ICSE PAPER - 2011 HISTORY & CIVICS (30 MARKS) (Attempt all questions from this Part) PAR Question 1. (a) Name the main constituents of the Indian Parliament. (ty (6) Elections in India are held by secret ballot. Give a reason for the same. in} (0) Mention any one circumstance when the Parliament can make laws on a state subject. u] (@) A Legislative Assembly has 230 members. How many members need to be present in order to enable the House to transact its business ? it) (e) Mention one circumstance when the President can appoint the Prime Minister using his discretionary power. i) (f) Why is an ordinance issued by a Governor regarded as a temporary measure even though it has the same force as an Act of the State Legislature ? () (g) Who can increase the number of Judges of the Supreme Court ? 113] (h) What is meant by the original Jurisdiction of the High Court ? wy (i) Who administers the oath of office to the High Court Judges ? a) () Mention one reason why the system of Lok Adalat has become popular. wy Answer : (a) The main constituents of the Indian Parliament are : (i) The President. (ii) The Rajya Sabha (i.e., the Upper House) (iii) The Lok Sabha (i.., the Lower House) (b) © @ ©) (g) (A) i) oO Elections in India are held by secret ballot so that a voter may indicate his choice in favour of any of the candidates without any fear. Parliament can legislate on state subject under the following circumstance : When the Rajya Sabha declares by a resolution passed by 2/3" majority that a state list subject has assumed national importance. The quorum of the Legislative Assembly to transact its business shall be 10 members or one-tenth of the total members of the House, whichever is greater. When no political party or no leader seems to enjoy majority support in the Lok Sabha, the President shall have freedom to decide who should be appointed as the Prime Minister. An ordinance issued by a Governor is regarded as a temporary measure because it is not passed with the approval of the State Legislature. ‘An ordinance can become an Act only after it is passed by a 2/3 rd majority of the State Legislature. Parliament ‘The original Jurisdiction of the High Court extends to those cases which the High Court has authority to hear and decide in the first instance. Governor of the State. The system of Lok Adalat has become popular because it delivers speedy and inexpensive justice. Question 2, (@ There were various factors that promoted the growth of Nationalism in India in the 19"century. Give the meaning this context. [2] Mention any two factors that helped in the © growth of Nationalism. 2) Mention two objectives of the Congress as enumerated by W. C. Bonnerjee. 22) Mention the popular ‘watchwords'during the French Revolution which influenced us Indians due to the introduction of Western Education in India. PD] Mention any two achievements of the Moderates. P] (f) When was Bengal partitioned ? Name the Viceroy responsible for it. 2] Mention two contributions of Subhash Chandra Bose to India’s freedom struggle. (2 State two underlying Principles of Fascism. 2] (i) What is meant by the term ‘Veto Power’ which is enjoyed by the permanent members of the Security Council ? 2) (i) What are the basic principles of Non Alignment or Panchsheel ? 2] Answer : (a) Nationalism isa feeling of oneness, togethemess and common consciousness based on political, historical, religious, linguistic, racial, cultural, psychological and other factors in a state. ‘b) Two factors responsible for the growth of Nationalism in India were :- (i) Socio-religious reform movements :- All the reformers denounced untouchability, rigidity of the caste system and the social evils like sati, female infanticide prevalent in Indian society. (ii) Influence of Western thoughts and education — Western education instilled ideas of liberty, democracy into the minds of the educated masses who would now spread it among the common masses and plan a common programme of action. Ideas of Mazzini, French Revolution gave inspiration to the people. © @ © @ a (©) The two objectives of the Congress enumerated by W. C. Bonnerjee were ~ (i) To enable national workers from all pay of India to become personally known j each others. (ii) To end all social, religious and proving prejudices and to promote a feeling oy national unity among all lovers of the country. ‘Liberty’, ‘Equality’ and ‘Fraternity’. Two achievements of the Moderates are under :- (i) Foundation of Secular and Democratic National Movement. (ii) Political Education of the Indians. (f) Bengal was partitioned on 16th October, 195 Lord Curzon who was the Governor Genera of India was responsible for it. (i) He formed a