Materials Science and Engineering A 487 (2008) 301–308

Microstructure and mechanical properties of bulk Mg–Zn–Ca

amorphous alloys and amorphous matrix composites
Qing-Feng Li, Hui-Ru Weng, Zhong-Yuan Suo, Ying-Lei Ren,
Xiao-Guang Yuan, Ke-Qiang Qiu ∗
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110023, PR China
Received 27 July 2007; accepted 11 October 2007

Abstract
Samples with different diameters for Mg–Zn–Ca alloys were fabricated by copper mold casting method. The microstructure, amorphous nature
and mechanical properties of as-cast samples were investigated by SEM, XRD and compressive tests. The results show that amorphous alloys or
amorphous matrix composites can be formed in the composition of 1–6 at.% Ca for the samples with 2, 3 or 4 mm in diameters. During which the
highest strength up to 828 MPa and plastic deformation of 1.28% were obtained for Mg68 Zn28 Ca4 alloy with a monolithic amorphous structure. The
best composition range defined both by strength and plastic deformation should be 3–5 at.% Ca for Mg72−x Zn28 Cax (x = 0–6) alloys. At least over
400 MPa of fracture strength was obtained for the samples with an amorphous matrix, indicating that Mg–Zn–Ca alloys can be good candidates
for amorphous matrix composites fabrication. In order to further consider the amorphous matrix effect on mechanical properties, Mg95−x Znx Ca5
(x = 15–33) alloys were investigated by the same methods. Mg80 Zn15 Ca5 alloy with no obviously amorphous structure exhibits a lower yielding
strength of 307 MPa but it shows excellent plastic strain over 3.5%. We suggest that the amorphous matrix can enhance both the yielding strength
and fracture strength of magnesium alloys.
© 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Mg–Zn–Ca alloys; Amorphous matrix effect; Glass forming ability; Mechanical properties

1. Introduction in several Mg alloy systems [3–16]. However, all the monolithic

The increasing demand for energy by contrast with the
exhaustible energy resources makes us to seek lightweight mate-
rials to save energy consumption. As promising lightweight
structural materials, Mg-based alloys are exhibiting an increas-
ingly important role in the automotive, aircraft, and electronic
industries because of their low cost and a relatively high spe-
cific strength compared with ferrous alloys. However, crystalline
Mg-based alloys usually exhibit poor corrosion resistance and
are mechanically brittle as the results of the alkaline-earth met-
als nature and hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystal structure of
magnesium. On the other hand, because of the intrinsic structural
and chemical homogeneities and the absence of easy crystal slip
systems, metallic glasses can possess better corrosion resistance
and higher strengths than their crystalline counterparts [1,2]. In
recent years, bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have been obtained
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 25691315; fax: +86 2425694028.
E-mail address: kqqiu@sut.edu.cn (K.-Q. Qiu).
Mg-based BMGs (as summarized in Table 1) reported in the lit-
erature are brittle when the sample sizes are larger than 2 mm in
diameter. For which a mirror fracture surface was often observed
typical of brittle materials [12,16]. Only some fracture surfaces
of Mg-based BMGs showed venous patterns [11,16,17] similar
to those observed in Zr-based BMGs [18].
In order to improve the ductility of Mg-based BMGs, amor-
phous matrix composites were synthesized both by in situ
[19–22] and ex situ [13] methods. The excellent work was done
by Hui et al. [20,21] by introducing a long-period order struc-
ture of Mg solid solution flakes in Mg-based amorphous matrix
composites (Table 2). This amorphous matrix composites show
a large strength up to 1200 MPa, plastic strain of 18% and the
specific strength of 4.32 × 105 N m/kg.
However, lanthanide-containing Mg-based BMGs or com-
posites are expensive if they are used in 3C (computer,
communication and consumption) products. The synthesis of
lanthanide-free Mg-based BMGs by introducing a few percent
atom of Ca into the Mg–Zn system is becoming interesting due
to both of the low cost and low density of the alloys. Gu [23]

0921-5093/$ – see front matter © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.msea.2007.10.027
302 Q.-F. Li et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 487 (2008) 301–308

Table 1
Summary of previously published mechanical properties (fracture stress σ f and
plastic strain εp ) of Mg-based BMGs, obtained in conventional compression
tests
Alloy composition (at.%) Sample σ f (MPa) εp (%) Reference
diameter
(mm)

