SCI409 | Prelims Period | 1

BIOPHYSICS LECTURE
Holding a dumbbell
Work, Power, and Energy
● ↑ F, x
Sources: Handout, Lecture Videos, CK-12
(no distance
covered)
WORK, POWER, AND ENERGY ● x=0
● When we are working, we need energy ● W=0
● Appliances can do work because they have
electrical energy If you don’t cover
○ Sources: hydroelectric, mechanical, distance, you are not
kinetic, light, and nuclear doing work; you just
applied force
Work Holding a dumbbell
● Work = force x distance while moving along
● Units: horizontal line
○ N · m (Newton meter) ● ↑ F, → x
○ J (Joules) → SI unit ● θ = 90°
(Angle between
○ Erg (related to energy)
F & x)
● Examples: ● Cos90° = 0
○ Man pushing a car (moving along ● W=0
horizontal line)
○ W = Fx
Energy
● Capacity to do work
● Types:
1) Kinetic Energy (KE)
■ Energy due to motion
1
○ Man pulling a luggage (with angle) ■ KE = 2
mv2
○ W=Fxcosθ ■ Example:

Ball at rest
● No KE,
no motion

Ball moving
○ Man lifting a dumbbell (upward force ● Has velocity,
Has KE
and distance)
○ W=Fxcosθ
2) Gravitational Potential Energy (PEgrav)
■ Energy due to position
Lifting a dumbbell
● ↑ F, ↑ x ■ Depends on height (↑ h, ↑ PE)
● θ=0 ■ PEgrav = mgh
(Angle between ■ Example
F & x)
● Cos0° = 1
● W=+ Ball raised
● Has PE

Lowering a dumbbell Ball released

● ↑ F, ↓ x ● Has KE
● θ = 180 ● PE → KE
(Angle between
F & x) 3) Elastic Potential Energy (PEel)
● Cos180° = -1 1
● W=– ■ PEel = 2
kx2
■ k = elasticity constant
● Depends on the
property of spring
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■ Example: Conservation of Mechanical Energy

● Deals with KE and force
● Total Mechanical Energy (ME) should be
Ball with spring
(stretched) constant; should not change
● Gains PE
(ME = PE + KE) Recall: W = ∆KE
1
= mgh + 2 mv2 W = -∆PE
WORK-ENERGY THEOREM
● How is energy related to work? ∆KE = -∆PE
● Can you do work without energy? KEf - KEo = -PEf + PEo
KEf + PEf = PEo + KEo
W=F·x Recall: F = ma MEf = MEo
= ma · x Recall: Kinematic Eqns. MEf - MEo = 0
● v2 = vo2 + 2ax
( )
2
𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜
2
∆ME = 0
=m 2
2
𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜
2
∆E = 0
● 2
= ax ● E = symbol
2
2 𝑚𝑣𝑜 sometimes used
=
𝑚𝑣
- ● No air resistance,
2 2 for ME
2
no friction
1 2 1
= 2
𝑚𝑣 - 2
𝑚𝑣𝑜 → KE
W = KEf - KEo Conservation of Energy
W = ∆KE ● Includes all forms of Energy
● change of KE ● General statement: “Energy can neither be
● If you apply work
created nor destroyed”
to an object, you
are changing its ○ But you can convert it from one form to
KE another form
● Example: Internal Energy (Chemical Energy)
W = F · x (vertical) ○ Energy from food
W=F·h ○ Not all used for motion
= mg (ho - hf)
○ Used up in different forms of energy
= mgho - mghf → PEgrav
W = PEo - PEf
W = – (PEf - PEo)
W = -∆PE
F = weight (m·g)
● change of PE
ho = higher altitude
● Work is negative
hf = lower altitude
because work
done by gravity
decreases the PE

Thermal Energy (TE) Maintain body temperature

CONSERVATIVE FORCES
● Example: Gravity Kinetic Energy (KE) Movement or motion
● Force is conservative if the work done is
independent of the path Adenosine Organ function
○ Only depends on initial and final Triphosphate (ATP)
○ No friction, no tension, no air
Sound Energy (SE) Produce sound
resistance
● Force is conservative if the work done along a
closed path will start and end at the same ● Nothing is lost, but converted to another forms
point of energy
○ No friction, no air resistance
○ Example: rollercoaster Power
● Rate of doing work (related to energy)
𝑊
● P= 𝑡
(work per unit of time)
∆𝐾𝐸
● P= 𝑡
● Units:
○ W (Watt) → SI unit