new party known as Forward Bloc with the aim to liberalise India. (ii) He reorganished the Indian National Amy which hoisted Tri-colour flag for the fist time on the liberated Indian soil. The main principles of Fascism are as under- (i) Opposition to democracy, rights and liberties of the people. Total stress on duties and obligations. (ii) Absence of Opposition. No criticism of the leader on any account is allowed. A Negative Vote by a permanent members called Veto. This means that the Council is powerless to act in the face of a Veto by any of the permanent members of the Security Council. The following were the basic principles of Panchsheel ;- (a) Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity, (b) Non-aggression, (c) Non interference in each other's interasl affairs, (d) Equality and mutual benefit. () Peaceful co-existence. @ (g) (hy) @ @Question 3. Keeping in view the powers of the Union Parliament, answer the following questions : (a) Mention three of it 's Legislative Powers. [3] (b) Mention three of its Financial Powers. [3] () Mention four of its Administrative or Executive Powers. 4] Answer : (a) Legislative Powers :~ (The Parliament is the law-making body of the central level. It frames new laws and amends or repeals them, if necessary, on all the 97 subjects of the Union List and all the Residuary Subjects which have not found a place in any of the lists. As far as the 47 subjects in the Concurrent List are concerned, both the Parliament and the State Legislatures have got the right to make laws. But if any State Law comes into conflict with the Central Law, the Central Law shall prevail. (iii) The Union Parliament has the sole right to amend the Constitution, although in certain cases these amendments should also be ratified by a majority of the States. The States can, in no case, initiate an amendment to the Constitution. (6) Financial Powers :- @ Annual Budget — The Statement of the source of income and the items of expenditure for the coming year is presented in the Parliament by the Union Minister for Finance with the prior approval of the President. The Parliament is empowered to vote a cut in the Budget or to reject it as a whole. (i) Consolidated Fund of India ~ Some items of the Budget are charged from the Consolidated Fund of India. The (ii) PART - Il (50 MARKS) SECTION -A Attempt any two questions from this Section Parliament has right to debate over these items, but it cannot vote on them. (iii) Salary and Allowances of the Ministers of Parliament - It is the privilege of the Parliament to decide the salaries and allowances of its own members and also those of the Ministers and the Chief Justices and Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Court. (c) Administrative or Executive Powers :- The Parliament exercises its control over the Government through different ways, as are given below :- (@ Question Hour—An hour a day in the daily routine of the Parliament, when in session, is reserved for asking questions from the Government. The members can ask any questions relating to the administration of the State and the Ministers are obliged to answer them. (i) Vote of No-Confidence - Ifa Government flouts the Constitution and acts in contravention of the provisions thereof, the Government can be voted out of office by passing a vote of no-confidence against them and in such a case, the whole Ministry has to resign. (iii) Monetary Controls - The Parliament can hold the strings of the Government tight by voting a cut in the annual or supplementary budget or a cut in the salaries of the Ministers in the face of opposition from the treasury benches. (iv) Other Motions of Census — The Parliament can exercise its control over the Government by a number of other motions like adjournment motion, rejection of Government Bill etc., which, if passed, amount to No-confidence.Question 4. The Governor is a constitutional head of a state. In this context, explain : (a) The manner of appointment and term of office of the Governor. B] (b) The ‘Governor's Address’ B] (©) The Executive powers of the Governor with reference to : 4] (i) Appointments (ii) Right to be informed. Answer = (a) Appointment : A State Governor is appointed by the President of India. But practically, this is done on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Governor's term of office is five years. As he holds his office “during the pleasure of the President”, his term can be terminated even earlier by the President. However, the President acts on the advice of the Prime Minister. His appointment and removal are political decisions, based mostly on party or political considerations. The Governor may, by