Test Bank for Gardners Art through the Ages The Western Perspective, Volume I, 13th Edition

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Western Perspective, Volume I, 13th Edition

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 Chapter 13
THE AGE OF GREAT CATHEDRALS
Gothic Art
MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Who of the following coined the term “Gothic”?

a. Giorgio Vasari
b. Lorenzo Ghiberti
c. Abbot Suger
d. Louis IX

Answer: a

2. The focus of both the intellectual and religious life changed from monasteries in the countryside and
pilgrimage churches to cathedrals in expanding cities. Which of the following would account for this change?

a. It was a time of great prosperity.

b. It illustrated the growing power of city mayors.
c. It was the period of the destruction of monasteries.
d. It represented the closure of the pilgrimage routes.

Answer: a

3. Speyer Cathedral was considered the burial church of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. Which of the
following churches was the burial church for the kings of France?

a. Notre-Dame, Paris
b. Notre-Dame, Reims
c. St-Denis
d. Ste-Chapelle

Answer: c

4. Which of the following best describes a characteristic of Gothic architecture?

a. Its rounded arches allowed for greater height.

b. Its interior is permeated with light.
c. Its interior is narrow and long windows are eliminated.
d. Its side aisles are now included in order to broaden the interior.

Answer: c

5. The façade of St-Denis consists of a double-tower westwork. Which of the following could have been the
influence for this façade?

a. St-Sernin, Toulouse
b. Ste-Madeleine, Vézelay
c. Notre-Dame, Paris

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 d. St-Étienne, Caen

Answer: d

6. Which of the following became a standard feature of French Gothic architecture?

a. fan vaulting
b. Perpendicular style
c. rose window
d. rounded arches

Answer: c

7. Who may have conceived the complicated iconographical portal program for Chartres Cathedral?

a. Abbot Suger
b. Thierry of Chartres
c. St. Bernard of Clairvaux
d. St. Thomas Aquinas

Answer: b

8. The sculptural program of the west façade of Chartres Cathedral proclaims the power and majesty of Jesus
Christ. Which of the following elements unites all three doorways of the west portal (Portal Royal) of
Chartres Cathedral?

a. The episodes from the life of the Virgin are carved on the capitals.
b. The episodes from the Old Testament are carved on the capitals.
c. The episodes from the Passion are carved on the capitals.
d. The episodes from the life of Christ are carved on the capitals.

Answer: d

9. The tympanum from the right portal of Chartres depicts the Virgin and Child that hearkens back to the
Romanesque portrayals of this theme as the Throne of Wisdom. Which of the following is the source for this
depiction?

a. Byzantine Theotokos
b. Early Christina Madonna and Child
c. Carolingian Virgin and Child
d. Hiberno-Saxon Madonna and Child

Answer: a

10. The portal sculptural program for Chartres Cathedral is distinctly different from its Romanesque counterparts.
Which of the following accounts for this distinction?

a. the exclusion of scenes from the Passion

b. the inclusion of the Old Testament Kings
c. the prominence of Mary in the portal program
d. the inclusion of scenes from the life of Christ

Answer: c

11. Paris claimed to be the intellectual center of Gothic Europe. Its university faculty and the reputations of its
masons supported this claim. Which of the following also provided support for this claim?

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 a. It was a center for fine book production.
b. It established the first printing press.
c. It was a center for classical study.
d. It was the principal center of commerce for Europe.

Answer: a

12. Which of the following figures provides the most direct contrast with the Naumburg figures?

a. Röttgen Pietà
b. Bamberg Rider
c. Virgin of Jeanne d’Evreux
d. Death of the Virgin from Strasbourg Cathedral

Answer: a

13. Which of the following is considered a masterpiece of the Rayonnant style?

a. Reims Cathedral
b. Ste-Chapelle
c. St-Denis
d. Amiens Cathedral

Answer: b

14. Jeanne d’Evreux, wife to Charles IV, donated a statue of the Virgin and Child to the Abbey of St.-Denis. What
is the common name of this statue?

a. Queen of Heaven
b. Virgin of Sorrows
c. Throne of Wisdom
d. Theotokos

Answer: a

15. In Jean Pucelle’s Belleville Breviary, the artist has placed Saul seated on a throne with the receding coffers of
a barrel vault above the head of David. He has created a stage set. Which of the following could account for
this stage setting?

a. a visit to the Mosan region of Germany

b. a visit to England
c. a visit to Italy
d. a visit to Bruges

Answer: c

16. Fan vaulting was most common in which of the following?

a. Thirteenth-century Germany
b. Early Gothic France
c. High Gothic France
d. Late Gothic England

