1. What tragic event occurred in Chicago in September 1982?

- The Tylenol Poisoning Murders

2. What was the cause of death in the Tylenol Poisoning Murders?

- Deadly doses of potassium cyanide

3. How did forensic toxicologists detect the cyanide in the victims?

- Through analytical chemistry

4. How many people died in the Tylenol Poisoning Murders?

- Seven

5. When did the Tylenol Poisoning Murders occur?

- September 29 and 30, 1982

6. What did the police do to warn the public about the tampered Tylenol bottles?

- Broadcast urgent warnings through the media and loudspeakers

7. Where did the tampered Tylenol bottles come from?

- Different factories
8. What type of gas was used in the Tokyo subway attack?

- Sarin

9. When did the Tokyo subway sarin attack occur?

- March 20, 1995

10. How many people died in the Tokyo subway sarin attack?

- 13

11. What is sarin used for?

- As a highly toxic nerve agent

12. Who first developed sarin and when?

- German scientists in 1938

13. What forensic analysis failed to detect toxic substances in the sarin attack?

- A routine analysis of on-site samples

14. Where was sarin detected in the Tokyo subway attack?

- In pond water samples

15. What role did analytical chemistry play in the Tokyo subway attack case?

- Forensic elucidation of the causative substance 'Sarin'

16. What is the case known as that involved multiple killings in Seattle?

- The Green River Killer Case

17. Who was the main suspect in the Green River Killer Case?
- Gary Ridgway

18. How did analytical chemistry play a role in solving the Alder Hey Organ
scandal?

- Analytical chemistry helped to identify the organs, determine the cause of death, track organ
movement, and assess the risk of infection.

19. What other forensic sciences were utilized in the investigation of the Alder
Hey Organ scandal?

- Pathology, histology, and toxicology were also used in piecing together the evidence and
understanding what had happened to the children.

20. What was the Love Canal disaster?

- The Love Canal disaster was the worst environmental disaster involving chemical waste,
where an abandoned canal became a dumping ground for 22,000 tons of chemical waste.

21. Where did the Love Canal disaster happen?

- The Love Canal disaster occurred in Niagara Falls, New York, United States.

22. How did analytical chemistry contribute to addressing the Love Canal
incident?

- Laboratory analyses of soil and sediment samples identified over 200 organic chemical
compounds, providing insight into the environmental and health implications of chemical waste
disposal.

23. What was the Melamine in infant formula scandal?

- In 2008, melamine was intentionally added to diluted raw milk in China to increase its protein
content, causing illness and fatalities in newborns and young children.

24. When did the Melamine in infant formula scandal occur?

- The Melamine in infant formula scandal occurred in September 2008.

25. How did analytical chemistry assist in addressing the Melamine in infant
formula incident?

- Scientists used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to establish melamine's link

to the illnesses. A new colorimetric melamine assay was also developed.

26. What measures were implemented by the Chinese government to address

the Melamine in infant formula issue?

- The Chinese government published new rules in November 2008 that mandated melamine
testing of all milk products, halting the reintroduction of melamine into the food chain.

27. What is the scope of analytical chemistry?

- Earliest studies in analytical chemistry focused on understanding the composition of the

environment and natural resources.

28. What is classical analysis also known as?

- Wet Chemistry

29. What were the earliest techniques in classical analysis primarily focused on?

- Gravimetric determination of elemental composition

30. What type of analysis complimented traditional analysis with speed and
accuracy?

- Instrumental analysis

31. Name one specialized area that instrumental analysis evolved into.

- Spectroscopy

32. What are some examples of hyphenated techniques?

- Combination of spectroscopy and chromatography

33. Who is recognized as the first to introduce a qualitative system of analysis to

chemistry?