writing to the President, resign his office, before the expiry of his term. Despite the expiry of his term, the Governor continues to hold the office until his successor enters upon the office. (6) The Governor’s Address is a ‘policy statement’ of the Government. It helps the people know the way their Government is functioning. The Governor addresses the Legislative Assembly at the commencement of the first session after each General Election and at the commencement of the first session each year, (c) (@ Appointments — The Governor appoints the Chief Minister, on whose advice the other Ministers are appointed. The Governor also appoints the Advocate General and the Members of the State Public Service Commission. He is also consulted by the President while making appointments of Judges of the State High Court. (ii Right to be informed— It is the dyy of the Chief Minister to inform to thy Governor all dedisions of the Council Ministers regatditig the administratiog of the State. The Chief Minister is aly required to furnish such information a the Governor iilay call for. Question 5. wa The Supreme Court is the apex court of our countr, In this context, explain the following : (a) The composition of the Supreme Court of India. B (b) The meaning of independence of the judiciay and the need to do so. 8 (©) The manner in which the constitution seeks maintain the independence of the judiciary ( Answer : (a) (@ The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice of India and not more than 30 other judges. (ii) In case of temporary increase in the business of the Supreme Court, the Chief Justice may, with the previous consent of the President, and after consulting the Chief Justice of concerned High Cour, request a High Court judge to sit in the Supreme Court as an Adhoc Judge for such period as is necessary. (iii) Similarly, a Retired Judge of the Suprem Court or of a High Court may be requested to serve the Supreme Court, and act as its Judge for a specified purpose. (4) Independence of Judiciary implies that neithet the executive nor the Legislature nor aty Government or private agency should be able to influence the judge in the course of theif discharge of duties as a judge. (i) Itis essential that the court of law should be independent to administer justice and interpret the constitution and the different laws passed by various Legislatures fro! time to time,(ii) To safeguard the dignity of the judges or the court. : (0) Independence of Judiciary () Appointment. of Judges — Neither the Executive nor the Chief Justice of India acting on.bis own can have full control over Judges’ appointment. In other words, ‘neither political bias nor personal favouritism’ would play any part in the appointment of Judge. (ii) Security of Tenure — A Judge can remain in office till he has attained the age of 65 years. He can be removed by the President ‘on the ground of ‘proved misbehaviour or “Whe First War of Independence of 1857 was a | cxlmination of people’s dissatisfaction with ‘the British rule. In this context enumerate the following causes : i] \@) Military causes B) ©) Economic causes B] ts) ) Political causes (4) @ Ml-treatment of Indian Sepoys ~ There were no fellow feelings between the English and the Indian soldiers. The Indian soldiers were considered inferior to the English soldiers. During their training Indian soldiers are abused and kicked as if they were animals. Such treatment broke their heart and hurt their feelings. (ii) Inferior Status and Low Salaries - The wages of the Indian soldiers were too less to support their families. An English soldier was paid more than 8 times the Indian sepoy while his duties were of a similar nature. They had no chance of Promotion to high post in the army. Infact, the sepoy’s life was very hard and he tesented his inferior position. incapability’ on an Address of each House of Parliament. (iii) Salaries, ete are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India — Judges’ salaries, allowances, etc shall not be varied to their disadvantage during their term of office. Moreover they are charged on the Consolidated Fund of India and are not subject to vote of Parliament. (iv) Punishment for the contempt of Court ~ Genuine criticism of a Judgement is allowed, but nothing should be done to lower the authority or dignity of the Court. The Supreme Court has the power to punish the contempt of itself. SECTION -B Attempt any three questions from this Section (iii) General Service Enlistment Act — Lord Canning passed the General Service Enlistment Act. It created bitterness among the sepoys as it bound them to be sent to fight even to an overseas front. The sepoys opposed