Mg65 Cu15 Ag5 Pd5 Y10 5 770 0 [5]

Mg65 Cu15 Ag5 Pd5 Gd10 2 817 0.2 [6]
Mg65 Cu20 Ag10 Y2 Gd8 1 956 0.3 [7]
Mg65 Cu20 Ag5 Gd10 1 909 0.5 [8]
Mg65 Cu15 Ag10 Gd10 1 935 0.2 [8]
Mg65 Cu7.5 Ni7.5 Zn5 Ag5 Y10 1 832 0 [9]
Mg65 Cu7.5 Ni7.5 Zn5 Ag5 Y5 Gd5 1 928 0.57 [9]
Mg75 Cu15 Gd10 2 743 0 [10]
Mg75 Cu5 Ni10 Gd10 2 874 0.2 [11]
Mg65 Cu25 Gd10 2 834 0 [12]
Mg65 Ni5 Cu20 Gd10 2 904 0.15 [12]
Mg65 Cu7.5 Ni7.5 Zn5 Ag5 Y10 4 490–650 0 [13]
Mg58.5 Cu30.5 Y11 1 1022 ± 28 0.35 [14]
Mg57 Cu31 Y6.6 Nd5.4 1 1188 ± 32 1.2 [14]
Mg61 Cu28 Gd11 4 461–732 0 [15]
Mg61 Cu28 Gd11 1 1075 ± 35 0.40 [15]
Mg65 Cu10 Ag5 Gd10 Ni10 2 1005 0 [16]
Mg68 Zn28 Ca4 2 828 1.28 This work

is the first one who reported Mg–Zn–Ca BMGs in 2005. The

special strengths between 2.5 to 3 × 105 N m/kg were obtained
in his study.
In this paper, we try to search systemically the best glass
former and/or the possible amorphous composites with high
strength and good ductility in Mg–Zn–Ca ternary alloy sys-
tem by changing Ca from 0 to 6 at.% with 1 at.% step starting
from Mg72 Zn28 binary eutectic. In order to improve the plastic
deformation of the materials, we further increase the Mg con-
tent by reducing the amount of Zn content, a relatively higher
strength combing with a good plastic strain were obtained for
Mg80 Zn15 Ca5 alloy.

2. Experimental

Starting materials of Mg, Zn and Ca with purities of 99.9 mass

% or better were melted under an argon atmosphere in an induc-
tion furnace. Boron nitride crucibles were used as the melting
boat during the preparation of raw ingots. The ingots were then
cut into pieces and re-melted again in the same furnace by
Fig. 1. SEM images of (a) Mg73 Zn27 , (b) Mg72 Zn28 and (c) Mg71 Zn29 alloys
using quartz tubes as crucibles. As-cast cylindrical samples with at near equilibrium state.

Table 2
Summary of previously published mechanical properties (fracture stress σ f , plastic strain εp and specific strength σ f /ρ) of Mg-based BMG matrix composites,
obtained in conventional compression tests

Alloy composition (at.%) Cast sample diameter (mm) σ f (MPa) εp (%) σ f /ρ × 105 /(N m kg−1 ) Reference

Mg56.5 Cu6.5 Ni6.5 Zn4.4 Ag4.4 Y8.7 Fe13 5 990 1 – [19]

Mg81 (Cu0.66 Y0.34 )14 Zn5 2 1200 18 4.31 [20]
Mg77 Cu12 Zn5 Y6 2 1160 18.5 4.31 [21]
Mg75 Cu14.5 Zn3.5 Y7 3 875 ± 30 0.4 – [22]
Mg65 Cu15 Ag5 Pd5 Gd10 + 30 vol.%TiB2 4 1300 2–3 3.42 [13]
Mg70 Zn25 Ca5 2 642 0.4 2.62 This work
Mg80 Zn15 Ca5 3 513 3.58 2.13 This work
 Q.-F. Li et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 487 (2008) 301–308 303

