111Equation Chapter 1 Section 1 Techno-Economic and Graded Evaluation of

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems For A&N Electrification Using Traditional

Fisher Swarm Optimization
Gautam Kumar1 Sanjay Kumar1
gautamk201410249@gmail.com sanjay.ee@nitjsr.ac.in
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-5398-8444 ORCID ID: 0000-0002-2667-1035

1
Electrical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India

Abstract
This paper verifies the optimum configuration and techno-economic viability of hybrid renewable energy
systems (HRES) for electrifying the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Plan to develop a better electric system that
uses centralized renewable generations, such as solar panels, wind turbines, energy storage devices, and a diesel
generator to ensure the reliability of power supply. Our electricity needs must be optimally satisfied by the
chosen HRES. A test system is created with a few houses in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to conduct a case
study. Further, to increase the system's reliability, we have probabilistically determined solar irradiance and
wind speed using a machine learning technique, i.e., Random Forest. The suggested HRES satisfied the
anticipated home load demand of 17.79 kWh/day and peak load of 1.490 Kw. For the energy dispatch of HRES,
the optimal economical design of the system is determined based on the Cost of Electricity (COE) and
renewable fraction using the proposed TFSO, PSO, AOA, GA, and HOMOR Pro software. The optimal result of
COE ₹ 4.21 at renewable fraction 89.04 is obtained using the Proposed TFSO algorithm. After the economic
validation of the system using these algorithms, technical validation of the resulting outcome is done using
Typhoon HIL real-time simulator, and the result is observed from DSO, where it is found that the voltage and
frequency regulation is within its permissible limit.

Graphical Abstract

Keywords: Techno-Economic Analysis, Hybrid Renewable Energy System, Traditional Fisher Swarm
Optimization, Real-time Simulation, Island Electrification.
Abbreviations Nomenclature

HRES Hybrid Renewable Energy Hours Maximum SoC

system
COE Cost of Electricity Solar panel generated Battery charging power
power
TFSO Traditional Fisher Swarm Solar power rated power Battery discharging power
Optimization
A&N Andaman and Nicobar Solar radiation (W/m2) Battery efficiency
TEA Techno-Economic Analysis Reference irradiance (1000 Converter efficiency
W/m2)
PSO Particle Swarm Optimization Temperature coefficient Rated battery capacity
 GA Genetic Algorithm Ambient temperature Available battery capacity
AOA Arithmetic Optimization Reference temperature Load demand
Algorithm
ESS Energy Storage System Wind turbine generated Upper allowable unit
power
RF Renewable Fraction Wind turbine rated power Lower allowable unit
NPC Net Present Cost Wind velocity Best position of unit
RMSE Root Mean Squire Error Wind velocity for rated Best value of objective function
power
ME Mean Error Cut out velocity of wind current iteration
turbine
MSE Mean Squire Error Cut in velocity of wind maximum iteration
turbine
MAE Mean Absolute Error fuel cost of diesel Cost coefficient of diesel
generator generator
R2 Regression Analysis Power supplied by Diesel Greek Symbols
generator
MAPE Mean Absolute Percentage Rated power of diesel No of Agent
Error generator
SoC State of Charge Next hour SoC No of exploring Agents
CRF Capital Recovery Factor Current hour SoC Initial step size
INR Indian Rupee Minimum SoC No of exploiting Agents

Introduction
The growth and expansion of the country's manufacturing sector and economy are necessary for the country's
future growth. India is one of the significant and promising countries that is now struggling with energy
shortages, which have hampered national progress. Due to the exponentially rising demand for electricity,
conventional power sources have been continuously depleted [1]. To meet this exponentially rising demand and
deliver power to remote and rural locations, it became challenging and uneconomical to set up a new power
plant and expand the electrical network. It is unavoidable that the import of fossil fuels will be required for new
power plants to be built that use conventional fuels. This rapid industrialization growth, demographic change,
and financial limitation prompted a significant increase in power generation using distributed generation [2].

Case study
One of the territories that make up India's Union, the A&N Islands are home to some of the country's most
beautiful and clean beaches. In addition, the islands are home to an extensive variety of plant and animal life, as
well as protected ecological reserves. Due to their distance from the mainland, these islands face some of the
greatest obstacles in terms of power supply. The A&N Islands are an island chain consisting of more than 572
individual islands. Out of 572 islands, only 37 have permanent human habitation. 19 of these inhabited islands
have already received electricity, and the remaining inhabited islands are receiving electricity from captive
power plants. In the A&N, each island has its own generation and distribution system that is independent [3].