this Act because it was contrary to their religious belief. (6) Economic causes :- (i) Exploitation of the Economic Resources of India — The British exploited the economic resources of India and enriched themselves at the cost of the Indians. All trade and commerce had gone into the hands of the English and as a result, the Indian industries suffered a setback while they carried away India’s wealth to their country. Discontent among the Jagirdars and Zamindars — The resumption of tax- free land and confiscation of jagirs caused discontent among the Jagirdars and Zamindars because they were reduced to utter poverty. (iii) Educated Indians Became Jobless — Only the English were appointed to high posts and were given handsome salaries. The: educated Indians were excluded from high posts. Their lot became miserable and they felt discontented, (ii)(© Political causes ; (i) Policy of Annexation followed by Lord Dalhousie ~ The Doctrine of Lapse, all round annexation of Indian states, abolition of titles and pension, etc, had made most of the Indian Princes and rulers staunch enemies of the British, (i) Disrespect Shown to Bahadur Shah ~The Home of the Mughals was also humbled when the English announced that after the death of Bahadur Shah II, the Mughals would lose the title of kings and his successors would have to vacate the Red Fort. It hurt the sentiments of the Muslims and increased the aversion of the Indians for the British. (ii) The Annexation of Oudh — Lord Dalhousie annexed Oudh to the British Empire in India under the pretext of misgovernance. It threw thousands of nobles, gentlemen, officers and soldiers out of job. The British confiscated the estates of the Zamindars and Tuluqdars. Itcreated dissatisfaction among all classes of the people of Oudh. (iv) Disbanding the Armies of the Annexed States — All such states that were annexed by the company had their troops disbanded. Asa result thousands of families lost their means of livelihood. The disbanded soldiers were determined to take revenge from the British Company. Simon Commission with all its membe being Britishers was formulated. But ty commission was not welcomed by th, Indians. The Commission had a greg! impact on the Indian political life generated great political fervour. (i) The Nehru Report - In this Repon, Dominion Status was accepted as the immediate goal and attainment of independence, the next step. Nehru ang Netaji demanded complete independence Gandhiji suggested that if the Government gave effect to Dominion Status by the end of 1929, it should be accepted. But ifit did not implement it by that time, Inda would accept nothing short of complete independence. So the circumstances forced Gandhiji to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement. (iii) Lahore Session — The failure of the British Government to give Dominion Status to India and several other developments in 1929 hardened the Congress attitude. So at its Lahore Session, presided by Nem, in December, 1929, the Congress passed resolution of ‘Purna Swaraj’ and also took steps to launch a programme of Civil Disobedience. (6) The Second Round Table Conference was held in London in September 1931, Gandhi was chosen as the sole representative of te Congress. All sections of the Indian society were represented at the conference. Gandhiji demanded a responsible Governmett and independence for India and immediat Dominion Status for India. Question 7. The Civil Disobedience Movement was significant in the History of the National Movement. In this context write briefly on the following points : (@) The circumstances leading to the Civil Cause of the Failure : The representatives Disobedience Movement. (3) i i ‘8 other groups like M i i (6) The Second Round Table Conference. [3] etc, are aoe Siiceasl naar aneaiae (c) The Gandhi-Irwin Pact. [4] their own rights and their narrow interests, Te Answer : eae Conference could not arrive at any agreemet (a) Circumstances leading to the Civil Disobedience regarding communal representation and ends Movements : inconclusively, (@ The Simon Commission ~ The Reforms of 1919 did not satisfy the national leaders and common people: To satisfy the people, (©) ‘The Government tried to control the progres of Civil Disobedience Movement by adopt the policy of repression, But force failea , ff | p) 4 to extinguish the spirit of revolt. So the Government signed an agreement in 1931 known as Gandhi-Inwin Pact. ‘Assurance from Governor General Assurance from 1. To release all] 1 political prisoners except those guilty of violence To the Ordinances promulgated in connection with the Civil Disobedience Movement. . Civil Disobedience| movement was to| be