-<2p <38.< 3p <4s <3d < 4p <5s< ad You might also like
