1. She sails 8 km south. This vector can be represented as A = 8 km south.

2. She sails 15 km at 30 degrees East of North. We'll first find the north and east
components of this vector:
East component (Ae) = 15 km * cos(30˚) = 15 km * (√3/2) = 7.5√3 km North
component (An) = 15 km * sin(30˚) = 15 km * (1/2) = 7.5 km
So, this vector can be represented as B = 7.5√3 km east and 7.5 km north.

3. She sails 12 km at 25 degrees North of West. We'll first find the north and west
components of this vector:
West component (Aw) = 12 km * cos(25 degrees) = 12 km * (√3/2)
≈ 10.39 km North component (An2) = 12 km * sin(25 degrees) = 12 km * (1/2) = 6
km
So, this vector can be represented as C = 10.39 km west and 6 km north.

Now, we can use the polygon method to find the resultant displacement:

1. Start at the initial point (the starting point of her journey).

2. Move 8 km south (Vector A).

3. From the endpoint of Vector A, move 7.5√3 km east and 7.5 km north (Vector B).

4. From the endpoint of Vector B, move 10.39 km west and 6 km north (Vector C)

Now, we need to find the resultant from the initial point to the final point:

Resultant R = Vector A + Vector B + Vector C To

find the magnitude of R:

R = √[(8 km)^2 + (7.5√3 km)^2 + (6 km)^2 + (-10.39 km)^2]

R ≈ √[64 km^2 + 112.5 km^2 + 36 km^2 + 107.68 km^2]

R ≈ √(320.18 km^2)

R ≈ 17.89 km

To find the direction of R: The angle θ is the angle between the east direction (positive x
axis) and vector R.

We can use trigonometry to find this angle: θ = arctan((Σ North components) / (Σ East
components))

θ = arctan((7.5 km + 6 km) / (7.5√3 km - 10.39 km))

θ = arctan(13.5 km / (-2.89 km))

θ ≈ -77.88˚
The magnitude of the resultant displacement is approximately 17.89 km, and its
direction is approximately 77.88 degrees west of the east direction (clockwise from
east).

Now, we need to find the resultant from the initial point to the final point:

Resultant R = Vector A + Vector B + Vector C

To find the magnitude of R: R = √[(8 km)^2 + (7.5√3 km)^2 + (6 km)^2 + (-10.39 km)^2]

R ≈ √[64 km^2 + 112.5 km^2 + 36 km^2 + 107.68 km^2]

R ≈ √(320.18 km^2)

R ≈ 17.89 km

To find the direction of R: The angle θ is the angle between the east direction (positive x
axis) and vector R.

We can use trigonometry to find this angle:

θ = arctan((Σ North components) / (Σ East components))

θ = arctan((7.5 km + 6 km) / (7.5√3 km - 10.39 km))

θ = arctan(13.5 km / (-2.89 km))

θ ≈ -77.88˚

Magnitude of the resultant displacement is approximately 17.89 km, and its direction
is approximately 77.88 degrees west of the east direction (clockwise from east).
Given vectors: A = 3i - 8j + 6k B = -5i + 4j + 9k C = 7k - 2i a. A x B (Cross product of A
and B):

The cross product of two vectors A and B is given by the determinant of a 3x3 matrix
formed as follows: | i j k | | 3 -8 6 | | -5 4 9 |

A x B = (i-component) - (j-component) + (k-component)

To calculate the cross product: i-component = (8 * 9) - (6 * 4) = 72 - 24 =

48i j-component = -(3 * 9) - (6 * -5) = -27 + 30 = 3j k-component = (3 * 4) - (-8 * -5) = 12 -

40 = -28k

So, A x B = 48i + 3j - 28k b. B x C (Cross product of B and C):

Now, let's calculate the cross product of vectors B and C: | i j k | | -5 4 9 |

| -2 0 7 | B x C = (i-component) - (j-component) + (k-component)

To calculate the cross product:

I-component = (4 * 7) - (9 * 0) = 28 - 0 = 28i j-component = -((-5) * 7) - (9 * (-2)) = -35 + 18 =

-17j k-component = -((-5) * 0) - (4 * (-2)) = 0 + 8 = 8k

So, B x C = 28i - 17j + 8k c. A x C (Cross product of A and C)

: Let's calculate the cross product of vectors A and C: | i j k | | 3 -8 6 |

| -2 0 7 | A x C = (i-component) - (j-component) + (k-component) To calculate the cross

product:

i-component = (-8 * 7) - (6 * 0) = -56 - 0 = -56i

j-component = -(3 * 7) - (6 * (-2)) = -21 + 12 = -9j k-component = (3 * 0) - (-8 * (-2)) = 0 - 16 =

-16k So, A x C = -56i - 9j - 16k

To summarize: a. A x B = 48i + 3j - 28k b. B x C = 28i - 17j + 8k c. A x C = -56i - 9j -

16k

IMPOTANCE OF READING A TAPE MEASURES, AND RELEVANCE OF NEW MEASURING

TECHNOLOGIES

1. Accuracy in Measurements:
Geodetic engineering involves the measurement and mapping of the Earth's
surface, including the determination of distances, angles, elevations, and
coordinates. Accurate measurements are crucial for creating reliable maps, charts,
and geospatial data. Reading a tape measure accurately ensures that the distance
measurements taken during surveys are as precise as possible.
2. Precision in Surveying:
In surveying, small measurement errors can accumulate and result in significant
discrepancies over larger distances. A minor misreading of a tape measure can lead
to inaccuracies in the final survey results. Geodetic engineers need to be able to
read tape measures precisely to minimize measurement Data Integration: Geodetic
data is often integrated with other geospatial data sources, such as satellite
imagery or geographic information systems (GIS). Accurate measurements are
essential for seamless integration and the creation of comprehensive geospatial
databases. In summary, reading a tape measure accurately is a foundational skill
in geodetic engineering. It ensures the reliability and precision of measurements,
which are essential for various applications in surveying, mapping, construction,
research, and more. A small measurement error can have significant consequences,
making the ability to read a tape measure a critical skill in this field.

1. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS): GNSS,

including the Global Positioning System (GPS), have revolutionized geodetic
measurements. These systems use a network of satellites to provide highly
accurate positioning information, allowing geodetic engineers to determine precise
coordinates, velocities, and displacements on the Earth's surface.
2. Remote Sensing:
Technologies such as satellite and aerial imagery, LiDAR (Light Detection and
Ranging), and drones equipped with advanced sensors enable geodetic engineers to
collect data remotely over large areas. This data is used for mapping, monitoring
land use changes, and environmental assessments. 3. Total Stations: Total stations
are modern surveying instruments that combine electronic distance measurement
(EDM) with theodolite capabilities. They can measure angles and distances with
high precision, making them valuable for tasks like construction layout and
boundary surveys.
4. Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS):
TLS systems use laser beams to capture detailed 3D information about objects,
structures, and terrain. This technology is used in topographic surveys, monitoring
of structural deformations, and cultural heritage documentation. flood modeling,
urban planning, and infrastructure design. Modern measurements in geodetic
engineering offer several advantages, including higher accuracy, faster data
collection, improved automation, and the ability to work with large datasets. These
advancements have expanded the scope of geodetic engineering, allowing
professionals in the field to tackle complex projects with greater efficiency and
precision.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

MOTION ➢ Change in position of an object in a given time

INTERVAl ➢ A continuous change in position

KINEMATICS ➢ A branch of mechanics concerned with the motion

of objects regardless of the cause of motion

PARTICLE ➢ “Idealized model” representing a moving body; no

rotation or change in shape occurs during motion

COORDINATES (Rectangular) ➢ The mathematical method of

locating points in a space or plane will also be used for locating
bodies as they mov