diameters of 2, 3 and 4 mm, respectively, were obtained by injec-
tion of the melting liquid into corresponding cavities of copper
moulds. The cross sectional surfaces of the as-cast samples were
analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a Rigaku D/max
2400 diffractometer with monochromated Cu K␣ radiation. The
microstructures of some as-cast samples were examined via
scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Compression test samples having diameters of 2 and 3 mm
and lengths of 4 and 6 mm, respectively, were prepared from
the as-cast rods by polishing the loading surfaces which were
to be parallel to each other and perpendicular to the loading
axis. Uniaxial compression tests for at least five samples of
each alloy investigated were conducted using an Instron-type
machine at a constant strain rate of 1 × 10−4 s−1 . A MoS2 lubri-
cant was used to reduce friction between testing samples and the
platen of the machine. The strain was determined after correct-
ing some starting points due to the lubricant compliance at the
beginning.

Fig. 2. SEM images of as-cast (a) Mg71 Zn28 Ca1 , (b) Mg70 Zn28 Ca2 , (c) Mg69 Zn28 Ca3 , (d) Mg68 Zn28 Ca4 , (f) Mg67 Zn28 Ca5 and (e) Mg66 Zn28 Ca6 alloys with 3 mm
in diameter. The inset in each image is XRD pattern for the corresponding alloy.
304 Q.-F. Li et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 487 (2008) 301–308

3. Experimental results

3.1. Microstructure evolution for Mg72−x Zn28 Cax alloys

We firstly determined the composition around the Mg–Zn

eutectic that would give the most possible undercooling dur-
ing melt solidification. Fig. 1 shows the microstructure of raw
ingots for Mg–Zn binary alloys with compositions of Mg73 Zn27
(a), Mg72 Zn28 (b) and Mg71 Zn29 (c), respectively. Dendritic
structure was only observed for Mg72 Zn28 alloy which is cor-
responding to the eutectic composition in Mg–Zn binary alloys
[24]. Therefore samples with diameters of 3 mm were cast for
Mg72−x Zn28 Cax alloys with x = 1–6 at.% Ca. Fig. 2 shows the
microstructures of the center part of the as-cast alloys. A remark-
able change of the microstructure was observed even if there is Fig. 3. XRD patterns for as-cast (a) Mg72 Zn28 and (b) Mg68 Zn28 Ca4 alloys with
2 and 4 mm in diameters, respectively.
only 1 at.% Ca difference between each alloy. The microstruc-
ture evolved from dendritic for Mg71 Zn28 Ca1 (Fig. 2(a)) to web
structure for Mg70 Zn28 Ca2 (Fig. 2(b)) alloys, respectively, while
only a few web structures were observed for Mg69 Zn28 Ca3 alloys. Also the better glass forming region can only limit in
(Fig. 2(c)) alloy. The significant difference in microstructure 3–5 at.% Ca.
indicates that the glass forming ability for Mg69 Zn28 Ca3 alloy is
improved significantly by increasing only 1 at.% of Ca element.
Just as we hope, no contrast was observed for Mg68 Zn28 Ca4 3.2. Glass forming ability for eutectic composition
(Fig. 2(d)) alloy, which indicates that this alloy is with an amor-
phous structure. Further increasing the Ca element, we found From Mg–Zn–Ca ternary alloy diagram [25] we know that
that some dots combining a very few web structures appeared the eutectic composition is about Mg62 Zn35 Ca3 , near it we also
on the SEM image of Mg67 Zn28 Ca5 (Fig. 2(e)) alloy even if chose Mg63 Zn33 Ca4 and Mg66 Zn30 Ca4 alloys for comparison
no obviously crystalline phases were observed from the XRD because of 4 at.% Ca exhibiting better GFA in Mg72−x Zn28 Cax
pattern. However, the microstructure for Mg66 Zn28 Ca6 shows alloys system. XRD patterns for as-cast samples with 2 mm in
much more dot crystalline phases embeded in amorphous matrix diameter of the three alloys were shown in Fig. 4. Except the
(Fig. 2(e)). The amorphous nature for as-cast alloys was ana- eutectic Mg62 Zn35 Ca3 alloy, the other two alloys (off-eutectic)
lyzed by XRD method. The inset on each image in Fig. 2 shows are almost in amorphous state. Therefore the GFA for eutectic
the XRD pattern of the corresponding alloy. All the diffraction justified by the ternary diagram is not the best glass former. With
patterns consist of a broad peak in 2θ region of 35–40◦ , indi- further increasing the diameter of the as-cast samples to 3 mm,
cating that all the alloys investigated are with an amorphous the cross-sectional surfaces observed were not totally lustrous
matrix. The constitution of crystalline phases superposed on the indicating that the GFA for those alloys is not larger than 3 mm
broad diffraction peaks varies according composition change of in diameter.
Mg–Zn–Ca alloys. They are mainly composed of Mg, MgZn
and some unknown phases. However, we have not observed any
broad peak typical of amorphous structure for Mg72 Zn28 , which
is shown in Fig. 3(a) for comparison. This indicates that only
1 at.% of Ca element can significantly improve the glass forming
ability (GFA) of Mg72 Zn28 binary alloy. The best glass former
is Mg68 Zn28 Ca4 alloy. In order to further consider the critical
diameter of amorphous structure for Mg68 Zn28 Ca4 alloy, sample
with 4 mm in diameter was prepared by suction copper casting
method, which is shown in Fig. 3(b). Some crystalline phases
appear on the broad peak of amorphous matrix, therefore we con-
clude that the GFA for Mg72−x Zn28 Cax (x = 1–6) is not larger
than 4 mm in diameter. Our results are different from previous
literature reported by Gu et al. [23]. In his report, 4 mm diame-
ter samples with single amorphous structure could be obtained
for Mg67 Zn28 Ca5 and Mg67.5 Zn27.5 Ca5 alloys, respectively. The
difference in GFA may come from the different purity of the
starting materials as well as experimental conditions upon cast-
ing. However, we have found that the GFA for Mg68 Zn28 Ca4 Fig. 4. XRD patterns for as cast (a) Mg62 Zn35 Ca3 , (b) Mg63 Zn33 Ca4 and (c)
alloy in our experiments is higher than that of Mg67 Zn28 Ca5 Mg66 Zn30 Ca4 alloys with 2 mm in diameter.
 Q.-F. Li et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 487 (2008) 301–308 305

