In no more than three (3) sentences, determine the type of innovation represented in each

case.

1. eCitizen portal is an e-government initiative implemented by the Government of

Singapore. The portal won the acclaimed Stockholm Challenge Award in the year 2002.
The portal provided a one-stop shop for Singapore's citizens, enabling them to access
the information and services of various government departments quickly and easily. It
revolutionized how government-to-citizen (G2C) and government-to-business (G2B)
interaction took place.

 The eCitizen portal is a product/service innovation because it provides a new and

enhanced way for citizens to access government services. It is a one-stop shop
that provides a wide range of services, making it more convenient and
environmentally friendly for residents to connect with the government.

2. The US-based PepsiCo is one of the world’s leading beverage and snacks food
companies in New York. In its 2002 annual report, the company claimed to have the
largest share in the US beverage markets. Analysts felt that PepsiCo's efficient
distribution and logistics management operations were one of the main reasons for its
massive growth over the decades and its leadership status in almost all its business
segments. Depending on the product involved, PepsiCo chose between various standard
distribution methods, such as the Direct Store Delivery System, the broker warehouse
system, the vending and foods service system, and the pre-sell method.

 Process innovation is the type of innovation exhibited by PepsiCo's distribution

and logistics management operations. PepsiCo has created and implemented
new and innovative methods of distributing its products to its customers,
resulting in improved performance and lower fees. PepsiCo's efficient
distribution and logistics control activities, which include the use of unique
trendy distribution methods according on the product, form a process innovation
that has helped to the company's rapid growth and management status.