- Torbern Bergman

34. Which German chemist originated electrochemistry?

- Walther Nernst

35. Who developed flame emissive spectrometry?

- Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff

36. Before the early 1900s, what was the field of analytical chemistry considered
to be?

- Something of an art reliant on empirical recipes

37. What became progressively dominant in analytical chemistry after 1900?

- Instrumental analysis

38. When did many of the basic spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques
discover?

- Early 20th century

39. What did the late 20th century see an expansion of in analytical chemistry?

- Application to forensic, environmental, industrial, and medical questions

40. What is modern analytical chemistry predominantly dominated by?

- Instrumental analysis

41. What might an analytical chemist be involved in the discovery of?

- A chemical present in blood that increases the risk of cancer

42. What do gravimetric methods determine?

- Gravimetric methods determine the mass of the analyte or some compound chemically
related to it.

43. What do volumetric (Titration) methods determine?

- Volumetric (Titration) methods determine the volume of a solution containing sufficient reagent
to react completely with the analyte.

44. What do electroanalytical methods involve the measurement of?

- Electroanalytical methods involve the measurement of electrical properties such as voltage,

current, resistance, and quantity of electrical charge.

45. What are separation methods based on?

- Separation methods are based on measurement using chromatographic analysis.

46. What are spectroscopic methods based on?

- Spectroscopic methods are based on measurement of the interaction between

electromagnetic radiation and analyte atoms or molecules or on the production of such
radiation by analytes.

47. What is instrumental analysis?

- Instrumental analysis involves the use of automated instruments controlled by computers,

characterizing samples by the interaction of electromagnetic radiation and matter.

48. What are the steps in instrumental analysis automated?

- All the analytical steps, from sample preparation through data processing, are automated in
instrumental analysis.

49. What is the purpose of the flame test?

- The purpose of the flame test is to observe the characteristic color produced by specific
elements or compounds for qualitative identification of metal ions.
50. What do solubility tests provide information about?

- Solubility tests provide qualitative information about the presence of certain ions or
compounds by observing if a sample dissolves or remains insoluble in different solvents.

51. What is the purpose of chemical spot tests?

- Chemical spot tests are used for qualitative identification of functional groups or ions by
observing resulting color changes or reactions when specific reagents are added to a sample.

52. What do gas evolution reactions indicate?

- Gas evolution reactions serve as a qualitative indicator of specific ions or compounds in a

sample by observing the release of gases when substances react.

53. How are taste and odor tests used in chemical analysis?

- Taste and odor tests are used to qualitatively identify substances, although they are less
precise and less commonly used in modern chemical analysis.

54. What is the purpose of infrared (IR) spectroscopy?

- The purpose of infrared (IR) spectroscopy is to identify functional groups in organic

compounds based on the absorption of infrared radiation at characteristic wavelengths, often
used qualitatively.

55. What information does X-ray diffraction provide?

- X-ray diffraction determines the qualitative crystal structure of a substance, providing

information about the arrangement of atoms in a crystalline material.

56. What is the purpose of ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy?

- Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy is used to qualitatively identify certain chromophores

or conjugated systems in organic compounds based on their absorption of ultraviolet and
visible light.

57. What is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMRS) used for?

- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMRS) is used to qualitatively identify the types
of nuclei present in a compound and elucidate molecular structures.
58. What is Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) used for?

- Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) is used for qualitative analysis to determine the number of
components in a mixture or monitor reaction progress.

59. What is the purpose of paper chromatography?

- Paper chromatography is used for qualitative separation and identification of components in a

mixture, similar to TLC.

60. What is gravimetric analysis used for?

- Gravimetric analysis is used for the precise measurement of substance mass to determine
quantity in a sample by weighing formed precipitate or residue.

61. What is the purpose of titration?

- Titration is a quantitative technique used to find analyte concentration by reacting with a

known volume and concentration of titrant until reaction completion.

62. How does spectrophotometry determine substance concentration?

- Spectrophotometry measures light absorption or transmission at specific wavelengths to

quantitatively determine substance concentration.

63. What does Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) determine?

- Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) determines element concentration by measuring light

absorption during vaporization in a flame or furnace.