As shown in Figure 1, A&N Islands' total generation capacity for the 2016 financial year was around 109.45
MW. Out of the entire producing capability, diesel-based generation makes up approximately 99.2 MW, hydro-
based generation makes up approximately 5.25 MW, and solar PV generation makes up approximately 5.0
MWp. However, out of the 99.2 MW of DG capacity, approximately 51.745 MW of DG capacity has already
exceeded its useful life, resulting in an effective remaining DG capacity of 47.465 MW. It states that diesel-
powered generators supply more than 90% of the total power, which raises serious concerns about the
environment and the need for fossil fuels. And as overrunning generators stop operating, this results in a
significant power reliability problem, which can cause roughly half of the power distribution to be stopped.
Figure 1: A&N Island's sources contribution as of 2016

However, the South, Middle, and North Andaman Islands include the majority of the population. And over 85%
of the population resides in rural areas. Due to the harsh terrain, it is highly challenging and expensive to build
traditional power plants and expand the electrical network to meet the demand for electricity in remote areas.
Grid-based electrification is, therefore, neither practical nor cost-effective for these places. Although
electrification of these locations by renewable energy sources in the form of distributed generation near the load
centres can accelerate the electrification process and make it feasible and economical to supply electricity to
these locations, A&N has a high potential for renewable resources. This study uses the metrological data for a
location with latitude 11°3733.3 N and longitude 92°4505.7 E in A&N Island to design the HRES. The location
was chosen for its proximity to the load and economic relevance, taking into account the almost uniformity of
solar radiation over the Islands. Additionally, the location's temperature remains consistent throughout the year.

Literature Review
A plan for making and distributing renewable energy is a cost-effective way to reduce both energy and financial
insecurity. The best HRES design for rural areas is a stand-alone system that uses solar, wind, and water to
generate energy. In [4] of the article, the objective function was defined with regard to technical, social, and
environmental elements. In addition, the HRES reduces emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and the quantity of
energy stored in battery banks and supercapacitors while simultaneously increasing the amount of energy
produced. The most effective design of the HRES requires a reliable energy management backup to transform
how energy is utilised [5]. [6] conducted research on the techno-economic analysis (TEA) of the HRES, which
significantly lowered the optimal system cost and clinched access to reliable energy while lowering the pressure
on traditional power grids. Over the course of a decade, academics have been hard at work building models to
analyse the TEA of energy systems based on renewable resources.

[7] said that solar and wind energy are always available and can be used to power some of the electricity in
remote areas. These authors made a TEA of the PV-wind and PV-diesel-wind HRES. The HOMER programme
was used to do the analysis and simulation. The analysis showed that the PV-wind system and PV-wind
generator produced energy and NPC. [8] developed a new way to optimally build off-grid PV-diesel-battery
systems to power homes in arid areas. This method combines demand and supply management with PSO.

Most of the authors have modelled HRES using professional software (mainly HOMER) based on traditional
techniques (deterministic methods, Iteration technique, Analytical approach, Statistical Illustration Building, and
Statistical techniques) to find the best solutions. Solving some complex problems can take a long time to
simulate [9], [10]. Many optimisation techniques based on artificial intelligence (AI) have been recently created
and used to optimise HRES [11]. Genetic Algorithm (GA) [12], Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) [13],
Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA) [14], Simulated Annealing (SA) [15], Ant Colony Algorithms (ACA) [16],
Bacterial Foraging Algorithm (BFO) [27], Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm (ABC) [28], Cuckoo Search (CS)
[29], or a combination of these techniques, are the optimisation algorithms that have been written about the
most. [30] compares different metaheuristic methods to find the best way to set up a hydrogen-based HRES that
is off the grid.

Table 1 details the most recent model developments and the use of meta-heuristic optimisation strategies to
address the challenging objective function designed for the HRES.

Table 1: An overview of the several HRES developed and the approach with objective functions.