3.3. Mg–Zn–Ca amorphous matrix composites
From the microstructure shown in Fig. 1, we detected some
crystalline flakes characterized of Mg or Mg–Zn solid solu-
tion distributed in amorphous matrix. We considered that the
ductile Mg flakes can act as reinforcement to increase the duc-
tility of Mg–Zn–Ca BMGs. We will show in the next section
that at least those Mg flakes are not harmful to the fracture
strength. This indicates that for those alloy compositions, we
can get amorphous matrix composites (AMC). Therefore, alloys
Mg70 Zn25 Ca5 , Mg75 Zn20 Ca5 and Mg80 Zn15 Ca5 with 3 mm in
diameter were prepared. The microstructures of those alloys
are shown in Fig. 5(a)–(c), respectively. Fig. 5(a) shows the
snow flower like crystalline phase imbedded in the amorphous
matrix. From XRD pattern shown in the inset, these flower
crystallites are mainly Mg and MgZn intermetallic phases.
While for Mg75 Zn20 Ca5 as-cast sample, dendritic structure is
homogeneously distributed in the amorphous matrix (Fig. 5(b)).
This is a typical Mg–Zn–Ca BMG matrix composite, while
the microstructure for Mg80 Zn15 Ca5 alloy exhibits dendritic
structure as shown in Fig. 5(c). However, no obviously broad
diffraction peak typical of amorphous structure can be seen from
the XRD pattern shown in the inset. This indicates that the as-cast
Mg80 Zn15 Ca5 alloy with 3 mm in diameter is almost composed
of crystalline phases.

3.4. Mechanical properties of as-cast Mg–Zn–Ca alloys

The mechanical properties of the as-cast Mg–Zn–Ca alloys

under compression are summarized in Table 3. For compari-
son, Mg72 Zn28 binary alloy with 2 mm in diameter was also
included. It is clear that, as we expected, 1 at.% Ca can sig-
nificantly improve the fracture strength of Mg–Zn alloys. No
significant change in strength is observed for the Ca element
varies between 1 and 2%. However, when Ca increases to 3 at.%
both the strength and plastic strain increase from 442 to 675 MPa
and 0 to 0.5%, respectively. It is found that the strength of
Mg68 Zn28 Ca4 BMG reaching as high as 828 MPa, especially the