64. What does Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-

OES) quantify?

- Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) quantifies element

concentrations by measuring emitted light when a sample is ionized in an inductively coupled
plasma, used for multi-element analysis.

65. What does Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)

combine?
- Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) combines ionization and mass
spectrometry for high-sensitivity, high-precision quantification of elements and isotopes.

66. What is GC (Gas Chromatography) used for?

- GC (Gas Chromatography) is used for the quantitative analysis of volatile compounds by

measuring peak areas in chromatograms.

67. What is LC (Liquid Chromatography) used for?

- LC (Liquid Chromatography) is used for the quantitative analysis of non-volatile or semi-

volatile compounds by measuring peak areas in chromatograms.

68. What is HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) used for?

- HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) is used for high-resolution liquid

chromatography in the quantitative analysis of various compounds.

69. How does MS (Mass Spectrometry) quantify compound concentration?

- MS (Mass Spectrometry) quantifies compound concentration based on the mass-to-charge

ratio of ions.

70. Who is the Green River Killer?

- The Green River Killer refers to a serial killer who committed several murders in the King
County, Washington, neighborhood of Green River.

71. Where were the victims of the Green River Killer discovered?

- The victims of the Green River Killer were discovered in other places throughout the Seattle
region.

72. What were the majority of Ridgway's victims?

- The majority of Ridgway's victims were young women.

73. What were some common characteristics of Ridgway's victims?

- Many of Ridgway's victims had a history of substance abuse and prostitution.

74. Why were Ridgway's victims considered easy prey?

- Ridgway's victims were considered easy prey because of their history of substance abuse and
prostitution.

75. What makes the Green River Killer case notorious?

- The Green River Killer case is notorious because of the large number of victims and the
extensive time period during which the murders were committed.

76. When did the Green River Killer murders occur?

- The Green River Killer murders occurred in the 1980s and the first few years of the 1990s.

77. What role did analytical chemistry play in solving the Green River Killer case?

- Analytical chemistry played a role in examining hair, fibers, and trace evidence found on the
victims or at the crime scenes. It also contributed to DNA analysis and toxicology testing.

78. Which analytical techniques were used to examine hair, fibers, and trace
evidence in the Green River Killer case?

- Forensic analysis and analytical chemistry techniques were used to examine hair, fibers, and
trace evidence in the Green River Killer case.

79. How was DNA analysis used in the Green River Killer case?

- DNA samples from the crime scene and the victims were compared with the DNA of the
suspected offender, Ridgway, to identify him as the killer.

80. What was the role of toxicology in the Green River Killer case?

- Toxicology was used to conduct tests on the remains of the victims to determine if drugs or
chemicals were involved in their deaths.

81. How was geographical profiling utilized in the Green River Killer case?

- Geographical profiling data was analyzed using analytical methods to help law enforcement
identify potential killers' residences and narrow down areas of investigation.
82. What was the Bhopal Gas Tragedy?

- The Bhopal Gas Tragedy was a chemical leak in the Indian city of Bhopal.

83. How many people were estimated to have died in the Bhopal Gas Tragedy?

- An estimated 15,000 to 20,000 people died as a result of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy.

84. What caused the Bhopal Gas Tragedy?

- The Bhopal Gas Tragedy was caused by a gas leak of methyl isocyanate from a plant owned
by a subsidiary of the U.S.-based Union Carbide Corporation.

85. What were some of the health problems suffered by Bhopal Gas Tragedy
survivors?

- Bhopal Gas Tragedy survivors suffered from respiratory problems, blindness, and other health
problems.

86. Which former executives were convicted of negligence in relation to the

Bhopal Gas Tragedy?

- Several former executives of the company that operated the Bhopal plant—all Indian citizens—
were convicted of negligence.

87. When did the Bhopal Gas Tragedy occur?

- The Bhopal Gas Tragedy occurred on December 01, 1984.

88. How did analytical chemistry play a role in addressing the Bhopal Gas
Tragedy?

- Analytical chemistry played a role in identifying the toxic gas, analyzing soil and water
samples, assisting in legal investigations, monitoring health effects, and quantifying
contaminants in the atmosphere.

89. Which analytical techniques were used to identify the toxic gas in the Bhopal
Gas Tragedy?

- Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to identify the toxic gas responsible
for the Bhopal Gas Tragedy.

90. How were soil and water samples analyzed in relation to the Bhopal Gas
Tragedy?

- Analytical techniques were used to assess soil and water contamination in and around
Bhopal, providing crucial information for environmental remediation efforts.

91. In what ways was analytical chemistry used in legal investigations related to
the Bhopal Gas Tragedy?

- Analytical chemistry was used in legal investigations and court proceedings related to the
Bhopal Gas Tragedy.

92. What was the role of analytical chemistry in monitoring the health effects of
the Bhopal Gas Tragedy on survivors?

- Analytical chemistry played a role in monitoring the health effects of gas exposure on Bhopal
Gas Tragedy survivors.

93. How were contaminants quantified in relation to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy?

- Analytical chemistry methods were used to quantify the concentration of toxic substances,
including MIC, in the atmosphere following the gas leak.

94. What is Coulometry used to measure?

- Electricity needed for a reaction to quantitatively determine substances.

95. What does Karl Fischer Titration determine?

- Trace water content in a sample using a specialized quantitative method.

96. What does Potentiometry measure?

- Electrode potential for quantitative purposes, such as pH or ion concentration determination.

97. What is the more appropriate description of analytical chemistry?

- The science of inventing and applying concepts, principles, and strategies for measuring the
characteristics of chemical systems.

98. What have analytical chemists provided tools and methods for?

- Research in various areas of chemistry, such as medicinal chemistry, clinical chemistry,

toxicology, forensic chemistry, materials science, geochemistry, and environmental chemistry.

99. What are the independent and dependent variables in the study 'The Effect
of pH Levels on the Absorption Spectrum of a Chemical Compound'?

- Independent Variable: pH levels, Dependent Variable: Absorption spectrum

100. What are the independent and dependent variables in the study
'Quantifying Heavy Metal Contamination in Drinking Water Sources'?

- Independent Variable: Water sample collection sites, Dependent Variable: Heavy metal
concentration

101. What are the independent and dependent variables in the study
'Investigating the Kinetics of a Chemical Reaction in Different Solvent
Environments'?

- Independent Variable: Solvent type, Dependent Variable: Reaction rate

102. What are the independent and dependent variables in the study
'Determining the Efficiency of a Gas Chromatography Separation Technique'?

- Independent Variable: Gas chromatography conditions (e.g., column temperature, flow rate),
Dependent Variable: Separation efficiency

103. What are the independent and dependent variables in the study 'Analysis of
Antioxidant Content in Various Food Products'?

- Independent Variable: Food product type, Dependent Variable: Antioxidant content

104. What are the independent and dependent variables in the study 'Examining
the Impact of Sample Size on Analytical Precision'?

- Independent Variable: Sample size, Dependent Variable: Analytical precision

105. What is the actual study title of Sylvia E. Singh's research?

- Antimicrobial Therapeutics and The Discovery of Nanostructures Through Development of ;Ð

AA peptides as Peptidomimetics.

106. What is the actual study title of Chamarthi R.P. Kishore and G.V. Krishna
Mohan's research?

- Structural identification and estimation of Rosuvastatin calcium related impurities in

Rosuvastatin calcium tablet dosage form.

107. What is the actual study title of Iraj Asadi and his colleagues' research?

- Ecological risk assessment of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in agricultural soils of western
Iran using geochemical data and statistical analysis.

108. What is the assessment task given to the students?

- Read the article in the link provided and write a reflective paper on the significance of
Analytical Chemistry to the Society.