System Architecture Region Objective function Optimization

Technique/Tool
Hybrid systems (biomass, wind, sun, Sindh To calculate total life-cycle cost and COE MOORA, EDAS,
and hydro) that can work on or off (Pakistan) based on Multi-decision Optimization. TOPSIS, F-AHP
the grid [17]. techniques and
HOMER
HRES comprises biogas, solar, and Konya, To minimize Total net present cost and HOMER and ridge,
grid [18]. Erzurum, COE lasso, linear, and
Izmir elastic regression
(Turkey) models
One hybrid system consisting of Western Reduce NPC, COE, and sensitivity HOMER pro
biomass, solar, and energy storage Himalayan assessments for essential parameter
for backup [19]. region identification (biomass pricing, solar
 radiation, and lifetime of biomass
gasifiers).
A hybrid system comprising a PV Rural To minimize COE and life cycle emission HOMER pro
array, Wind Turbine, Micro-hydro Community along with maximization of job creation.
Turbine, Biogas Generator, and a ,
battery bank for storage [20]. Bangladesh
Hybrid systems consist of a wind Lanzhou, To minimize COE, Total net present cost HOMER Pro
turbine, a diesel generator, and a northwest and life cycle emission
storage battery bank (Without solar) China
[21].
Solar panel, Wind turbine, Diesel Algeria, To minimize COE, and Carbon emissions. Particle swarm
generator, and a battery storage North While increasing the RF optimization
supplying few homes load [22]. Africa algorithm
A system connecting the utility to a Hurghada, To improve the NPC considering the cost Hybrid
hybrid system constituting from Egypt of purchasing electricity from utility. Fire-Fly/Harmony
photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine Search
(WT), and fuel cell (FC) system [23] Optimization
Hybrid systems consist of PV solar, Sirjan city, To minimize COE, Total net present cost MATLAB
Wind turbine, and Proton Exchange Iran and life cycle emission under three coding
Membrane Fuel Cell [24]. different test scenarios
Hybrid Energy Systems consist of KCET, To determine the optimal size of DG in an HOMER pro
Solar PV, Diesel Generator and a Madurai, institutional load for minimum cost
battery storage system [25]. India
Hybrid system architecture designed Andhra To minimize the COE along with NPC HOMER pro
with PV arrays, wind turbine, Pradesh, with improved RF.
batteries, diesel generator, and India
electrical loads[26].
Literature review outcome:

1. The majority of the work to improve the HRES is concentrated on technical and financial factors, such
as NPC and system reliability.
2. The HOMER Pro software, GA, and PSO are the most frequently used optimisation approaches.
3. Renewable energy technologies like solar and wind sources with ESS are frequently used as HRES.
4. When using a grid, the percentage of RF is very low.
5. It is important to emphasise the environmental as well as the social index.

Proposed approach and the author's contribution:

In accordance with the results of the literature review, a methodology has been developed to assess the techno-
socio-economic sustainability of an off-grid HRES (diesel, PV, or wind) supported by battery bank storage used
in energy management. The hierarchy of evaluation and economic analysis of HRES for island electrification is
shown in Figure 3. The hybrid system (diesel, PV, wind, and battery) is designed to electrify the residential
community in the A&N Islands. The setup is further optimised to generate a configuration that works while
requiring the least amount of energy and NPC while also maximising solar and wind generation while
improving the RF more than the current findings. The subsequent noble contributions are listed in order to
address all the problems that have been discovered.

1. Predicting solar radiation and wind speed based on random forests is a machine learning technique.
2. Analyse the techno-socio-economic sustainability of the HRES.
3. Analysing the proposed HRES based on the environmental index for lowering the COE.
4. Developing a novel metaheuristic optimisation method for optimal sizing or any integer-based
problem.
5. Validating the optimised outcome from the algorithm using the Typhoon HIL real-time simulator.

Resource assessment

Resource evaluation is a vital preliminary phase in the development of an energy system because it helps
identify potential risks during the formulation, execution, and operational phases. The system resources that are
available for power generation, storage, transmission, and distribution are examined through the resource
assessment.

Data-driven forecasting of solar and wind data

In order to separate training data for periodicity and environmental climate categorization, Exploratory data
collection, processing, and rearranging are crucial stages in the data-driven stochastic prediction of hourly solar
and wind forecasts, as shown in Figure 2. With the help of field observations made in the area over the course of
nine years, elementary data processing is completed as follows:

i. Data formation and fusion: Either a series of several observations or the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory are used to collect the raw solar data. As an outcome, the input database contains
chronologically relevant solar and wind data, including an hourly profile of solar irradiance and wind
speed for N years.
ii. Data compilations: Each year's hourly solar and wind data profile is reconfigured monthly as a daily
series of data. These data are compiled for daily wind speed and solar irradiance for t = 1-24 h, starting
January 1 and finishing December 31.
iii. Generation of missing data: To avoid data loss, it is very important to generate missing data. To
generate the missing data, a forward-filling strategy has been employed. In this method, the data was
imputed using the last point in the set of available data. The mean value across all points should be
utilized for imputation in the event that the initial time point has missing data.
iv. Data separation and merging: Identification of distinct classes in accordance with seasonality and
atmospheric conditions becomes the final stage of data segregation and merging. In light of Indian
geography, the solar irradiance and wind speed figures employed in our study were regrouped
according to the season criteria, as shown in Figure 2.
v. Data partitioning: To confirm that the selected machine learning technique works equally well with
recognised and unfamiliar data, it is usual to segregate the dataset into distinct training and test sets.
The given dataset could be randomly divided into training and test subsets, but there is no one-size-fits-
all formula for how much information should be split between these two sets.

Forecasting and categorization using random forests

A random forest is a machine learning technique that may be described as a combination method that mixes
various de-correlated decision trees. This method has successfully met the objectives for both classification and
regression tasks. The unpredictability that serves to reduce the model's variance is typically what distinguishes it
from individual decision trees in terms of generalization performance. Additionally, because each split must take
into account only a subset of the predictors, random forests ensure that weak predictors are also taken into
account. This method has the benefit of being able to handle an immense quantity of category data that is
continuously occurring. Figure 2 shows the random forest technique's process and functionality, and pseudo-
code is stated in algorithm 1.
Figure 2: Solar radiation and wind speed prediction using the Random Forest technique.

Algorithm 1: Random Forest-based pseudo code

for training and prediction.
Input: Data-set ‘‘S’’ comprising input and
output data tagged as ‘‘X’’
and ‘‘Y’’.

Estimators count

Maximum tree depth

Minimum leaf sample

Require: RMSE, ME, MSE, MAE, R2 to test
model effectiveness.

1: Initialize a basic model

2: for i = 1, 2, . . ., m do

3: Create a bootstrap sample

4: Regressor Training on
5: end for

6: Accumulate the outcome from as average

7: Utilise and to train the model.

8: Authenticate with and

Ensure: MAE, MSE, RMSE, ME, R2.

Hybrid power system

An HRES is typically made up of the generation, distribution, and consumer sections, which can all change
significantly based on a number of factors, including the accessibility of renewable sources, the services that
need to be provided, and the consumer section. However, the proposed architecture of the HRES consists of a
solar system, a wind turbine, a diesel generator, and a battery for energy storage. For electrification, solar and
wind can be seen as free, readily available energy sources, which is why these two renewable energy sources
can be part of a hybrid system for most locations. The architecture of the HRES is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: System architecture of the proposed HRES

Components:

Solar power:

The studied location, A&N Island, has a uniform climate and temperature for the whole year, so the location
receives significant solar irradiance throughout the year. How much power is provided by the solar panel can be
determined by using an equation as a function of solar irradiance:

22\* MERGEFORMAT ()

Table 2 shows the technical and economic specifications of the PV panel. The data displayed is generated using
information gathered from regional Indian manufacturers and suppliers, Figure 4 shows the solar irradiance
predicted from the random forest technique, as discussed above.

Table 2: solar panel technical and economical details.

Parameters Value
Rated power 1000 W/Unit
Efficiency 18%
-0.37%/° C
Temperature coefficient ( )
Initial cost 60000 INR/Unit
Replacement cost 60000 INR/Unit Figure 4: Predicted GHI and temperature for the
Operation and maintenance cost 600 selected location.
INR/Unit/Year
Lifetime 25 Years

Wind power:
Particularly in the A&N Islands, wind energy has a lot of potential. Almost all the regions in A&N's seasonal
climate are uniform, with a generous amount of continuous wind speed capable of electricity generation. As we
know, for a given location, the wind speed varies with the height, and the variation of the wind speed is
dependent upon the roughness of the terrain. And for the given location, it was observed that the wind speed at a
height of 50 metres is very suitable for the operation of a wind turbine.

The power generation of the wind turbine can be determined by using the equation3:

33\* MERGEFORMAT ()

Table 3 shows the technical and economical specifications of the Wind turbine. The data displayed is generated
using information gathered from regional Indian manufacturers and suppliers. Figure 5 shows the Wind speed
predicted from the random forest technique discussed above.

Table 3: Wind turbine technical and economical

details.

