TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE

OF THE PHILIPPINES
Quezon City

GEC 007
SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY,
AND SOCIETY
Submitted by:

John Kevin M. Bihasa

ACTCY21S2

Submitted to:

Dr. Ernesto G. Pamo, LPT

Instructor
WHAT IS YOUR INVENTION? WHAT DOES IT DO?

Trauma remains one of the leading causes of death in the country despite the increase availability of
life-saving equipment and ambulances in those hospital. Trauma is one of the consequences when
massive blood is lost from the body.

According to the World Federation of Hemophilia, thousands of Filipinos are suffering from bleeding
disorders. However, treatments of such are very expensive. Moreover, there are hardly any treatment
facilities that can cater thousands of hemophilia patients from all over the Philippine archipelago or
can provide necessary and adequate medical care to bleeding disorder patients at low costs. The plant
of Imelda is prevalent almost everywhere in Aurora. But because of insufficient related study
concerning the said plant, people tend to ignore its potential benefits.

HOW IS YOUR INVENTION SIMILAR TO OR DIFFERENT FROM EXISTING TOOL OR TECHNOLOGIES IN

TERMS OF FUNCTION?

Although there has been reported cases that the leaves of Imelda plant are being used to stop
bleeding in fresh cut wounds, no research study has been published to validate such reports. Thus,
this invention or study will be conducted.

Coagulant therapy may be expensive and alternate cheaper medicines from natural sources may be
explored. The search for alternative sources of coagulants has risen as a result of the increasing
demand for safer coagulant clinical therapy.

WHY IS THERE A NEED FOR THIS INVENTION? HOW WILL THIS INVENTION MAKE THE WORLD A
BETTER PLACE TO LIVE IN?

In lieu of the aforementioned statements, the findings of this study could benefit the following:

The local people. This study will be a significant endeavor for the locals to acknowledge the available
resources and knowing their right uses.

Pharmaceutical Companies. This study will help them recognize the abundance and cheap sources of
new medicinal herbs exhibiting coagulant activities. This will also provide sources of potent drug that
can be developed effectively.

The Patients. The results of this study is highly beneficial to those who are suffering from simple to
severe bleeding-related disorder. This will also provide them access to cheaper and more effective
medicine.

Future Researchers. This paper will serve as a primary study that may pave way for other researchers
interest to explore this plant.
 PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND IN VITRO COAGULANT POTENTIAL OF
IMELDA LEAF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT AS A MEDICINE

Abstract: When severe trauma occurs during accidents or in the battlefield, saving life often comes

down to stopping the bleeding as quickly as possible. The abundance of Mikania cordata, locally

known as Imelda, makes it accessible as first aid for such emergencies. In this invention or study, the

in vitro coagulant activity of M. cordata leaves ethanolic extract was evaluated by measuring the whole

blood clotting time and screening the factor XIII using Urea solubility test. The phytochemical analysis

of the leaves showed the presence of tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and flavonoids. In

assessing the procoagulant activity, results shows that whole blood treated with the extract had the

shortest average clotting time (106 seconds) compared to treatments with positive control and

negative control. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc revealed significant differences

when compared to positive control (p value = 0.000126) and negative control (p value = 0.000008).

Dosage comparisons were also done and it was found out that the plant extract significantly reduced

clotting time in dose-dependent manner. The mean clotting time of 46 seconds, 106 seconds and 303

seconds are reported in the 1mg/ml, 0.5mg/ml and 0.25mg/ml leaf extract, respectively. ANOVA with

post hoc analysis was also carried out which reveals significant differences between the 0.5 mg/ml (p

value= 0.000008) and Img/ml (p value = 0.000008) when both are compared to the 0.25mg/ml

extract. On the other hand, there is also a significant difference when 0.5mg/ml and Img/ml are

compared (0.000042). Moreover, almost all clots resulted positive in the clot solubility assay as most

of them remained stable. Based on the results of this study, M. cordata leaves, therefore, promotes

coagulation that can be a convenient first aid during emergencies.

Keywords: M. cordata, Coagulation, In Vitro, Whole Blood Clotting Time, Factor XIII Screening Test
 IMELDA
Antifibrinolytic

Formulation Development:

The process begins with the development of the drug formulation, which includes selecting the active
pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and determining their appropriate dosage.
Excipients, such as binders, fillers, and lubricants, are also chosen to create the desired capsule
composition.

Raw Material Procurement:

Procure the raw materials, including APIs and excipients, from approved suppliers. These materials
must meet strict quality standards.

Granulation (if needed):

If the formulation requires, granulation may be performed to improve the flow and compressibility of
the powders.

Blend and Mixing:

The API and excipients are thoroughly mixed to ensure uniform distribution. This mixture is known as
the blend.
Encapsulation:

Capsule shells, usually made from gelatin or vegetarian alternatives, are filled with the blend using
encapsulation machines. There are two main types of capsules: hard capsules and softgel capsules.

Quality Control:

Quality control tests are conducted at various stages of manufacturing to ensure the capsules meet
specifications for weight, disintegration, dissolution, and content uniformity.

Printing and Branding:

Capsules are often printed with product information, including the drug name, dosage, and
manufacturer's logo.

Packaging:

The finished capsules are then packaged in blister packs, bottles, or other suitable packaging
materials. Packaging must be tamper-evident and protect the capsules from moisture, light, and
contaminants.

Labeling and Batch Coding:

Labels with important information, such as dosage instructions, warnings, and expiration dates, are
applied to the packaging.
Each batch is assigned a unique code for traceability.
Quality Assurance:

Quality assurance personnel review and approve each batch, ensuring compliance with regulatory
standards and internal quality control measures.

Storage and Distribution:

Finished capsules are stored under controlled conditions to maintain their stability and potency until
they are distributed to pharmacies, hospitals, or wholesalers.

Regulatory Compliance:

Manufacturers must comply with local and international regulatory requirements, such as Good
Manufacturing Practices (GMP), throughout the entire process.

Documentation and Record Keeping:

Detailed records of the manufacturing process, quality control tests, and batch history are maintained
to facilitate quality audits and regulatory inspections.

Recall Procedures:

Establish procedures for recalling products in case of quality issues or safety concerns.

Continuous Improvement:

Ongoing monitoring and feedback processes are in place to identify areas for improvement in the
manufacturing process and product quality.