109. What are the criteria for scoring the reflective paper?

- Article Title, Organization of Review/Summary, Appropriateness of Reflection, Clarity of

Thoughts/Sentence organization.

110. What chemicals were involved in the Bhopal gas tragedy?

- Various chemicals, including isocyanate, were involved in the Bhopal gas tragedy.

111. How did analytical chemistry contribute to addressing the Bhopal gas
tragedy?

- Analytical chemistry played a pivotal role in identifying, quantifying, and understanding the
chemicals involved in the Bhopal gas tragedy.

112. What techniques were used to identify the toxic gas responsible for the
Bhopal gas tragedy?

- Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to identify the toxic gas responsible
for the Bhopal gas tragedy.

113. What role did analytical chemistry play in assessing soil and water
contamination in Bhopal?

- Analytical chemistry techniques were utilized to assess soil and water contamination in and
around Bhopal.

114. How did analytical chemistry contribute to legal investigations related to the
Bhopal gas tragedy?

- Analytical chemistry was used in legal investigations and court proceedings related to the
Bhopal gas tragedy.

115. In what ways did analytical chemistry monitor the health effects of gas
exposure on Bhopal gas tragedy survivors?

- Analytical chemistry played a role in monitoring the health effects of gas exposure on Bhopal
gas tragedy survivors.

116. What role did analytical chemistry methods play in quantifying the
concentration of contaminants in the atmosphere following the Bhopal gas
tragedy?

- Analytical chemistry methods were used to quantify the concentration of toxic substances in
the atmosphere following the Bhopal gas tragedy.

117. What is the Alder Hey Organ Scandal?

- The Alder Hey Organ Scandal involved the systematic removal of organs from children at
Alder Hey Hospital without parental consent.

118. When did the Alder Hey Organ Scandal occur?

- The Alder Hey Organ Scandal occurred during the period of 1986-1996.

119. How did analytical chemistry contribute to solving the Alder Hey Organ
Scandal?

- Analytical chemistry was used in the investigation of the Alder Hey Organ Scandal in various
ways.

120. What techniques did analytical chemists use to identify the organs removed
during the Alder Hey Organ Scandal?

- Analytical chemists used DNA analysis, protein fingerprinting, and isotope analysis to identify
the organs removed during the Alder Hey Organ Scandal.

121. How did analytical chemistry help determine the cause of death in some of
the children involved in the Alder Hey Organ Scandal?

- Analytical chemistry expertise helped determine the cause of death in some of the children
involved in the Alder Hey Organ Scandal.

122. How did analytical chemistry help track the movement of organs within
Alder Hey Hospital during the Alder Hey Organ Scandal?

- Analytical chemistry used the chemical composition of tissues to track the movement of
organs within Alder Hey Hospital during the Alder Hey Organ Scandal.

123. What is the purpose of a tunable laser in spectrometric methods?

- To increase the specificity and sensitivity of the method.

124. Why are many analytical methods kept static?

- So that data can be compared over long periods of time.

125. In which industries is analytical chemistry particularly important?

- Industrial quality assurance (QA), forensic, and environmental applications.

126. What role does analytical chemistry play in the pharmaceutical industry?

- Aside from QA, it is used in discovery of new drug candidates and clinical applications.

127. Who is C. N. Reilly and what did he say about analytical chemistry?

- C. N. Reilly was a professor of chemistry who defined analytical chemistry as "what analytical
chemists do".

128. How is analytical chemistry often described?

- As the area of chemistry responsible for characterizing the composition of matter qualitatively
and quantitatively.

129. What is the unique perspective that analytical chemists bring to the study?

- Improving established methods, extending existing methods, and developing new methods for
measuring chemical phenomena.

130. What is the qualitative aspect of analysis concerned with?

- Determining what is present in a given sample of a substance.

131. What are some methods of recognizing chemical species qualitatively?

- Color, reaction producing a color, reaction producing a precipitate, reaction involving a change
of a physical parameter.