Answer: d

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17. Abbot Suger is credited with creating which of the following churches?

a. St.-Sernin
b. St.-Denis
c. St.-Chapelle
d. Notre-Dame, Paris

Answer: b

18. The fourteenth-century German sculptures of Ekkehard and Uta at Naumburg are particularly significant
because these sculptures used which of the following?

a. the S-shaped curve

b. the damp-fold style of drapery
c. specific individuals
d. the Virtues

Answer: c

19. What pose developed by the “court” style had a strong influence on Late Gothic sculpture?

a. contrapposto
b. rigidly frontal
c. equestrian form
d. S-shaped curve

Answer: d

20. Indicate which of the following is not a characterization of the changing social conditions in the Gothic
period.

a. new importance of women

b. rise of the middle class
c. interest in Scholasticism
d. barbarian migrations

Answer: d

21. The Gothic style is said to have first appeared in which of the following areas?

a. Lombardy
b. Ile de France
c. Milan
d. Burgundy

Answer: d

22. Flying buttresses eliminated which of the following?

a. nave
b. tribune gallery
c. arches
d. vaults

Answer: b

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23. Jean Pucelle illuminated which of the following?

a. Breviary of Philippe le Bel

b. Blanche of Castile Bible
c. Belleville Breviary
d. Psalter of St. Louis

Answer: c

24. The Reims portal sculpture of the Visitation has been described as two women conversing. This is in sharp
contrast to earlier Gothic portal sculpture. How is the Visitation unique?

a. The figures are attached to the architectural background.

b. The figures are actors in a biblical narrative.
c. The figures are isolated in their frames.
d. This is the first time women appear on portal sculpture.

Answer: b

25. Many Gothic cathedrals were dedicated to which of the following?

a. the Virgin Mary (Notre-Dame)

b. the Holy Spirit
c. The Trinity
d. Christ the Judge

Answer: a

26. What innovation did hall churches incorporate?

a. They became pilgrimage churches.

b. They placed new emphasis on preaching and the pulpit.
c. They were connected to monasteries.
d. They contained a profusion of relics.

Answer: b

27. Perpendicular style was popular in which of the following countries.

a. England
b. Spain
c. France
d. Italy

Answer: a

28. The intense color and elegance of the Psalter of Saint Louis expresses the courtly style. Which of the
following can also be associated with this manuscript?

a. stained glass
b. Byzantine mosaics
c. Italian fresco
d. Early Christian manuscripts

Answer: a

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29. Which of these churches embodies the essential characteristics of English Gothic architecture?

a. Wells Cathedral
b. Ely Cathedral
c. Salisbury Cathedral
d. York Cathedral

Answer: c

30. The Royal Portal of Chartres was carved in which style?

a. Late Romanesque
b. Early Gothic
c. High Gothic
d. Late Gothic

Answer: b

31. Laon Cathedral retains many of its Romanesque features. Which of the following is one such feature?

a. pointed arches
b. sexpartite rib vaults
c. triforium
d. flying buttress

Answer: b

32. The elevation of Laon Cathedral differs from that of Chartres in what important respect?

a. absence of a triforium
b. absence of a gallery
c. absence of rose windows
d. absence of nave arcade

Answer: b

33. The development of the Rayonnant style is connected with which of the following?

a. the court of Louis IX

b. Abbot Suger of St.-Denis
c. Order of Bernard of Clairvaux
d. the Second Crusade

Answer: a

34. Which of the following animals appears on the exterior facade of Laon Cathedral?

a. horses
b. mules
c. oxen
d. percherons

Answer: c

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SHORT ANSWER

35. What is a keep?

Answer: A secure tower in the castle that served as a place of last refuge.

36. Who was St. Dionysius (Denis)?

Answer: He brought Christianity to Gaul (France)

37. How did the cult of the Virgin impact Gothic society?

Answer: The cult of the Virgin shifted the focus from the severity of the Romanesque to a gentler and more
compassionate theme. Worshippers believed the Virgin stood between the sinner and Christ interceding on
behalf of the sinner. Great cathedrals were dedicated to her. The tone of society had changed.

38. Who was Jeanne d’Evreux?

Answer: Wife of Charles IV and queen of France and a patron of the arts.

39. How does the house of Jacques Coeur reflect Late Gothic society?

Answer: The house plan is designed around a central courtyard. The entries into the house provide for vehicle
and pedestrian entry. The façade has a large window, echoing a cathedral. The ground level is dedicated to
servants’ quarters, storage, and maintenance shops. The upper stories have the great hall, business offices and
family rooms. Primarily the house reflects the shift in society from country to city. Furthermore the house
illustrates how secular life is rapidly making a place for itself and the house symbolizes this change.

