Non-finite clauses

 Contents
 Syntax.
 Clauses and phrases.
 Finite and non-finite clauses.
 The form of non-finite clauses .
 The form of non-finite verbs.
- Bare infinitive verbs.
- To infinitive verbs.
- Passive participle verbs.
- Ing participle verbs.
 conclusion.
Syntax: is a part of Linguistics that studies a
sentence structure.
*Word order:
- I like this apple.
*Agreement:
- He likes this apple.
* Declarative:
- “Ahmad likes apples”
* Interrogative:
- “Does Ahmad like apples?”
*Exclamatory and Emphatic.
 Clauses and phrases

Clauses: are groups of words that contain a

subject and a predicate and can function as
complete thoughts.
Phrases: are groups of words that do not have
both a subject and a predicate. They function as
parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, or
adverbs) and provide additional information in
sentences.
 Finite and non-finite clauses
 Finite Clauses: Finite clauses contain a finite verb form. A
finite verb form shows tense, person, and number, and it
typically agrees with the subject in the sentence. For
example, in the sentence "She walks," the verb "walks" is
finite because it indicates present tense, third person,
and singular.
 Non-finite Clauses: Non-finite clauses contain non-finite
verb forms. Non-finite verb forms do not show tense,
person, or number, and they do not agree with the
subject. Non-finite verb forms include infinitives (e.g., "to
walk"), gerunds (e.g., "walking"), and participles (e.g.,
"walked").
 The form of non-finite clauses

Non-finite clauses in English can take on several forms.

Non- finite clauses can only be subordinate.
Example:
- When I saw her, she looked happy. /Finite clauses/
- After receiving some Studio Ghibli sheet music in the mail,
he spent the entire afternoon behind the piano.
 The form of non-finite verbs
Non-finite verbs are divided into:
1- Infinitive verbs.
2- participle verbs.
Each one is divided into two parts.
1- Infinitive verbs:
- Bare infinitive.
- To-infinitive.
2- participle verbs:
- Passive participle.
- Ing participle.
 Bare infinitive verbs
Examples:
- The teacher made him sit in the corner.
- She made him darn her socks.
What does this mean?
This means that the word(to) is missing there is no (to) here.
(to sit in the corner)
(to darn her socks)
Here the lexical verb is not preceded by any auxiliary verb.
It is called (bare) because it lacks the infinitive particle (to).
 To infinitive verbs
Examples:
- Yesterday, they left for Mars, never to return again.
- We declined his invitation to taste the wine.
Form: To + base form of the verb (e.g., to walk, to eat, to study)
Infinitive clauses often begin with the word "to" followed by the base form of
the verb.
We can analyse (to) as a (-tense) auxiliary.
 Passive participle verbs
Examples:

- Though registered for my courses, I was nit sure about university.

- The car, damaged in the accident, is now being repaired.

Passive participle verbs are like bare infinitives in consisting of just a

lexical

verb – but in the passive participle form (with a passive meaning).

- As with the bare infinitives, [-tense] will appear as a feature on V.

- Only verbs taking objects in the active can be passive.

 Passive participle verbs
- Loaded to capacity, the palanquin lurched on.
We have co-indexed the two gaps. When this subordinate clause is plugged
into its super-ordinate main clause, these gaps need to be co-indexed with
the main clause subject, the palanquin.
 Ing participle verbs
Examples:
- Murtlock having been hospitalised, I conducted a bedside interview.
- After receiving some Studio Ghibli sheet music in the mail, he spent the entire
afternoon behind the piano.
(receiving) is a present participle,
- The independent clause is (he spent the entire afternoon behind the piano)
- The non-finite clause is (after receiving some Studio Ghibli sheet music in the mail)
There is an object of (receiving), (some Studio Ghibli sheet music).
The subject is missed here, we do not know who is receiving.
Here we can attach [-tense] as a feature to the (ing) form whether lexical or
auxiliary.
 conclusion
 It's important to note that non-finite clauses do not have a subject-
verb agreement, and they do not indicate tense, person, or number in
the same way finite clauses do. They are more versatile and can be
used in a variety of sentence structures to add additional information
or modify other parts of the sentence.
 Additionally, non-finite clauses can serve various functions in a
sentence, including acting as subjects, objects, complements,
adverbs, or adjectives, depending on their context within the
sentence. The specific form of the non-finite clause and its role in the
sentence are determined by the surrounding words and the overall
structure of the sentence.