132. Which colored ions are commonly used in qualitative analysis?

- Cu2+ (blue), Cr3+ (green), CrO4= (yellow), Cr2O7= (orange), MnO4- (violet), MnO4= (green),
Ni2+ (green), Co2+ (pink or blue), Mn2+ (pink).

133. What are some examples of precipitates in qualitative analysis?

- Sulfides of heavy metals, BaSO4, Hg2Cl2, AgCl, PbCl2, Ag2CrO4, many hydroxides of heavy
metals.

134. What is the quantitative aspect of analysis concerned with?

- Determining how much of something is present in a given sample of a substance.

135. What two measurements do analytical chemists use to compute results of a

quantitative analysis?

- Mass or volume of sample and a measurement proportional to the amount of analyte, like
mass, volume, light intensity, or electrical charge.

136. What completes the analysis in a quantitative measurement?

- The measurement that is proportional to the amount of analyte in the sample.

137. How do we classify analytical chemistry?

- As the improvement, extension, and development of methods for measuring chemical

phenomena.

138. What techniques were used in Analytical Chemistry to detect forgeries in

paintings?

- X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and molecular imaging; Raman spectroscopy; multispectral

imaging camera with Ultraviolet spectrum; chemical analysis

139. How did Analytical Chemistry play a role in detecting forgeries in paintings?

- By analyzing the composition of materials, identifying structural components, and analyzing

individual pigments

140. What did the analysis of individual pigments in paintings involve?

- Using a handheld X-ray fluorescence spectrometer

141. What was the significance of chemical analysis in detecting forged

artworks?

- It helped determine the composition of materials used and provide a relative date of production

142. What were the methods used by the Boston Strangler to gain access to the
victims' apartments?

- Disguising as a repairman, delivery man, or being known to the victims

143. What was the common manner in which the Boston Strangler committed
the murders?
- Strangulation and sometimes using a knife

144. What forensic analysis technique was used to confirm the identity of the
Boston Strangler?

- DNA fingerprinting or DNA analysis

145. How did analytical chemistry contribute to solving the Boston Strangler
case?

- By analyzing DNA evidence to determine the suspect's guilt

146. How many people were killed in the Tylenol Poisoning Murders?

- Seven

147. What is the main purpose of Tylenol?

- Treating mild to moderate pain and reducing fever

148. Where did the Tylenol Poisoning Murders occur?

- Chicago area

149. How did the victims of the Tylenol Poisoning Murders die?

- Sudden and mysterious deaths

150. What is the definition of chemistry?

- Chemistry is the study of matter, its composition and structure, physical properties, and
reactivity.

151. How is chemistry traditionally divided?

- Chemistry is traditionally divided into five fields: organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry,
biochemistry, physical chemistry, and analytical chemistry.
152. What is analytical chemistry?

- Analytical chemistry is the oldest branch of chemistry that focuses on determining which
elements and chemicals are present in the world.

153. What role did analytical chemistry play in the Watergate scandal?

- Analytical chemistry played a major role in collecting strong evidence and identifying solutions
in the Watergate scandal.

154. What evidence was found during the Watergate scandal?

- Lock picks, $2,000 cash, a shortwave receiver, 40 rolls of unexposed film, two 35-millimeter
cameras, three pen-sized tear gas guns, and more.

155. When did the Watergate scandal occur?

- The Watergate scandal occurred in early July 16, 1972.

156. How long did Nixon continue his presidency despite the Watergate scandal?

- Nixon continued his presidency for over 5 years even after the burglars were caught.

157. How did analytical chemistry help in solving the art forgery case?

- Analytical chemistry employed high-tech tools to prove the case of alleged Jackson Pollock
drip paintings.

158. What tools were used in analyzing the art forgery case?

- Tools like close-up visual analysis, flashlight examination, and plastic caliper examination of
staple holes were used.

159. When did the art forgery case involving John Pollock paintings happen?

- The art forgery case involving John Pollock paintings occurred in the year 2005.