Parameters Value
Rated power 6000W/Unit
Efficiency 95%
2.5 m/s
Cut-in Velocity ( )
40 m/s Figure 5: Predicted Wind Speed for the selected
Cut-out Velocity (
) location.
40 m/s
Rated Velocity ( )
Initial cost 250000 INR/Unit
Replacement cost 200000 INR/Unit
Operation and 4500 INR/Unit/Year
maintenance cost
Lifetime 25 Years

Diesel generator:

The A&N Islands are geographically isolated from the main land, and it is very difficult to transport the fossil
fuel for conventional power plant operation. In a hybrid system for a location like A&N, it is very important to
integrate the diesel generator into the system for the reliability of the power supply, and the technical and
economical details of the diesel generator are shown in Table 4. For a diesel generator, it is very important to
consider the hourly fuel consumption in designing the hybrid system, which can be calculated using the equation
4.

44\* MERGEFORMAT ()

Table 4: Diesel generator technical and economic details.

Parameters Value
Rated power 5500W/Unit
Fuel Coefficient ( ) 0.246 Litre/kW
Fuel Coefficient ( ) 0.08415 Litre/kW
Initial cost 71000 INR/Unit
Replacement cost 71000 INR/Unit
Operation and 0.7 INR/Unit/Hour
maintenance cost
Lifetime 40000 Hours
Energy storage device:

For the hybrid system to be more reliable, energy storage must be integrated into the system. This power is used
to ensure the excess renewable energy generation will be stored in the battery, and at times of power deficit, it
will deliver the remaining power. Increasing the lifetime of energy storage devices contributes to the supply of
low-cost energy, and the technical and economic details of energy storage devices are shown in Table 5.
According to the minimum SOC and initial SOC, both charging and discharging are controlled in order to
increase the life span. As expressed in the equation 5:

55\* MERGEFORMAT ()

Table 5: Technical and economic details of energy storage device.

Parameters Value
Nominal Voltage 12 V
Nominal capacity 3.12 kWh
Maximum Capacity 260 Ah/Unit
Depth of Discharge (DoD) 60 %
Roundtrip Efficiency 85 %
Initial cost 26000 INR/Unit
Replacement cost 22000 INR/Unit
Operation and maintenance cost 0.5 INR/Unit/Hour
Lifetime 30000 Hours

Energy planning:

It is crucial to match the energy demand for a time-distributed load in an HRES, so having reliable energy
management strategies is very essential. The generating capacity of the generator can't be rapidly raised to meet
the rising demand for electricity since the amount of electricity produced from renewable resources is restricted.
Energy management strategies can be classified into three different categories.

Case 1: If the energy provided by renewable energy sources, i.e., solar and wind, is sufficient or surplus, then
after supplying the load demand, extra power is used to charge the battery using equations 6-8.

66\* MERGEFORMAT ()

77\* MERGEFORMAT ()

88\* MERGEFORMAT ()

Case 2: If the available renewable energy sources are insufficient to match the load demand. Then the shortage
of power will be supplied by the battery instead of the diesel generator, using equations 9, 10.

99\* MERGEFORMAT ()

1010\* MERGEFORMAT ()

Case 3: If the available renewable energy sources are insufficient to match the load demand and even the battery
is drained out, Then this shortage of power will be delivered by the diesel generator using equation 11.

1111\* MERGEFORMAT ()
For a better understanding, a flowchart of energy planning is shown in figure 6.

Economic Calculation

One of the most popular and widely used indices to check the commercial viability of HRES is COE. COE can
be referred to as a constant price corresponding to COE per unit. The COE can be affected by several factors,
such as the cost of fuel or energy used for power generation, the operating and maintenance costs of the grid,
regulatory charges, taxes, etc. The COE can be calculated using equations 12, 13.

1212\* MERGEFORMAT ()

Where, 1313\* MERGEFORMAT ()

Where is the real interest rate, i.e., 5 %, and is the project life period which is usually equal to the life span
of a solar panel, i.e., 25 years.

Figure 6: Flow chart for energy dispatch planning of HRES.

Traditional fisher swarm Optimization (TFSO):

The proposed TFSO algorithm is based on a method that fishermen use to catch fish. People like to go fishing
because they can catch fish for fun, food, or sport. Fishing in a pond with a few other people is a social sport
that requires coordination and teamwork. Most of the time, fishing starts with creating a competent team with
the ability to catch fish. This is a very primitive technique of catching fish. In this process of catching fish, there
is no need for any fishing gear. The next step is to find a good place to fish, like a river, lake, or pond where you
know fish live, as shown in Figure 7. When the fisherman gets to the fishing spot, he or she makes a probable
search boundary using the soil and drains out all the water from the marked area.
Figure 7: Initialization of search space, competent agent and analogy of the same to optimization technique.