40. How does the Cloth Guild Hall of Bruges reflect economic power?

Answer: The size indicates the importance the guild now holds within the community. It brought great
prosperity to Bruges through trade and employment. The tower was competing with the cathedral towers also
pointing to the importance of trade and commerce. In many cases these guilds were among the most important
patrons of the cathedral.

41. How do stained glass windows function within the context of a cathedral?

Answer: They were not meant to just introduce color and iconography into the interiors. In the cathedral
interior stained glass windows did not conceal walls as frescoes or mosaics did, stained glass windows
replaced walls. Light passes through them and is transmitted by them, filtering and transforming interiors.
Stained glass windows became one with the architecture and the liturgy.

42. How does the Porch of the Confessors from Chartres Cathedral reflect the High Gothic style?

Answer: The Porch of the Confessors is located on the south transept. This portal projects more forcefully
from the church’s façade unlike the earlier portals. The statues have evolved with more independence from the
architecture but the figures are still attached to columns. The figures communicate more fully with the viewer
and also each other, almost as if they were engaged in a dialog. Now the slight movements of the figures’
positions have softened the rigid verticality of the Early Gothic style.

43. What is lux nova?

Answer: Literally translated from the Latin as new light, it refers to the church interiors. The innovative ribbed
vaults resting on pointed arches allowed the masons to eliminate some interior walls and replace them with

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 windows, stained glass windows. These windows brought natural light and diffused it throughout the interiors
transforming these interiors into a perceptually charged atmosphere. It literally transformed the interiors from
darkness into light.

44. How do the Strasbourg tympanum and statues of Ekkehard and Uta from Naumburg Cathedral differ yet still
reflect the Gothic style?

Answer: They both express essentially Gothic styles. In the Strasbourg tympanum the sculptor has created an
emotional tableau emphasizing the very human emotion of grief. On the other hand the Naumburg figures are
portrayed with a solemnity and quiet exactitude that is also a Gothic element. The individualized features of
the margrave and his wife point to the shifting changes in Gothic sculpture from standardized representations
to real people even though they lived well before the sculptor.

45. Who was Blanche of Castile?

Answer: She was Queen of France and served as regent for Louis IX during his teenage years. During her
regency she commissioned the moralized Bible, the dedication page of which depicted Blanche and Louis IX
along with a clergyman dictating and a young apprentice transcribing the dictation. This was a very
abbreviated image of Gothic book production.

46. What are the statues on the jambs of the Royal Portal at Chartres thought to represent?

Answer: The kings and queens of the Old Testament and the royal ancestors of Christ, they support the New
Testament figures, which appear above the doorways.

47. Briefly describe the characteristics of the Flamboyant style.

Answer: Flame-like curvilinear decorative forms that occurred in the 14 th century. It reached full maturity
nearly a century later. This style permitted the viewer to see the rose windows and the flying buttresses, even
though they are set well back on the facade. This style produces a complexity of views.

48. Briefly describe the Perpendicular Gothic style. In what country was it most popular?

Answer: Perpendicular Gothic style emphasized strong verticality of its decorative details and often with
elaborate vaults. This was the last English Gothic style.

49. What is a triforium and what was its purpose?

Answer: An arcaded gallery below the clerestory it occupied the space corresponding to the exterior strip of
wall covered by the sloping timber roof above the galleries. The triforium elevated the Romanesque three-
story nave-wall into the Early Gothic four-story nave-wall.

50. Why is Ars de geometria important in the work of Villard de Honnecourt?

Answer: Geometric forms formed the “divine arithmetic” of the universe. Villard de Honnecourt showed that
both natural forms and buildings are based on simple geometric shapes such as the square, circle, and triangle.

51. How does the statue of Virgin of Jeanne d’Evreux symbolize the Gothic period?

Answer: One of the most influential religious figures of the period was the Virgin. In fact, many of the
cathedrals were named in her honor (Notre-Dame). She represented the compassionate and gentle mother.
This role had now transformed her into mediator; she stood between the Judge and the sinner. This can is
reflected in portal sculptural programs. The Virgin of Jeanne d’Evreux reflected the change in sculptural
presentation as well. The gentle sway of the figure was more humanizing and the flow of the drapery was also
more natural. The sculptor was attempting to indicate the corporeality of the body beneath the cloth. All these
elements converged into this one figure and made it ideal for representing this period.

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52. What Gothic cathedral was finished in the nineteenth century according to the original thirteenth-century
plans?

