What is Computer?

 A computer is an electronic device that is used for information

processing . It accepts data and instruction ,stores it in memory
and gives the results to the user.

 Source Wikipedia
What is Data?
Data. Data in a computer terminology mean raw facts and figures.

For ex-mohan,1977 etc.

What is Information?

means what we get after processing.

Data Vs. Information?

you should understand that what goes in the computers is data and
what comes out of them is information.

This process of turning data into information is also known as

information processing cycle.
 2700-2500BC
Abacus – Calculator
• A counting device
• Beads are moved to perform
arithmetic functions
• Still used by traders and
clerks in Asia, Africa, …
Napier’s Bones
• In 1614 Scottosh Mathematician John Napier introduced the concept
of Logaarithms. He used Bones to perform multiplication
 1620
Slide Ruler
• An early analogue computer used primarily for multiplication and
division.
• Invented by William Oughtred
 1642
Pascaline
• Blaise Pascal created the first mechanical calculator
• Performed addition and subtraction
• Was too expensive for the time, hence it didn’t become a commercial
device.
 Gottfried Wilhelm
von Leibniz

The stepped reckoner

Supposed to be able to add, subtract,
multiply, divide and calculate square roots
**Device never worked properly
 CHARLES BABBAGE
(1791 - 1871)
 Born in 1791, Charles Babbage was an English mathematician and professor.
 In 1822, he persuaded the British government to finance his design to build a
machine that would calculate tables for logarithms. Called the “Difference
Engine.”
Device was to calculate numbers to 20th place and print them at 4
digits per minute.
With Charles Babbage's creation of the "Analytical Engine", (1833) computers
took the form of a general purpose machine.
 Charles Babbage
1822 Babbage's Difference Engine
Analytical Engine
• 1833
• Used to perform a variety of calculations
by following a set of instructions or
programs stored on punch cards
• Machine only designed but never built
Joseph Jacquard
 Charles Babbage
Considered the “Father of Computers”

Considered the “Father of

Computers”
 ENIAC - 1946

 Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer

a machine that computed at speeds 1,000 times faster than the
Mark I was capable of only 2 years earlier.
Using 18,00-19,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million
soldered joints this massive instrument required the output of a
small power station to operate it.
ENIAC

Matiste 2015
 ENIAC
1943-1946

 It could do nuclear physics calculations (in two hours) which it

would have taken 100 engineers a year to do by hand.
The system's program could be changed by rewiring a panel.
Weighed 30 tons and was 1500 square feet (average
area of a 3 bedroom house
ENIAC
1946
Vacuum Tubes

Matiste 2015
1st Generation Computers
• 1946 – 1959
• Based on Vacuum tubes
• Vacuum tubes: Control electric
current using the vacuum, and
• Can be used to start/stop, or change
the flow based on the current
Second Generation Computers
• Based on Transistors
• 1957-1964
• Stored instructions in memory
• Relied on punch cards for input and printers for output
Transistors
• Replaced vacuum tubes
• Invented at Bell laboratories
• Enabled computers to be smaller, cheaper, more reliable, and efficient
• Transistors work as switches on current, turning it on or off (like
binary 0 or 1).
• Still generate a lot of heat, but less than vacuum tubes
Third Generation Computers
• Modern computers
• 1965-1971
• Used Integrated Circuits
• Keyboards instead of punch cards
• Monitors for display
• Different applications used through operating system
Integrated Circuits
• Small chips containing thousands of transistors
• Invented by Jack Kilby, Nobel Laureate of Physics
Fourth Generation Computers
• Microprocessor
• Development of the personal computer
• 1970 – 1990
• Addition of GUI’s, the mouse, and handheld devices
• Were built with LSI(100-1000) ,VLSI (1000 to millions)
Fifth Generation Computers
• 1990 - Present
• Enhancement of Artificial Intellegance
• Nanotechnology
• Natural Language Processing
• SLSI