Table 3
Summary of mechanical properties (fracture stress σ f , yield strength σ y and
plastic strain εp ) of Mg–Zn–Ca alloys investigated

Alloys D (mm) σ y (MPa) σ f (MPa) εp (%) Structure

Mg72 Zn28 2 70 70 0 C
2 441 441 0 CA
Mg71 Zn28 Ca1
3 416 416 0 CA
2 442 442 0 CA
Mg70 Zn28 Ca2
3 400 400 0 CA
2 591 675 0.5 C
Mg69 Zn28 Ca3
3 550 650 0.3 CA
2 611 828 1.28 C
Mg68 Zn28 Ca4
3 540 671 0.43 C
2 662 622 0.2 C
Mg67 Zn28 Ca5
3 535 535 0 CA
2 496 496 0 CA
Mg66 Zn28 Ca6
3 411 411 0 CA
Mg62 Zn35 Ca3 2 564 564 0 CA
Mg63 Zn33 Ca4 2 582 582 0 CA
Mg66 Zn30 Ca4 2 590 590 0 CA
2 620 642 0.4 CA
Mg70 Zn25 Ca5
3 506 506 0 CA
Mg75 Zn20 Ca5 3 420 510 1.33 CA
Fig. 5. SEM images of the as-cast (a) Mg70 Zn25 Ca5 , (b) Mg75 Zn20 Ca5 and (c) Mg80 Zn15 Ca5 3 307 513 3.58 CA
Mg80 Zn15 Ca5 alloys with 3 mm in diameter. The inset in each image is XRD
pattern for the corresponding alloy. C: crystalline, A: amorphous, CA: crystalline + amorphous.
306 Q.-F. Li et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 487 (2008) 301–308

Fig. 6. Compressive stress–strain curves of the as-cast (a) Mg68 Zn28 Ca4 and Fig. 7. Fracture strength of the as-cast Mg72 − x Zn28 Cax (x = 0–6) alloys with 2
(b) Mg80 Zn15 Ca5 alloys with 2 and 3 mm in diameters, respectively. and 3 mm in diameters, respectively.

plastic strain reaching 1.28%, which is the highest plastic strain
found up to date compared with single-phase Mg-based BMGs
as indicated in Table 1. The largest plastic strain found up to now
in single Mg57 Cu31 Y6.6 Nd5.4 BMGs [14] is 1.2% for a sample
with only 1 mm in diameter. Furthermore when Mg68 Zn28 Ca4
yields at 611 MPa, it exhibits work hardening behaviors after a
yielding step (shown in Fig. 6(a)) and then plastic deformation
and work hardening behavior until fracture. Generally speak-
ing, the fracture strength for the sample with 2 mm in diameter
is larger than that of with 3 mm (Fig. 7). But the difference is not
quite large even for those who are not totally in amorphous state
compared with lanthanide-containing Mg-based BMGs when
sample dimension changes [15]. This suggests that the crys-
talline phases in amorphous matrix cannot severely damage the
fracture strength of Mg–Zn–Ca alloys, which is exhibited by
as-cast Mg69 Zn28 Ca3 alloy. The strength and plastic are almost