Answer: Cologne Cathedral was begun in 1248 under the direction of Gerhard of Cologne. Work came be to a
halt in the mid-14th century. The 14th-century plans were unexpectedly found in the 19 th century and
completed according to the original plans. Gothic revival architects added the nave, towers, and façade to the
east end that had stood alone for so long.

SAMPLE ESSAY QUESTIONS

53. How does English Gothic architecture differ from the German model? Illustrate your discussion with specific
examples.

Answer: pages 364-369.

54. Contrast the differences between Early Gothic and High Gothic architecture in France using specific buildings
to illustrate your discussion.

Answer: pages 338-356.

55. What is generally believed to have been the purpose of the sculptural programs of the portals of the great
Gothic cathedrals? How did these programs differ from the sculptural programs of Romanesque portals? Use
examples to support your essay.

Answer: pages 342-345, 350-354, 369-370.

56. Describe the interplay of Classical influence, refinement, and realism in Gothic sculpture during the thirteenth
and fourteenth centuries. Use examples to support your essay.

Answer: pages 350-351, 354, 363-364, 369-370.

57. Explain the role of light in Gothic architecture both from the symbolic and from the structural point of view.
Use examples to support your essay.

Answer found throughout the chapter.

58. Contrast Chartres Cathedrals and Salisbury Cathedral. How does each cathedral reflect its regional style?
What elements are similar? What elements are different and why?

Answer: pages 342-345, 350-351 and 364-365.

59. How did the “poetry of love” or romance literature influence the luxury arts? Use specific examples to support
your essay.

Answer: pages 346, 358-361.

60. Describe the architectural differences between French Gothic cathedrals and English Gothic cathedrals.
Include specific examples to support your essay.

Answer: pages 340-356, 364-367.

61. Describe the effect of “court style” on manuscript illumination. Use examples to support your essay.

Answer: pages 358-361.

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SLIDE IDENTIFICATION

62. (Figure 13–32)

a. moralized Bible
b. Psalter of St. Louis
c. Breviary of Philippe le Bel
d. Belleville Breviary

Answer: a

63. (Figure 13–36)

a. Louis IX
b. Master Honore
c. Jean Pucelle
d. God as Architect

Answer: d

64. (Figure 13–30)

a. House of Jacques Coeur
b. Palace of the Popes
c. House of Louis XIV
d. Palace of Orvieto

Answer: a

65. (Figure 13–6)

a. Chartres
b. Paris
c. Amiens
d. Reims

Answer: a

66. (Figure 13–41)

a. Orvieto
b. Cologne
c. Salisbury
d. Henry VII Chapel

Answer: c

67. (Figure 13–34)

a. Honnecourt Bible
b. Psalter of St. Louis
c. Moralized Bible
d. Blanche of Castile Bible

Answer: b

68. (Figure 13–27)

a. St.-Maclou
b. Amiens Cathedral

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 c. Notre-Dame, Paris
d. Reims Cathedral

Answer: a

69. (Figure 13–44)

a. Tomb of William the Conqueror
b. Tomb of Blanche of Castile
c. Tomb of Edward III
d. Tomb of Louis IX

Answer: c

70. (Figure 13–25)

a. Notre Dame, Paris
b. Ste-Chapelle
c. Cologne Cathedral
d. Orvieto Cathedral

Answer: b

71. (Figure 13–3)

a. Early Gothic
b. High Gothic
c. Flamboyant Gothic
d. Perpendicular Gothic

Answer: a

72. (Figure 13–18)

a. St. Theodore
b. St. George
c. St. Peter
d. Jeremiah

Answer: a

73. (Figure 13–38)

a. plastic cosmetic case
b. reliquary
c. ivory jewelry casket
d. parchment box

Answer: c

74. (Figure 13–22)

a. Notre Dame, Paris
b. Amiens Cathedral
c. Laon Cathedral
d. Reims Cathedral

Answer: b. Amiens Cathedral

75. (Figure 13–1)

a. Chartres Cathedral
b. Notre Dame, Paris

468
 c. Amiens Cathedral
d. Milan Cathedral

Answer: a

76. (Figure 13–24)

a. Uta and Blanche
b. Annunciation
c. Visitation
e. Blanche and Jeanne d’Eveurx

Answer: c

77. (Figure 13–28)

a. Carcasonne
b. Paris
c. London
d. Cologne

Answer: b

SLIDE QUESTIONS

78. Describe the differences in the aisles of these two Gothic churches.

Answer: Interior of St. Elizabeth, Marburg (Figure 13–47), and interior of Laon Cathedral (Figure 13–9). The
aisle vaults of St. Elizabeth are the same height as those of the nave. There is no gallery, triforium or
clerestory. More focus is placed on the pulpit and preaching aspect of this hall church. Laon Cathedral nave
has a triforium that breaks up the continuous wall surface. It also has a gallery and clerestory moving away
from compartmentalized interior space seen in the Romanesque church interior.

79. How does this interior reflect the High Gothic style?

Answer: Interior, Amiens Cathedral (Figure 13-19). This interior utilizes the High Gothic vocabulary
completely and effectively. The rectangular bay system, the four-part rib vault, a buttressing system which
allows the massive walls to almost dissolve and create a self-sustaining skeletal architecture is fully realized in
this structure. The proportions are elegant. The interior is suffused with light and color.

80. Contrast these exteriors. How are they different?

Answer: West façade, Laon Cathedral (Figure 13-8) and West façade, Reims Cathedral (Figure 13-23). Laon
Cathedral exterior is more compact and squared. It is completely attuned to its Early Gothic heritage with
modestly pointed arches. The façade of Reims is completely constructed in the High Gothic style. Every
element is stretched to attain maximum elegance. The figures are taller and their frames are more ornate

81. Explain the structural elements and what did they allow Gothic builders to do.

Answer: Notre-Dame, Paris south view (Figure 13–11). Flying buttresses (seen) on the exterior and rib vaults
with their pointed arches in the interior allowed towering naves and huge windows.

82. How do these manuscript pages relate? What are the differences? How do they represent “courtly style”?

Answer: “David Anointed by Samuel and Battle of David and Goliath” Breviary of Philippe le Bel, Master
Honore (Figure 13–35), “David before Saul” Belleville Breviary Jean Pucelle (Figure 13–36). Both pages
depict David from the Old Testament. The Master Honore manuscript has delicate hands and gestures and

469
Test Bank for Gardners Art through the Ages The Western Perspective, Volume I, 13th Edition

elegant swaying postures. Master Honore did not embrace the classical notion that a painting was an
illusionistic window into a three-dimensional world. The Jean Pucelle manuscript has the same elegant
treatment; however, Pucelle has placed modeled figures in three-dimensional space and is moving toward
naturalism. Court style was expressed as excessive elegance and is seen in both pages.

83. Identify the period when each of these works was done and describe the changes in the conception of Christ
represented by these two images.

Answer: Virgin with the Dead Christ from the fourteenth century (Figure 13–51) and Christ Pantocrator from
Monreale Cathedral (Figure 9–25). The Christ Pantocrator is a mosaic from the Byzantine period twelfth
century. Christ is represented as a powerful monarch, lord of the universe. The agonized crucified Christ
comes from the fourteenth century, the Late Gothic period. Christ is represented as the Savior who suffered
and died for mankind rather than the ruler and judge.

84. When was this work done, where was it placed and what is represented? Which features of the work reflect a
classicizing influence, and which features do not?

Answer: Death of the Virgin from Strasbourg Cathedral (Figure 13–48). The carving of Death of the Virgin
was done in the thirteenth century during the Gothic period. It was placed in the tympanum over the portal.
The treatment of the drapery and the fuller bodies represent Classical influences. But the crowding of the
figures and the overt emotion of their expressions are Gothic.

85. What style of Gothic architecture is represented here, and in what ways does this church differ from Amiens
Cathedral?

Answer: West facade, St.-Maclou, Rouen (Figure 13–27) and Amiens Cathedral (Figure 13–21). St.-Maclou in
Rouen is in the Late Gothic or Flamboyant style. It is much smaller than Amiens Cathedral (Figure 13–21). Its
facade contains five portals ascending to a single tower rather than the three portals and typical twin towers of
Amiens.

86. Describe the function of this object.

Answer: Shrine of the Three Kings Nicholas of Verdun (Figure 13–53). This is a reliquary or container for
relics (holy objects) fashioned as a basilica. The reliquary was placed in Cologne Cathedral and possession of
the relics allowed the bishops of Cologne the right to crown the German kings.

87. What is the significance of this work, and how does it relate to sculpture in the Gothic period?

Answer: Visitation, Reims Cathedral (Figure 13–24). The jamb statues appear independent of the facade.
Classical elements appear in the heads of the Virgin and St. Elizabeth (possibly Roman statuary used as
models), both figures have incorporated contrapposto and gestures to create a sense of conversation. In
contrast to the Early Gothic period sculpture the jamb statues are no longer isolated. The figures are now
actors participating the biblical narrative.

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