T-CEET210 Statics of Rigid Bodies uniform velocity if there is no

unbalanced force acting on it.

Engineering Mechanics
 Second Law: The acceleration of a
 Mechanics – branch of physics that particle is proportional to the resultant
deals with the state of rest or motion of force acting on it and is in the direction
bodies under the action of forces. of this force.
 Third Law: The forces of action and
Subdivided into two:
reaction between interacting bodies are
 Statics – equilibrium of bodies under equal in magnitude, opposite in
the action of forces direction, and collinear.
 Dynamics – concerned with the motion Law of Gravitation – weight is computed
of bodies using this formula
Definitions under the study of mechanics
 Space – the geometric region
occupied by bodies whose positions are
described by linear and angular
measurements relative to coordinate
system.
 Time – the measure of the succession
of events and is basic quantity in
dynamics.
 Mass – the measure of inertia of a
body, which is its resistance to a change
in velocity.
 weight of the body – gravitational
 Force – the action of one body on
attraction; force that exists both when a
another. (is the work)
body is at rest and at motion
 Particle – a body of negligible
dimensions. if a body with mass m falls with gravitational
 Rigid body – a body is considered rigid acceleration g, for a weight of magnitude W:
when the relative movements between W =mg
its parts are negligible for the purpose at
hand. (deformation is not significant) Fundamental Quantities

Mechanics deal with two kinds of quantities: 1. Length

2. Mass
 Scalars – magnitude alone is 3. Time
associated. First three are Base Units – form the
Ex: time, mass, volume, speed basis for other quantities
 Vectors – possess direction as well as 4. Force
magnitude.
Ex. Force, acceleration,
momentum, velocity
The basic laws governing the motion of a
particle: Newton's Laws
 First Law: A particle remains at rest or
continues to move in a straight line with
Force is a function based on the 3 base units.
To illustrate, from the definition that F = ma, it
follows that in SI for example, N = kg m/s2
If referring to W = mg, the approximate value of
the gravitational acceleration g is used in the
calculations.
for SI, g = 9.81 m/s2 and
for the US Customary, g = 32.2 ft/sec2
Force
 is the action of one body on another.
 is the mechanical interaction between
bodies
 affects both the motion and the
deformation of the body on which it acts.
(Note: motion and deformation however,
are two things that our current study
does not deal with.)
 is a vector quantity
 must include
o magnitude
o direction
o point of application
Force on a body is either of the two:
 External – are actions of other bodies
on the body under consideration, either
applied force or reactive force;
o effects on the body - as in
translation and/or rotation
 Internal – develop within the body or
system of bodies as a reaction to
external forces. These are what cause
stress and strain in the body.
o effects on the body - as in axial,
shear or bending/flexure
Principle of Transmissibility
 A force may be applied anywhere along
its line of action without altering its
external effect on the body.
Loads
 forces may direct or indirect
 these contact forces are referred to as
loads
 Loads – are external forces which the
structures are subjected to
Types of Loads
 Dead load – fixed
 Live load – moveable
 Environmental loads
Loads are Forces which are classified as
either:
1. Concentrated/Point – denoted by a
single arrow; force is considered to be
acting/ applied at a point when the area
of application is small compared with the
dimensions of the body
2. Distributed – series of arrows denoting
its intensity of force distribution over its
length area of application; length or area
of distribution is considerable enough to
the internal effect on the body
 uniformly distributed (rectangular)
load
o where ω is the intensity of
load per unit length of
distribution
 Uniformly varying (triangular) load
o where ω is the intensity of
load per unit length of
distribution
 trapezoidal load
o where ω1 and ω2 are the
intensity of load per unit
length of distribution
Component of a force
 composed of horizontal (Fx) and
vertical (Fv); when combined turns to
F
 Rectangular – most common two-
dimensional resolution of a force
vector
 F is equivalent to the combined
effects of its component along x
 called Fx and its component along y,
called Fy.
 Following the Principle
transmissibility discussed earlier, it is
evident that a force can be resolved
into its components anywhere along
its line of action.
Moment of a Force
 torque
 measure of its tendency to cause a
body to rotate about a specific axis.
 axis is perpendicular to the plane
containing the line of action of the
force.
 moment is equal to the product of the
force and the perpendicular distance
from the axis to the line of action of
the force
 The intersection of the plane and the
axis is commonly called the moment
center, and the perpendicular
distance from the moment center to
the line of action of the force is called
moment arm.
It is the product of the force multiplied by the
perpendicular distance from the line of action to
the pivot or point where the object will turn.
(The SI unit for moment is Newton meter Nm)
M =Fd
M = moment
F = force
d = perpendicular distance from the moment
center to the line of action of the force
 Varignon's Theorem – which states
that the moment of a force about a
of point is equal to the algebraic sum of
the moments of its components
about that same point.
FD=
Statics Problems
the following should be identified:
 given data
 results desired
 necessary diagrams
 calculations
 answers and conclusions
 The study of statics is directed
toward the quantitative description of
forces that act on engineering
structures in equilibrium
 Mathematics will establish the
relation between these quantities
 analysis of problems will require
transition of thought between the
physical and mathematical
 hence leading to the construction of
idealized mathematical model with
certain approximations
 Statics involve a few fundamental
concepts and with the application of
these basics relations to a variety of
situations
 it is essential that we isolate the body
in question from all other bodies so
that complete and accurate account
of all forces which act on this body
may be taken.
 free-body diagram - diagram of
such an isolated body with the
representation of all external forces
acting.
 o magnitude,
o direction
o and point of application (or
System of Coplanar Forces location) should be
Coplanar Parallel Forces: determined or defined.
Resultant of 2 Concurrent Forces:
 apply Parallelogram law/method
 triangle law
 If two forces acting at a point are
represented in magnitude and
direction by the two adjacent sides of
Collinear Forces: a triangle taken in order, then the
closing side of the triangle taken in
 a coplanar set of forces the lines of the reversed order represents the
actions of which coincide with each resultant of the forces in magnitude
other and direction.
 Laws applicable
o Sin law
o Cosine Law
o Pythagorean Theorem