TFSO is a population-based optimisation algorithm that is inspired by the traditional methods and skills used by
fisherman to catch fish from a pond or a river. In this technique, the population of the search agent represents the
fisherman, and the position of the fish represents a candidate solution for the optimisation problem and the fish
as an optimal solution. Search agents traverse the search space, with their movement guided by the optimal
solutions discovered by the swarm thus far. This permits the search agent to efficiently explore the search space
and arrive at the optimal solution. The Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm (AFSA) [31] and the Fish School Search
(FSS) [32] algorithm are two other optimisation algorithms inspired by fish and fisher behaviour. These
algorithms have proven to be effective in numerous disciplines, including engineering, finance, and biology, and
they continue to be developed and improved in order to more accurately model the behaviour of fish schools.

Two key terms in optimisation algorithms are "exploration" and "exploitation," which relate to various methods
of determining the optimal objective. Exploration is the process of exploring the space of possible answers in a
wide and thorough way to find new and possibly better ones. This is usually done by taking random or distinct
actions in the search space so that as many areas as feasible are covered and different parts of the solution space
are explored, as shown in Figure 8. Exploration is important because it helps find new and possibly better ways
to do things that might not have been found any other way. Exploitation, on the other hand, is the process of
narrowing down the search to get near the best answer. Most of the time, this means taking more specific and
accurate actions to concentrate on the best answers that were previously identified, as shown in Figure 9.
Exploitation is crucial for narrowing the search and making the answers that have already been found better.

Exploration and exploitation must work well together for an optimisation method to work. Too much
exploration can waste time and money, while excessive exploitation can cause you to get trapped in local optima
and miss out on opportunities that are superior elsewhere in the search space. Exploration and exploitation are
often used together in optimisation methods to make the search process more balanced. For example, one
common method is to use a randomised search to look at a wide range of possible solutions, then perform a local
search to narrow the search and make the solutions found better. Another way is to use adaptive techniques that
change the mix between exploration and exploitation depending on how the search is going and how good the
solutions found are.
 Figure 8: Initial phase movement of search agent. Figure 9: Agent movement in the exploration and
exploitation phase.

Implementation Steps:

Initialize all the parameters used in the algorithm, such as

After initialization of the parameter, calculate the initial step size using equation 14 and the initial position of
search agent using an equation 15

1414\* MERGEFORMAT ()

1515\* MERGEFORMAT ()

As initial position of the search agent is determined, generate all possible combinations of the variable and
position determined so far, as shown in the figure 10.

Figure 10: A sample of all possible combinations from 4 variables.

Evaluate all the possible combinations in the objective function, and select the n best result outcome and store it
as a global best as shown in equation 16.
 1616\* MERGEFORMAT ()

As initial global best is found for exploration and exploitation transfer operator is found using equation 17
to transfer the search agent from exploration to exploitation.

1717\* MERGEFORMAT ()

And no exploiting agent and exploring agent are found using equations 18 and 19 , respectively, as a function of
TO

1818\* MERGEFORMAT ()

1919\* MERGEFORMAT ()

In the exploration phase δ set of random integer variables are generated using equation 20.

2020\* MERGEFORMAT ()

Where i=1, 2…, , and J=1, 2…, var

In exploration phase itself evaluate all the generated variable for the objective function using equation 21 and
select n best result outcome.

2121\* MERGEFORMAT ()

And at the same time, parallelly in the exploitation phase, generate the variable using equation 22 as shown in
equation 23.

2222\* MERGEFORMAT ()

2323\* MERGEFORMAT ()

Evaluate all the generated variables in the exploiting variable for the objective function using equation 24

2424\* MERGEFORMAT ()

Combine both exploration best outcome and exploitation best outcome. Select n local best result among as
shown in equation 25.