called off. withdraw NR Gandhiji_ would participate in the Second Round Table Conference as the Congress representative To permit people who lived sea-shore to manufacture salt Hindu-Muslim Unity. we Question 8. (a) Identify the event in the above picture. Name the Lady seen in the given picture. Mention the year when the event took place. B] (b) What were the main provisions of the Indian Independence Act ? B] (©) Mention the reasons that made the Congress accept the Partition Proposals. {4) Answer : (@) The event is of Jawaharlal Nehru sworn in as Prime Minister of Independent India. ‘The Lady in the picture is Lady Mountbatten, wife of Lord Mountbatten, the Governor General of India at that time. This event took place on 18th July 1947. (6) The three main provisions of the Indian Independence Act were as follows :- () Two New Dominions ~The Act provided for the creation of two independent Dominions from 15 August 1947 to be known as India and Pakistan. (i) Each Dominion to have a Governor General ~ There would be a Governor General for each of the Dominions. The Governor Generals were to function as a Constitutional Heads. Similarly the Provincial Governors were to act on the advice of their Ministers. (iii) Princely States would become Independent — The powers and authority exercisable by His Majesty in relation to the Princely States were terminated. The States thus became independent. No Congress leaders liked the idea of Partition of India, but everyone had to accept it as a necessary evil. Gandhi did not blame Mountbatten for India’s partition. He said if both the Hindus and the Muslims cannot agree on anything else, then the Viceroy is left with no choice. () Communal Riots had taken a serious tum. asa result of the ‘Direct Action’ of Muslim League. Partition of the Country seemed to offer a way out of chaos and anarchy. (ii) The League had joined the Interim Government to obstruct and not to cooperate which made it difficult for any Congress ministery to function effectively. (iii) The only alterative to partition was a Federation with a weak centre. A smaller India with a strong central authority was better than a bigger state with a weak centre. (iv) The leaders felt that partition would rid the Constitution of seperate electorates and other undemocratic procedures, India could then evolve a truly secular and democratic polity. Question 9. With reference to the First World War answer the following questions (a) Explain any three causes of the First World War. (3) ©~~ emerged the Triple Entente comprsigg Britain, France and Russia and on the othe Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy and 7 The rivairy and enmity between the two camps (b) Treaty of Versailles (i) War Indemnity- The treaty declareg Germany guilty of aggression. She hag to pay a very heavy sum estimated x (8) Mention three points under the Treaty of Versailles, which affected Germany. [3] (©) What were the objectives of the League of Nations ? Name the organization formed in October, 1945 with objectives similar to those of the League of Nations. [4] Answer : (a) Causes of Ist World War (i) Militant Nationalism — An important cause of the war was militant nationalism or “competitive patriotism”. Germany had Kaiser William I as her new Emperor. He went about proclaiming that “Germany was going to be the leader of the world”. He wanted to establish a vast German Empire and gain important position in the international sphere. France and Germany were old rivals ~ After defeating France in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-71). Germany had seized the province of Alsace and most parts of Lorraine, which were rich in minerals and industrial products. ‘The French dreamed of revenge and of taking back their lost provinces. The Italians also looked discontented. Then there was the “unsatisfied national spirit of the Balkan States” An Armament Race ~ It was this intense nationalism which turned Europe into an assembly of vast armed camps. Each country went on preparing for war and arming itself to the teeth. Germany had acquired colonies in Africa and a few islands in the Pacific. In order to protect her colonies Germany began to build a powerful navy. Britain and France were concerned about Germany’s growing military strength. There was an arms race'and the peculiar feature of such a race is that if one country increases its armaments, other countries are compelled to do the same. (iti) The split of Europe into Two Armed Camps, Triple Alliance and Triple Entente - In 1879, Germany and Austria~ Hungary had signed a Treaty to help each other in case of enemy attack. Three years later Italy joined the Pact, which