CIRCULAR MOTION The object moving in a circle doesn’t have any

tangential acceleration which means that the object

is motion along a circular path in which the is moving with a constant velocity. When the object
direction of its velocity is always changing. It can in circular motion changes the magnitudes and
be uniform, with constant angular rate of rotation direction of the tangential velocity it resulted in
and constant speed, or non-uniform with a changing tangential acceleration.
rate of rotation.
TANGENTIAL ACCELERATION
UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
dv
is a specific type of motion in which an object a t= where: a t = tangential acceleration
dt
travels in a circle with a constant speed. It is the
motion of an object in a circle with a constant or dv = change in velocity
uniform speed. dt = change in time
The direction of the velocity vector at any instant is Example:
in the direction of a tangent line drawn to the circle
A certain object accelerates uniformly in a circular
at the object's location. The best word that can be
path with a speed of 10 m/s to 100 m/s in 25 sec.
used to describe the direction of the velocity vector
Calculate the acceleration to tangential.
is the word tangential.
Given: Required:
where:
ti = 0 sec at = ?
ω – angular
tf = 25 sec Find the time taken
velocity
vi = 10 m/s dt = 25 sec – 0 sec = 25 secs
r - radius
vf = 100 m/s Find the change in velocity
. dv = 100 m/s – 10 m/s = 90 m/s
To put it simply, an item travelling in a circle at a
Find the tangential velocity
constant speed is said to be in uniform circular
motion. Although the object is moving at a constant dv 90 m/s
. at = = = 3.6 m/s2
speed, its velocity is changing. As a vector, velocity dt 25 sec
has a fixed magnitude but a fluctuating direction.
The direction is always perpendicular to the circle,
and the tangent line is always pointing in a different CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION
direction as the item rotates the circle.
As Uniform Circular Motion continuously changes
v t=ω ∙r in direction the velocity vector also changes and
experiences acceleration. This acceleration is called
2 πR centripetal acceleration, which means center
Average Speed=
T seeking.
2
Example v
ac = r
where: ac = centripetal acceleration
If the angular velocity of a wheel is 40 rad/s, and
the wheel diameter is 60 cm. Determine the . v = velocity
tangential velocity of the wheel.
r = radius
Given: Formula: Example:
r = 0.5 x 60 Vt= r × ω What is the magnitude of the centripetal
acceleration of a car following a curve, see figure
= 30 cm = 0.30 x 40 below, of radius 500 m at a speed of 25 m/s—about
90 km/hr?
r = 0.30 cm = 12 m/s
Given: Required:
ω = 40 rad/s Thus, the tangential velocity
……… will be 12 meters per sec. v = 25.0 m/s ac = ?
In non-uniform circular motion, an object's r = 500 m
motion is along a circle, but the object's speed is not 2
2 m
constant. v (25.0 )
ac = = s = 1.25
r
500 m
m/s2
is the rate at which a tangential velocity varies in
the rotational motion of any object. It acts in the
direction of a tangent at the point of motion for an RADIUS OF CURVATURE
object.
 Example:

defined as the radius of the approximate circle at a A dirty dish lying on the table will not move or
particular point. It is the length of the curvature get cleaned unless you apply some force and put
vector. As the curve moves, the radius changes. It is it in the dishwasher.
denoted by r.
2
mv
rc = F
where: rc = radius of curvature The tendency of an object to resist changes in its
state of motion varies with mass. Mass is the
m = mass quantity that is solely dependent upon the inertia
of an object. The more inertia that an object
. v = velocity has, the more mass that it has. A more massive
object has a greater tendency to resist changes in
. F = lateral gipping force
its state of motion.
Example:
The minimum lift to a 900 kg helicopter is 9,000 N.
if the helicopter travels at 90 m/s, calculate the Other applications of Newton's first law of
possible radius of curvature. motion:

Given: Required:  Blood rushes from your head to your feet

while quickly stopping when riding on a
m = 900 kg rc = ? descending elevator.
v = 90 m/s  While riding a skateboard (or wagon or
bicycle), you fly forward off the board when
F = 9,000 N hitting a curb or rock or other object that
2 2 abruptly halts the motion of the skateboard.
mv (900)( 90) 7 ,290 ,000
rc = = = =  Headrests are placed in cars to prevent
F 9,000 9,000 whiplash injuries during rear-end collisions.

LAW OF MOTION CONTACT FORCES

Newton's laws of motion are three basic laws of
classical mechanics that describe the relationship
between the motion of an object and the forces
acting on it. These laws can be paraphrased as
follows: A body remains at rest, or in motion at a
constant speed in a straight line, unless acted upon
by a force.
Contact force is a force that is applied by objects
in contact with each other. The contact force
acts on a point of direct contact between the two
objects. This force can either be continuous as a
continuous force or can be momentary in the
form of an impulse. Contact force is governed
by Newton’s Laws.

LAW OF INERTIA TYPES OF CONTACT FORCE

Newton’s first law of motion is often stated as an
object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion
stays in motion with the same speed and in the same
direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
There are two clauses or parts to this statement -
one that predicts the behavior of stationary objects
and the other that predicts the behavior of moving
objects. The two parts are summarized in the
following diagram.
Frictional Force (Ff) is the force exerted by a
surface as an object moves across it or makes an
effort to move it across it.
Applied Force (Fa) is a force that is applied to an
object by a person or another object.
Normal Force (N) is a support force exerted upon
an object that is in contact with another stable
object.
Tension Force (T) is the force that is transmitted
through a string, rope, cable, or wire when it is
pulled tight by forces acting from opposite ends.
Air Resistance is a special type of frictional force
that acts upon objects as they travel through the air.
Static friction is a force that hinders the movement
of an object moving along the path.
Kinetic force a force that acts between moving
surfaces. A body moving on the surface experiences
a force in the opposite direction of its movement.

NON-CONTACT FORCES
If the objects are subjected to a force but do not
need to be in contact with each other.
Gravity Force also is known as Weight (W) the
force with which the earth, moon, or other
massively large object attracts another towards
itself.
Free Body Diagrams is a graphical illustration
used to visualize the applied forces, moments, and
resulting reactions on a body in a given condition.
Example:
A book is at rest on a tabletop. A free-body diagram
for this situation looks like

LAW OF ACCELERATION
Newton's second law of motion states that F = ma,
or net force is equal to mass times acceleration. A
larger net force acting on an object causes a larger
acceleration, and objects with larger mass require
more force to accelerate. Both the net force acting
on an object and the object's mass determine how
the object will accelerate.

Fnet = ma where: Fnet = Net Force

Fgrav = mg m = mass
Ff = μ F norm a = acceleration
Fgrav = Gravity Force
g = a = -9.8 m/s2
Ff = Friction force
Fnorm = Normal Force
Example:
An applied force of 20 N is used to accelerate an
object to the right across a frictional surface. The
object encounters 10 N of friction. Use the diagram
to determine the normal force, the net force, the
coefficient of friction (μ) between the object and the
surface, the mass, and the acceleration of the object.
(Neglect air resistance.)
LAW OF INTERACTION