2525\* MERGEFORMAT ()

Compare the local best with the previous global best, and update global best with n best result, and follow the
steps as shown in the pseudo-code.
 Algorithm 2: Pseudo-code of the algorithm
1. Initialize the Optimization Algorithm parameters .
2. Calculate the initial step using equation (1).
3. Calculate initial position of variables using equation (2).
4. Generate all possible combination of variables as shown in fig.
5. Calculate the objective function of variable combinations
6. Find the n best solution (Determined best so far) as shown in equation (3).
7. While do
8. Calculate Transfer Operator using equation (4).
9. Calculate Exploiting Agent and Exploring Agent using equation (5) and (6) respectively.
10. For do %---Exploration Phase---%
11. For do
12. Generate variables using equation (7).
13. Evaluate all δ set of random variables and store as in equation (8).
14. End for
15. End for
16. For do %---Exploitation Phase---%
17. For do
18. Generate variables using equation (9) as shown in equation (10).
19. Evaluate all set of variables and store as in equation (11).
20. End for
21. End for
22. Combine both and .
23. Select n local best result among as shown in equation (12).
24. Compare local best and global best.
25. Update global best with n best result.
26.
27. End while
28. Return the best solution and best position.

Result and discussions:

The proposed methodology has been used to simulate an HRES consisting of a number of solar panels, wind
turbines, ESSs, and diesel-powered generators. The aforementioned model was evaluated for a location in
Port Blair, A&N Islands, India, based on a user load consumption profile for each hour of the day, as shown
in figure 11. The data from the sources is modified to fit the consumption pattern at Port Blair on the A&N
Islands in order to construct the load consumption pattern.
For solving the TEA problem of an HRES having the multi-objective of minimising COE and minimising RF,
the proposed TFSO algorithm has been used to determine the optimal sizing of distributed generations at an
optimised objective function. To test the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, the resulting outcome is
compared with three other recent and popular optimisation Algorithms along with the HOMOR Pro software,
which is widely used for solving the TEA. Although the resulting outcome from the proposed TFSO is the
most optimal for a COE of ₹ 4.21 at a RF of 89.04, the second most optimal result is obtained from HOMOR
Pro software, and all other details from the simulation are shown in Table 6. The convergence of Coe at every
iteration for A&N, the Archimedes optimisation algorithm, GA, HOMOR Pro software, and the proposed
TFSO algorithm is shown in Figure 12. Figure 12 itself states the supremacy of the proposed TFSO algorithm
with their respective colour coding as soon as the legend.
Table 6: Result outcome of various optimization algorithms for 42 houses

PARAMETERS GA PSO AOA HOMOR TFSO

DG 48 35 49 42 28
PV 102 154 63 98 105
WT 28 21 42 35 35
BATT 119 133 147 133 154
COE (₹) 6.48 6.01 5.29 5.12 4.21
RF 83.12 84.35 85.43 86.66 89.04
 DG_HR (Hr) 10220 6718 8872 8742 5840
FC_HRR (Hr) 43800r 58180 51084 54020 67159
PLOAD (MW) 266.29 266.29 266.29 266.29 266.29
DG POWER (MW) 44.95 41.68 38.81 35.54 29.21
ANNUAL COST 1724.5 1599.7 1489.9 1364.7 1122.8
(MM ₹)
Whereas the second-most optimal result is obtained from HOMOR Pro software, and all other details from the
simulation are shown in Table 6. The convergence of Coe at every iteration for A&N, the Archimedes
optimisation algorithm, GA, HOMOR Pro software, and the proposed TFSO algorithm is shown in Figure 12.
Figure 12 itself states the supremacy of the proposed TFSO algorithm with their respective colour coding as
soon as possible in the legend.

In Figure 13, RF is shown in green at different loadings, i.e., different numbers of houses with their respective
COE. From Figure 13, it is observed that for 42 houses, the COE is ₹ 4.21 with a maximum RF, and for another
load, the COE and corresponding RF are shown. In the simulation, and according to figure 14, for meeting the
load demand for 42 houses over the course of a year, solar energy contributes 54.82 percent of the total load
demand, followed by wind energy at 34.49 percent and diesel energy at 10.96 percent.

Figure 12: Convergence curve of different technique

Figure 11: Load consumption profile of a house in for COE.
A&N Island.

Figure 13: Variation of COE and RF with respect to

no of houses.
Figure 14: Energy share of different sources for the
proposed system.