○ kW (Kilowatt)
■ 1 kW = 1000 W
○ J/s (Joules per second)
○ hp (horsepower)
■ 1 hp = 746 W
CK-12 PRACTICE TEST
Work
When a 45 N object falls to the
ground from a height of 4.6 m.
How much work is done by the
force of gravity?
In physics, the use of force to
move an object is called…
The Pacman arcade game went
out of order at Fat Max’s Arcade.
Max is dragging it 5.00 meters
across the ground and out of the
store with a rope tied to the
center of the game and pulls at a
45º angle. What is the force he
exerts if he performs 3,500.0
Joules of work?
A weightlifter is holding a 200-kg
barbell at a height of 1 meter
above the ground. How much
work is he performing while
holding the barbell still?
A ball weighing 10 kg traveling at
1.4 m/s hits and rebounds back
off a wall and now travels 1.4m/s
in the opposite direction. What is
the work done on it?
A hydraulic system at the
mechanic shop can perform up
to 180,000 Joules of work in a
day. If throughout the day it can
lift 10 cars from the ground to a
height of 2 meters, how much
can the cars each weigh in
newtons?
A roller coaster of mass 2000 kg
is rolling down a track with an
instantaneous speed of 10 m/s.
The roller coaster has a force of
unknown magnitude act on it, so
now it is traveling at only 6 m/s.
What was the work done on it?
Positive work is done when force
is applied to an object in which
of the following directions?
A truck pulled a car of 2,350 kg a
SCI409 | Prelims Period | 3
distance of 25 meters. If the car
accelerates from 3 m/s to 6 m/s,
what’s the average force exerted
on the car?
A ball of 5 kg is moving towards -50 J
the wall at 6 m/s. After a while, it
hits the wall and rebounds back
at 4 m/s in the opposite
direction. What is the work done
on it?
207 Nm
Power
Which equation is correct? Power = work/time
Work
Power is measured in Joules per Watt
second, which is also the…
990
Power is defined as the rate at Energy
which … is transformed.
Assuming no friction, what is the 95500 J
minimum work needed to push a
1000 kg car 45.0 m up a
incline?
A certain 48 V electric forklift can 85800 W
0J lift up to 7000 kg at a maximum
rate of 75 meters per minute.
What is its power? Round your
answer to the nearest hundreds.
The circumference of an orbit for No
OJ a toy on a string is 18 m and the
centripetal force is 12 N. Does the
centripetal force do any work on
the toy when it follows its orbit
for one cycle?
9000 A 50.0 kg woman climbs a flight 196 W
of stairs 6.00 m high in 15.0 s.
How much power does she use?
Typical Pressurized Water 1,500,000,000
Reactors can produce 1100 to
1500 megawatts, or about …
Joules/second
64,000 J 1.00 … = 746 watts Horsepower
The circumference of an orbit for Centripetal
a toy on a string is 18 m and the
centripetal force is 12 N. The …
force doesn’t do any work
because the toy’s motion is
perpendicular to the force.
In the same
direction that the Conservation of Energy
object moves
1,269 N What is the law of conservation Energy can be

of energy?
Energy is:
One of the Lady Spartans was
falling to the ground after
dunking the winning basket. At
the end of her fall, she was falling
at 4 m/s. If she was 60 kg, how
much potential energy did she
have at the top of her jump?
If the velocity of an airplane is
doubled, then its kinetic energy
will increase by a factor of …
A 0.5 kg ball is at the top of a
ramp which is 8 meters high.
How much kinetic energy does
the ball have at the bottom of the
ramp?
A 2.00 kg ball is thrown upward
at some unknown angle from the
top of a 20.0 m high building. If
the initial magnitude of the
velocity of the ball is 20.0 m/s.
What is the value of total energy?
A 2.00 kg ball is thrown upward
at some unknown angle from the
top of a 20.0 m high building. If
the initial magnitude of the
velocity of the ball is 20.0 m/s.
What is the magnitude of the
final velocity when it strikes the
ground? (Note: Ignore air
resistance.)
A skier starts from rest at the top
of a 45.0 m hill, coasts down a
slope into a valley and continues
up to the top of a 40.0 m hill. Both
hill heights are measured from
the valley floor. Assume the skier
puts no effort into the motion
(they always coast) and there is
no friction. How fast will the skier
be moving on the valley floor
between the two hills?
If a 2.00 kg ball is thrown straight
upward and its maximum height
is 25.51 m. Approximately how
much potential energy (PE) does
the ball possess when it reaches
its maximum height?
(g = 9.8 m/s2)
SCI409 | Prelims Period | 4
changed from If a 2.00 kg ball is thrown straight 25.51 m
one form to upward with a KE of 500 J. What
another form maximum height will it reach?
but cannot be (Note: Ignore air resistance.)
created nor
destroyed. A skier starts from rest at the top 9.9 m/s
of a 45.0 m hill, coasts down a
All of the above slope into a valley and continues
up to the top of a 40.0 m hill. Both
480 hill heights are measured from
the valley floor. Assume the skier
puts no effort into the motion
(they simply coast) and there is
no friction. How fast will the skier
be moving on the top of the 40.0
m hill?
4 A roller coaster begins at rest 120 B = 34.6 m/s
m above the ground, as shown. C = 49 m/s
Assume no friction from the D = 28.3 m/s
wheels and air, and that no
40 J energy is lost to heat, sound, and
so on. The radius of the loop is 40
m. Find the speed of the roller
coaster at points B, C, D.
Note: Use g = 10 m/s2
792 J
A roller coaster begins at rest 120 E = 40 m/s
28.1 m/s m above the ground, as shown. F = 49 m/s
Assume no friction from the
wheels and air, and that no
energy is lost to heat, sound, and
so on. The radius of the loop is 40
m. Find the speed of the roller
coaster at points E and F.
Note: Use g = 10 m/s2
29.7 m/s
An 85.0 kg cart is rolling along a No
level road at 9.00 m/s. The cart
encounters a hill and coasts up
the hill. Do you need to know the
mass of the cart to determine the
height at which the cart will
come to rest?
500 J
If an object is dropped from a False
certain height, the total energy of
that object keeps on decreasing
and becomes zero once it strikes
the ground.
The Law of Conservation of True
 SCI409 | Prelims Period | 5

Energy is a law that states: The

total energy of a system is always
conserved.

A roller coaster begins at rest 120 True

m above the ground, as shown.
Assume no friction from the
wheels and air, and that no
energy is lost to heat, sound, and
so on. The radius of the loop is 40
m. The speed of the roller coaster
at points H is close to Zero.

Note: Use g = 10 m/s2