Fig. 8. Fracture surfaces of the as-cast (a) Mg70 Zn28 Ca2 , (b) Mg68 Zn28 Ca4 and (c) Mg66 Zn28 Ca6 and (d) Mg66 Zn30 Ca4 alloys with 2 mm in diameter.
 Q.-F. Li et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 487 (2008) 301–308
unaffected whether it is a single amorphous alloy or an amor-
phous matrix composite. The typical stress–strain curves are
shown in Fig. 6. It can be found that the fracture strength for
Mg80 Zn15 Ca5 is over 500 MPa and the plastic strain is as high as
3.58% for the sample with 3 mm in diameter (Fig. 6(b)). While
for Mg70 Zn25 Ca5 and Mg75 Zn20 Ca5 alloys, the strengths are
comparable to that of Mg80 Zn15 Ca5 alloy, but the yield strength
for the latter is much lower than the former (Table 3). This gives
us an idea that amorphous phase can effectively enhance the
yield strength of Mg–Zn–Ca alloys.
3.5. Fracture surface observations
Typical fracture surfaces for the samples with 2 mm in diam-
eter are seen in Fig. 8. When the Ca content in Mg72−x Zn28 Cax
alloys is not larger than 2 at.%, a mixed surface characteris-
tic of both amorphous and crystalline structure (Fig. 8(a)) was
observed which is corresponding to its compressive properties,
therefore no plastic deformation occurred for it. Venous pat-
terns typical of metallic glasses were observed on the fracture
Fig. 9. Fracture morphologies for as-cast (a) Mg70 Zn25 Ca5 and (b)
Mg80 Zn15 Ca5 with 2 and 3 mm in diameter, respectively.
307
surfaces for the Mg72−x Zn28 Cax alloys that content 3–5 at.%
Ca (Fig. 8(b)). While when Ca increases to 6 at.%, the fracture
shows less venous patterns (Fig. 8(c)). The evolution of the frac-
ture surface according to the Ca content indicates that both the
GFA and the mechanical properties change, which is consistent
with our previous discussion. The alloys with more than 30 at.%
Zn, however, they are generally brittle with a flat surface typ-
ical of other brittle Mg-based BMGs (Fig. 8(d)). The fracture
surface for Mg70 Zn25 Ca5 with 2 mm in diameter also exhibits
venous patterns (Fig. 9(a)). However a cleavage area can be
seen in the right low part of the fracture surface. This maybe
attributes the mechanically brittle as the results of the alkaline-
earth metals nature and hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystal
structure of magnesium. Mg70 Zn25 Ca5 alloy also shows 0.4%
plastic strain. The remarkable plastic deformation was observed
for Mg80 Zn15 Ca5 alloy with a larger sample size of 3 mm in
diameter and its fracture surface does not exhibit any amorphous
feature (Fig. 9(b)) but typical of a crystalline material fracture
surface, which is corresponding to the XRD analysis.
4. Discussion
Starting from Mg72 Zn28 binary alloy composition we system-
ically investigated the microstructure evolution, glass formation
and mechanical properties of Mg–Zn–Ca ternary alloys by
adding a few percent of Ca element in isothermal area of 350 ◦ C,
which is shown in Fig. 10. Wherein the compositions marked
with solid circles were investigated by the present work and
the open circles (on the dash dot line marked with 5 at.% Ca)
were done by Gu et al. [23] in 2005. For comparison, we chose
three same points with Gu’s work, which is indicated by solid
circles superposed on the open circles. In our investigation, the
composition with a relatively better GFA is near but off Gu’s
composition. We found that a full amorphous sample about
2 mm in diameter was easy to obtained within isothermal of
350 ◦ C when Ca is larger than 2 at.%. The better glass former
is not at eutectic (E1 or E2 in Fig. 10); especially the as-cast
Fig. 10. Schematic ternary diagram (in Mg corner, redraw according to the
liquidus projection of Mg–Zn–Ca ternary diagram [25]) shown the compositions
and isothermal. Wherein the solid and the open circles showing our work and
Gu’s work [23], respectively.
308 Q.-F. Li et al. / Materials Science and Engineering A 487 (2008) 301–308

sample with E1 composition is quite brittle. The microstruc- defined both by strength and plastic deformation should be
ture, GFA and the mechanical behavior of Mg72−x Zn28 Cax 3–5 at.% Ca for Mg72−x Zn28 Cax (x = 0–6) and lower than
(x = 1–6) alloys are critically determined by the amount of Ca 30 at.% Zn for Mg95−x Znx Ca5 (x = 15–33) alloys, respectively.
addition. Furthermore, the amorphous matrix can enhance both Mg80 Zn15 Ca5 alloy exhibits excellent plastic deformation and
the fracture strength and yield strength of Mg alloys. This fracture strength.
indicates that Mg–Zn–Ca alloys are good candidates for amor-
phous matrix composites fabrication. From Table 3 we find that Acknowledgement
except binary Mg–Zn alloy, the fracture strength at least over
400 MPa was obtained for the alloys investigated if they con- This work was partly supported by Natural Science Funds of
tains amorphous phase. While strength over 600 MPa was only Liaoning Province under contract number of 052379, China.
obtained for the alloys with 3–5 at.% Ca, 20–30 at.% Zn and
lower than 75 at.% Mg. These alloys are obviously within the References
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