Validation of proposed algorithm and result outcome

The Typhoon HIL Real-Time Simulator is used to simulate the proposed architecture and the result outcomes
mentioned in Table 6, and it is then used to validate the suggested technique in real-time. The experimental
setup for recording results in real-time is shown in Figure 15. It is composed of various components, including a
Typhoon HIL 602 + (Processor: Zynq-7 SoC, Power: 110–240 V 50/60 Hz) for the execution of the algorithm
inside a test system. The setup also comprises a host PC (AMD Ryzen 5 5500U with Radeon Graphics, 2.10
GHz, RAM: 12 GB, system type: 64-bit operating system) for running the Typhoon HIL Schematic Editor
software and its built-in SCADA interface and a DSO (Tektronix MDO3014, bandwidth: 100 MHz, channels: 4)
to capture real-time data. Initially, the Typhoon HIL software framework of the Typhoon HIL Real-Time
simulator was used to model the experimental model and the suggested algorithm on the host PC. The Typhoon
HIL Real-Time Simulator, Typhoon HIL's SCADA interface, and an oscilloscope were then used to record the
real-time outcomes.

Figure 15: Experimental setup for validation of result outcome.

Figure 16 displays the SCADA configuration of the grid monitoring system modelled in Typhoon Hill. The grid
monitoring system shows a number of parameters, such as PV generation, where a value of 54068.48 Watts
indicates that solar is producing significant electricity in the morning. Additionally, it shows the Watts of power
generated by wind turbines in relation to wind speed. The SCADA system itself displays the consumer's real-
time load demand for electricity. The grid monitoring system also shows the battery's power and SoC; positive
power suggests the battery is producing power or discharging and will cause SoC to decrease, while negative
power suggests the battery is using power for charging and will cause SoC to increase. Additionally, the power
provided by a diesel generator to meet load demand is included in the grid monitoring system. Two trace graph
representations of the RMS Voltage and Frequency at the end of the converter are shown in addition to the
energy consumption.

Figure 16: SCADA layout of grid monitoring system in Typhoon HIL.

Figure 17 depicts a real-time result from the Typhoon HIL real-time simulator for a random day in a time-of-day
regime. The image shows that during the morning hours, when the demand was at its lowest, solar and wind
turbines began producing power that was significantly in surplus of what the load could use, and batteries began
storing the extra power. The load grows dramatically over time, and at the same time, the wind turbine and solar
panel are producing no or very little electricity, and the generating sources as a whole are unable to meet the
load's demands for power. The remainder of the power requirement, which was stockpiled in the morning, was
then started by the battery. This demonstrates the crucial role that batteries play in any grid that uses renewable
energy.
Figure 17: Real-Time energy dispatch curve in a time-of-day regime.

Electrical power systems must regulate voltage and frequency to ensure stable and dependable operation.
Voltage regulation is the process of keeping voltage levels within predetermined boundaries, usually based on a
nominal value, in order to guarantee the compatibility and best performance of linked devices. Variations in
voltage or frequency can cause appliances to malfunction, operate inefficiently, or even cause systems to fail.
And the same voltage central converter shown in channel 1 of the DSO is shown in Figure 18, and the frequency
on channel 2 is shown in the same Figure 18.

Figure 18: Real-time voltage and frequency waveform obtained from DSO.

Conclusion

In order to identify the best TEA solution, this paper developed a novel meta-heuristic optimisation technique
called the Traditional Fisher Swarm Optimisation (TFSO) algorithm. The feasibility of the proposed
optimisation technique in finding a practical optimal solution for the demanding HRES is evaluated. As a test
system, an arrangement of wind turbines, solar panels, diesel generators, and Energy storage devices with
fluctuating loads is taken into consideration for the location of A&N Island. Due to the unpredictable and
changeable nature of solar irradiance and wind speed, solar and wind energy can be produced continuously
while the system is in service. Forecasting solar irradiance and wind speed on a universal level can help fix the
inconsistent problem. Random forest, which is a machine learning technique, is used to predict the solar
irradiance and wind speed for the upcoming days.

The suggested algorithm's performance is evaluated by comparison with three other recent and appreciated
optimisation algorithms and the widely-used HOMOR Pro software for resolving techno-economic analyses.
The proposed TFSO's result is the most economical for a COE of 4.21 at a RF of 89.04. While the HOMOR Pro
software produces the second-best outcome. A real-time validation of the result obtained from the proposed
TFSO algorithm to test the technical feasibility is done using the Typhoon HIL real-time simulator, where the
voltage and frequency regulation are within their limits.

Declaration

Ethical Approval: Not applicable

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

Authors' contributions: Gautam Kumar is a major contributor in writing the manuscript and performed statistical
analysis, Sanjay Kumar reviewed and supervised the work.
Funding: Not Applicable

Availability of data and materials: Not Applicable

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