came to be known as the Triple Alliance, As opposed to the Triple Alliance 33 billion dollars as War Indemnity tg the Allies. Germany was to evacuate the places she had captured during the war. (ii) The Rhine Valley The area of the Rhine Valley was to be demilitarised. Germany could not “maintain or construct any fortifications either on the left bank of the Rhino or on the right bank.” Moreover, all existing fortifications were required to be destroyed. To gurantee the execution of the ‘Treaty the German territory west of Rhine was to be occupied by the Allied Troops for 15 years. (iii) Germany lost all her colonies and overseas possessions besides territorial losses in Europe. Togoland and the Comeron (ia West Africa) were partitioned between Britian and France and Germany’s East Africa was shared between Britain and Belgium. (©) Objectives of League of Nations (i) Notto resort to war, to maintain open, just and honourable relations among them. (ii) Maintenance of status quo, that is the situations that existed as a result of the Peace Conference, (iii) Proper administration of the territories assigned to a Nation under the “Mandate” (authority) of the League of Nations. United Nations Organization replaced League of Nations in October 1945, with similar aims and objectives as that of the League of Nations. Question 10, State how each of the following factors were tht causes of the Second World War : (4) The failure of the League of Nations. (31(0) The Aggressive Nationalism of Germany. [3] (©) The Policy of Appeasement. [4] Answer : (a) Failure of the League of Nations —The league did much of social and humanitarian work. Between 1925 and 1930, it was able to settle a few international disputes. However, it failed when it had to deal with disputes in which any of the major power was involved. It failed in its main object of maintaining peace in the world. (i) The League of Nations was set up to maintain peace in the world. But it failed in its objective to check the rise of dictatorships in Italy and Germany. When the weaker nations appealed, the League could only apply economic sanctions against the aggressors. (ii) It failed to contain Italy’s aggression in Ethiopia, Japan’s invasion of China and Manchuria and Germany’s occupation of Austria and attack on Poland. (iii) Actually, the League of Nations had no power to act on its own initiative to preserve peace in the world. It lacked its own armed force and so depended on the great powers to enforce its resolutions, keep to economic sanctions, or provide an army when needed. (iv) Moreover, the U.S.A. did not become its member, because the U.S. Senate did not ratify the Covenant of the League of ‘Nations. Germany was also not allowed to join the League. (6) (i) Hitler the ruler of Germany started the rearmament and compulsory military service in gross violation of the Treaty of Versailles. He said, “he who does not wish to fight has not the right to exist in the world. (ii) He had imperialist designs and wanted to establish the rule of the Swastika over the world, He wanted to unite all Germans under the policy called Deutchland. (iii) Hitler believed that all the people of the Aryan race must be united in the German empire. To create Greater Germany, Hitler attacked Denmark, Netherland, Luxemburg, France, Poland, etc. In March 1936 he made his first move to occupy Rhineland which had been demilitarised. He than captured Vienna, the capital of Austria and turned his attention towards Sudetanland which was inhabited by the Germans. He declared that Germans were being forced against their will to live in Sudetanland. Later, Czechoslovakia became a German Satellite. (c) (@ England and France followed a policy of appeasement towards Germany to divert German Aggression against Soviet Union. They also felt that if genuine grievences of Germany and Italy were removed, they would be satisfied and would not do anything to destroy the peace of the world. They did not care to enforce the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, when Hitler started to flout it openly. (ii) The heads of four nations - Germany, Italy, Britain and France met at Munich on September 29, 1938 and decided to handover Sudetanland to Germany. The Czechs were persuaded by them to accept the Munich Pact in the name of world peace. But actually, they were appeasing Hitler at the cost of Czechoslovakia, (iii) Hitler’s troops occupied Sudetanland on Sth October, 1938 and later on the whole of Czechoslovakia became a German satellite, Thus, the Anglo-French policy of appeasement proved dangerous for world peace. It emboldened, Germany, Italy and Japan which led to another destructive war.