Resultant of 3 or more Concurrent Forces

Coplanar Concurrent Forces:
 Component Method
 intersect  not limited to 3 or more forces,
applicable to any number of
concurrent forces
 resolving each force into its
rectangular components
x component=Fcosθ
y component =Fsinθ
Coplanar Non-concurrent Forces:
Resultant of Parallel Forces
 doesn’t intersect
 can be opposite or in the same
directions.
 sign of direction can be chosen
arbitrarily
 resultant is according to its
magnitude, direction, and point of
application or more appropriately,
Resultant line of action.
 combined effect in body’s translation
and rotation cause by the system of
forces acting on it
 Three things are determined:

Resultant of Distributed Loads
Couple
 system of forces the magnitude of
the resultant force of which is zero
but has a moment sum.
 Geometrically, couple is composed
of two forces, equal in magnitude,
with parallel lines of action (non
collinear) and acting in opposite
direction.
The magnitude of the couple is given by
C=F d
where F are the two forces, and d is the
moment arm, or the perpendicular distance
between the forces
Symbols used for Couples:
Equivalent Couples
 Changing the values of F and d does
not change a given couple if the
product Fd and the sense of rotation
remain the same.
 Likewise, a couple is not affected if
the forces act in a different but
parallel plane. The figure below
shows four different configurations of
the same couple M. In each of the
four cases, the couples are
equivalent and are described by the
same free vector which represents
the identical tendencies to rotate the
bodies.
Force-Couple Systems
 The point of application of a force
can be transferred to another point
not along its line of action, without
changing its external effect, provided
an additional couple is applied equal
to the force multiplied with the
perpendicular distance between
those 2 points. The system created
is what's called a force-couple
system.
Resultant of Non-Concurrent Forces
  according to magnitude, inclination, Non- coplanar Concurrent Forces:
and position.
Magnitude

Non- coplanar Parallel Forces:

Inclination

Position of the Resultant

Non- coplanar Non-concurrent Forces:

 Where,
Fx = component of forces in the x-
direction
 Fy = component of forces in the y-
direction
 Rx = component of thew resultant in
x-direction
 Ry = component of thew resultant in Basic Concepts on Forces in Space
y-direction Rectangular Components of a Force in Three
 R = magnitude of the resultant Dimensions
 θx = angle made by a force from the
x-axis
 MO = moment of forces about any
point O
 d = moment arm
 MR = moment at a point due to
resultant force
 ix = x-intercept of the resultant R
 iy = y-intercept of the resultant R
In principle, the system of forces is reduced to
a force and couple system and then a single
force, which is the resultant.
System of Non-Coplanar Forces

Proportion of components:
Moment of a Force in Three Dimensions
Resultant of Non-Concurrent Forces in Three
Dimensions
The general case of non-concurrent nonparallel
non coplanar system of forces makes use of all
those equations to determine the magnitude,
direction, location/position, point of application
of the resultant.

Resultant of System of Forces in Three

Dimensions
Resultant of Concurrent Forces in Three
Dimensions
Equilibrium
 there are no moments about the
point of concurrency  state of balance in a structure.
 occurs when all forces and moments
acting on a structure are balanced.
 In equilibrium, every force acting on
a body is countered by an equal and
opposite force or set of forces.
Resultant of Parallel Forces in Three  Sir Isaac Newton's law states that a
Dimensions body at rest remains at rest until
acted upon by an external force.
For a system of parallel forces not all in the  All structures that remain standing
same plane, the magnitude of the parallel are in equilibrium, with a net result of
resultant force R is simply the magnitude of the zero in all directions for applied loads
algebraic sum of the given forces. The position and reactions.
of its line of action is obtained from the  In equilibrium, the resultant of all
principle of moments. forces and the resultant couple are
both zero.
 Equilibrium equations are necessary
and sufficient conditions for a
structure to be in equilibrium.
System Isolation and FBD (Free Body
Diagram)
 System Isolation: It involves
separating a body or a combination
of bodies from their surroundings for
analysis, treating them as a single
isolated entity. This isolation is
achieved through a free body
diagram.
 Free Body Diagram (FBD): A crucial
step in mechanics problem-solving, it
visually represents the isolated body
and all the forces acting on it.
Construction of FBD:
 Forces can be applied through direct
physical contact or remote action.
 Forces can be categorized as
internal or external to the system
under consideration.
 Force application generates reactive
forces, which can be concentrated or
distributed.
 The principle of transmissibility
allows treating a force as a sliding
vector for its external effects on a
rigid body.
Modeling the Action of Forces:

Equilibrium Conditions:
 General conditions for equilibrium.
 Complete equilibrium in two
dimensions requires all three
equations to hold independently.
 o Statically Determinate: The
number of independent
Categories of Equilibrium: equilibrium equations equals the
number of unknowns on the free-
body diagram. Solvable by
equilibrium analysis alone.
o Statically Indeterminate: The
number of unknowns exceeds the
number of independent
equilibrium equations. Requires
additional principles beyond
equilibrium analysis.
 Equilibrium doesn't guarantee stability;
improper constraints can lead to
instability. Unstable bodies are not in
equilibrium.

1. Category 1: Equilibrium of collinear

forces, requiring only one force
equation in the direction of the forces
(x-direction).
2. Category 2: Equilibrium of forces
lying in a plane (x-y plane) and
concurrent at a point O, requiring two
force equations.
3. Category 3: Equilibrium of parallel
forces in a plane, needing one force
equation (x-direction) and one
moment equation about a z-axis
normal to the plane.
4. Category 4: Equilibrium of a general
system of forces in a plane (x-y),
requiring two force equations in the
plane and one moment equation
about a z-axis normal to the plane.
Equilibrium of Members:
 Two-force Member: Requires equal,
opposite, and collinear forces.
 Three-force Member: Forces must
be concurrent; equilibrium is
established when a triangle of forces
(closing the polygon) forms.
Stability:
 Bodies in equilibrium can be either: