ANSWERS QUESTIONS COURSE OF TECHNIQUE AND URBAN PLANNING

1. Contents of the PAT

With the introduction of Regional Law 11/2004 more precisely in Art. 13 tells us what are the contents of the
Spatial Planning Plan. The PAT is the planning tool that outlines the strategic choices of structure and
development for the government of the municipal territory. The PAT, drawn up on the basis of ten-year
forecasts, establishes the objectives and conditions for the sustainability of the eligible interventions and
transformations and in particular:
- Prepares the municipal territorial cognitive framework;
- Identifies the ATOs with the relative sizing parameters and, on the basis of these, gives general technical
indications on how to treat the different areas;
- Dictates a specific discipline of regulation, protection and safeguarding with reference to the contents of the
PTCP;
- Defines the areas subjected to special treatments;
- Specifies the procedures for applying equalisation and compensation; The PAT consists of:
a) a technical report containing territorial analyses and verifications regarding the environment and territory;
b) graphic drawings with the design indications;
(c) implementing technical standards defining directives, requirements and constraints;
d) cognitive framework, i.e. an alphanumeric and vector database.

2. Procedure for the formation of the PAT

With the introduction of Regional Law 11/2004 more precisely in Art. 14 tells us what is the process of
formation of the Spatial Planning Plan. The municipal council draws up a preliminary document and forwards
it to the municipal council for adoption. Within 8 days of adoption, the plan is deposited available to the public
for 30 days at the headquarters of the municipality, after which anyone can make comments within the next
30 days. The notice of the adoption is given by notice published in the Praetorian Register of the municipality
and in at least 2 local newspapers. Within 30 days of the deadline for submitting comments, the plan adopted
with the observations and counter-arguments drawn up by the municipal council shall be forwarded to the
province. The provincial government approves the plan within 240 days which can be extended for another
90 days. If the provincial government detects the incompleteness of the cognitive framework, it returns it to
the municipality indicating the necessary additions. The plan becomes effective 15 days after publication in
the BUR (Regional Official Bulletin). The approved plan is deposited with the secretariat of the municipality
and is valid for an indefinite period. The approval of the plan entails the forfeiture of the PUAs in force limited
to the parts incompatible with it.

3. Contents of the IP
With the introduction of Regional Law 11/2004 more precisely in Art. 17 tells us what are the contents of
the Plan of interventions. The PI, Plan of Interventions, relates to a multi-year municipal and three-year
budget for public works. It can be implemented through direct and indirect interventions (PUAs). The IP
shall:
- Subdivide the municipal territory into ZTO;
- Identify the areas where interventions are subordinate to PUAs;
- Define the parameters for the identification of variants to PUAs;
- Identify minimum units of intervention and the methods of intervention and transformation on the existing
heritage to be safeguarded.
The IP consists of:
(a) a programme report indicating timetables, operational priorities and the economic framework;
b) graphic drawings with the design indications;
(c) operational technical standards;
d) the handbook for architectural quality and environmental mitigation;
(e) the register of building credits;
f) cognitive framework, i.e. an alphanumeric and vector database.

4. IP formation process
The mayor prepares a document in which the urban transformations, the interventions, the public works
to be carried out and the expected effects are highlighted. The IP is adopted and approved by the
municipal council. Within 8 days of adoption, the plan is deposited available to the public for 30 days at
the municipality, after which anyone can make comments within the next 30 days. The news of the
adoption is given by notice published in the Praetorian Register of the municipality and in at least 2 local
newspapers. Within 60 days of the deadline for commenting, the city council approves the plan. The plan
becomes effective after 15 days from the publication in the Praetorian Register of the municipality. The
approval of the plan entails the forfeiture of the PUAs in force limited to the parts incompatible with it.

5. PAT and PI sizing

The PAT, to ensure adequate levels of quality of life and settlements, provides for a suitable allocation
of areas dedicated to services due to the theoretical sizing carried out on the basis of different uses. The
regional law 1444/68 provided for a minimum of urban planning standards, for residences, equal to 18
square meters per inhabitant. The PAT can aggregate standards by defining the quantities in relation to
the ATOs (homogeneous territorial areas), for each of which the maximum volumetric forecasts to be
respected in the implementation of the Intervention Plan (PI) are defined. Therefore, the IP and its
Variants should carry out the SIZING verification at the level of individual ATO, comparing the forecasts
of the PAT with what is implemented by the IP.

6. Safeguard measures
Safeguard measures are measures designed not to jeopardise the territory in the period between the
date of adoption of the plan and its actual entry into force. After approval, the old one is abolished, but
during the transit phase from one floor to another, the municipality is required to suspend any intervention
that is in contrast with the prescriptions and constraints contained in the plans. The maximum period is
five years. You need to know what happens between the two adoption-approval time frames. After the
approval of the new plan, the old one is no longer in force. The period in between is a transitional period
where both plans apply in order not to have regulatory holes. If the two plans provide for different things,
the administration checks the plans and decides that you can do the things that are foreseen in both the
old and the new plan, that is, those that are in common between the two. It cannot adopt something that
is only in the new plan because that part may not have entered into force.

7. Cognitive framework
The cognitive framework is the system of information and data necessary for understanding the issues
carried out by territorial and urban planning tools. The information bases contain data aimed at the
knowledge of the physical and socio-economic aspects of the territory, territorial planning and regional
and local programming. The cognitive framework must be presented to the competent office of the region,
it is evaluated according to a number (Cognitive Quality Index) from 1 to 10, it needs to obtain at least 6
for approval. Until the QC is validated, the region/province does not consider any other paper.

8. The SEA
The SEA, strategic environmental assessment was introduced with Law 11/2004 to align with a European
directive. In order to promote sustainable and sustainable development and to ensure a high level of
environmental protection, municipalities, provinces and the region, in the formation of spatial planning
instruments, shall carry out a strategic environmental assessment of the effects deriving from their
implementation. The regional government defines the criteria and methods of application of the SEA. All
floors are subject to VAS. The SEA highlights the adequacy of the choices of planning tools with respect
to sustainability objectives. It is an active procedure, it must intervene directly in the design of the plan
and is presented to the competent office of the region.
9. Program Agreement
Article 7 (11/2004) Municipalities, provinces and regions may conclude agreements with private entities
to take proposals for projects of public interest. The programme agreement shall be signed by
representatives of the administrations and public entities participating in the agreement. The program
agreement is not made if there is a plan forecast already consolidated, but when you need to intervene
outside the choices of the plan. Otherwise, it would be necessary to propose a variation to the plan, which
has a long and complex approval procedure. In this case, to simplify the procedure, it is possible to use
the program agreement: the municipality calls together all the public subjects (possibly private)
concerned, during the conference of services. They must intervene and give their assessment, in the end
unanimity must be obtained. Once the services conference is closed positively, the project is
automatically variant to the master plan. If the program agreement involves a change to the PAT, the
adhesion of the province is required and is approved by the president of the province, if the agreement
involves variant to the PI, it is approved by the mayor.

10. Agreements between public and private entities

(to solve a problem of public interest the region, municipality, province agrees with a private individual)

Article 6 (11/2004), The administration when drawing up a new plan has the advantage of initiating
possible agreements. "The municipalities, provinces and the Region within the limits of the competences
referred to in this law may conclude agreements with private subjects to take proposals for projects and
initiatives of significant public interest in the planning". In the IP, in reality, the public interest is broadened,
because, especially in the preliminary phase of the IP, the administration tries to find agreements
between public and private subjects that try to solve problems, trying to direct certain decisions that will
then be formalized.

11. Planning agreement by concerted procedure

For the formation of the PAT, a concerted planning procedure can be activated between the municipality,
the province, local authorities and other interested public entities. The municipal council draws up a
preliminary document and proposes to the other bodies a planning agreement for the preparation of the
urban planning instrument. This document is submitted to the region and province until a compromise is
found. If it is shared, the bases for the formation of the cognitive framework, the papers and the work
program are defined. After signing the agreement, we proceed with the usual drafting of the plan. Being
a co-planned plan, it eliminates the final part of approval that is merged in the conference of services,
giving an advantage in terms of timing.

12. Types of PUAs

The PUA, urban implementation plan, can be of public or private initiative or, jointly, of public and private
initiative. The Urban Implementation Plans are plans that define in detail the interventions on areas with
special needs: they allow to implement interventions for which you do not have all the tools necessary to
request a building permit (indirect interventions). PUAs are divided into:
- PP: Detailed Plan, of public initiative;
- PdL: Development Plan, private initiative;
- PEEP: Popular Economic Housing Plan, of public initiative;
- PIP: Industrial and Production Plans, are plans of public initiative;
- PdR: Recovery Plan: set on the recovery of historic centers and consolidated urban centers, of public
initiative;
- Environmental plan;
- Integrated program: contains the implementation tools for urban, building and environmental
regeneration.
13. Training process and content of PUAs
The PUA, urban implementation plan, can be of public or private initiative or, jointly, of public and private
initiative. Urban Implementation Plans are plans that define in detail the interventions on areas with
special needs. The PUAs of private initiative are presented by entitled applicants, who represent at least
51% of the value of the properties included in the scope, based on the relative cadastral taxable amount
and, in any case, which represent at least 75% of the areas included in the same area. PUAs must
comply with the provisions of the Municipal Master Plan (PAT and PI), the Building Regulations and the
current urban and environmental regulations. The PUA contains:
(a) a programme report indicating timetables, operational priorities and the economic framework;
b) graphic drawings with the design indications;
(c) operational technical standards;
d) the handbook for architectural quality and environmental mitigation;
(e) the register of building credits;
f) cognitive framework, i.e. an alphanumeric and vector database.

Procedure
Within 75 days from the date of submission of the application for approval of the PUA, the City Council
adopts the Plan or returns it if it does not comply with the rules and urban planning instruments in force.
If within 15 days from the date of submission the preliminary check of the Offices reveals irregularities in
the documentation, the interruption of the procedure will be communicated and the 75 days will be
counted again from the date of submission of the regular and complete documentation. Following the
adoption, the Plan is deposited with the secretariat of the Municipality for 10 days and the filing is given
notice by means of a published notice. In the following 20 days, property owners can lodge an objection
while anyone can submit comments. After the deadline for submitting comments or oppositions, within
75 days, the City Council approves the Plan, deciding on the observations and oppositions presented. If
the plan is approved, it is deposited with the secretariat of the Municipality and the deposit is notified
within 15 days to the owners opposed. The PUA comes into force 10 days after publication.

14. Urban planning sector and PdL agreement

The urban planning sector consists of all the buildings to be transformed, belonging to several owners or
subjects entitled to build. The sector is achieved through the establishment of a consortium for the
presentation of a single qualification. The establishment of a consortium is a facilitation: the
administration has to deal with a single subject and has multiple guarantees. The consortium consists of
subjects with at least 51% of the cadastral income and 75% of the surface.
The Agreed Subdivision Plan is an urban implementation plan of private initiative and is the
implementation tool for the settlement of new residential, productive, tourist and commercial complexes.
It is necessary whenever it is intended to carry out a building intervention that involves new urbanization
works or aggravates the situation of existing ones. The PdL represents an example of consensual urban
planning between the public and the private.
The PdL is aimed at:
- Implement the forecasts of the PRG
- regulate building activity in the area concerned
- allow the realization of urbanization works in advance of the interventions and at no additional
cost.
The PdL lasts 10 years after which its forecasts lose all validity.

15. Urban equalization

Urban equalization (Article 35) pursues the equitable distribution among the owners of the buildings
affected by the interventions:
- building rights recognised by town planning;
- of the costs deriving from the realization of territorial endowments.
 The PAT establishes the criteria and procedures for the application of urban equalization. The IP and the
PUAs implement equalisation by regulating the transformation measures to be carried out, ensuring a
fair distribution of building rights and related charges among all owners of the areas and buildings
affected by the intervention.

16. Building credit

Building credit means a building capacity recognized as a result of demolition of incongruous works, the
elimination of degradation elements, implementation of interventions to improve urban, landscape,
architectural, energy, hydraulic and environmental quality and reorganization of agricultural areas.
Building credits are recorded in the Electronic Municipal Register of Building Credits and are freely
marketable. The IP identifies and regulates the areas in which the use of building credits is allowed
through the attribution of differentiated building indices.

17. Urban compensation

Urban compensation allows the owners of areas and buildings subject to constraints preordained to the
expropriation to recover adequate building capacity, also in the form of building credit, on other areas
and buildings.

18. Urban planning standards and service facilities

The concept of URBAN STANDARD was introduced by the law of 2 April 1968 to ensure an adequate
level of quality of life and provides for a suitable allocation of areas for services based on theoretical
sizing. The minimum equipment of service areas, due to the different intended uses, cannot be less than:
Residence: 30 sqm per theoretical inhabitant
Industry and crafts: 10 square meters per 100 square meters of surface of the individual areas.
PAT can aggregate standards and redefine quantity in relation to scopes
homogeneous territorial areas (ATO), the needs of the context in which the intervention is placed,
the type of intervention and the needs expressed. Residential sizing
is carried out by adding to the settled residents the theoretical inhabitants hypothesized due to
New expansions. The concept of urban standard is
was introduced by the Interministerial Decree 1444 of 1968 which ensured, for
residential settlements, the standard 18 sqm per inhabitant.
The equipment and services shall relate in particular:
(a) education;
(b) assistance, social and health services;
(c) public administration, public security and civil protection;
d) cultural, associative and political activities;
(e) open spaces equipped with greenery for play, recreation, leisure and sport, urban parks, public
wooded areas;
f) open spaces of free use for collective use;
(g) car parks, public parking spaces, mobility equipment and route network
urban and suburban cycle-pedestrians;
(h) the elements of urban regeneration;

19. Differences between ZTO and ATO

The PAT makes use of the Homogeneous Territorial Areas (ATO) and the PI of the Homogeneous
Territorial Zones (ZTO). The ZTOs refer to DM 1444 of 1968. The concept of ATO is different from that
of ZTO. The ZTOs are the areas into which the municipal territory must be divided for the purpose of
applying the limits of building density, height, distance between buildings and the calculation of minimum
urban standards. ATOs are areas of the territory characterized by their own specificity or autonomy, or
that are identifiable. Different ZTOs can coexist in an ATO. ATOs are used for the sizing of the plan.
 Once the sizing has been made, urban planning choices are made which must then be distributed on the
ATOs.

20. Objectives and contents of the PTRC

21. Objectives and contents of the PTPC

22. The laws of 1939

In 1939 two fundamental laws were issued:
- Law 1089/1939: Conservation and safeguarding of architectural and monumental heritage. Any building
that is more than 50 years old can also be restricted. (beginning 50 years, then extended to 70)
- Law 1497/1939: Protection and safeguarding of naturalistic and landscape areas. It subjects
environmental and landscape assets to constraints. It has little application because it recalls the need to
make a landscape protection plan. The following are subject to this Law:
● immovable things that have characteristics of natural beauty or geological singularity;
● villas, gardens and parks that stand out for their uncommon beauty;
● the panoramic beauties considered as natural paintings and also those points of view or belvedere,
accessible to the public, from which you can enjoy the spectacle of those beauties.

23. The 1968 DM on zoning

The Ministerial Decree of 2 April 1968 n 1444 establishes the mandatory limits of building density,
height, distance between buildings and maximum ratios between spaces intended for residential and
productive settlements and public spaces or reserved for collective activities, public green areas or
parking lots. The second article defines the Homogeneous Territorial Zones (ZTOs):
A) Consolidated historic center;
(B) Urban completion zones: parts of the territory which are totally or partially built-up;
(C) Newly expanded urban area: parts of the territory intended for new settlement complexes;
(D) Industrial zone: parts of the territory intended for new or assimilated industrial plant developments;
(e) 'agricultural zone' means parts of the territory intended for agricultural uses;
(F) Public services: parts of the territory intended for equipment and installations of general interest.
24.
25. What are the general urban planning and implementation tools
● GENERAL: they are the primaries, we should start from the drafting of these plans because they are
the first planning element that is made in a territory. They are in 1:2000 scale and are:
- PTRC: Regional Territorial Coordination Plan;
- PTCP: Provincial Territorial Coordination Plan;
- PRG/PRGI: Intermunicipal General Town Plan.
● ACTUATIVE: they are detailed plans. They define areas with special needs within the ZTOs through a
more detailed plan in 1:500 scale
- PUA: Urban Implementation Plan
- PP Detailed Plan, of public initiative
- PdL Development Plan, of private initiative
- PdR Recovery Plan
- PEEP Economic and Popular Housing Plan
- PIP Industrial and Production Plans
- SUA: Urban Implementation Tool;

26. What does conformative or non-conformative plan mean?

Conformation plan: plan that is compliant and precise in limits and tolerances, is measurable with a
certain degree of precision (PUA, PRG, PI)
Non-conformative plan: indications, rules and criteria that do not enter into the quantitative, but leave
room for manoeuvre. PAT: is the strategic plan. It is conformative in part because it perimeter only some
 zones, the expansion areas are not perimetered. The PAT/PATI is a non-conforming plan, which means
that the perimeter drawn is not valid at the legislative level, but represents an approximation. The IP is a
conformational plan, which means that the same boundaries drawn are also valid at the legislative level.

27. What are the primary and secondary urbanization works

For primary urbanization works we mean a whole series of architectural artifacts designed to solve
problems of strict necessity, the works of secondary urbanization are, instead, those of higher rank, these
are structures that are used by the community. Primary urbanization works include all network equipment,
or infrastructure, necessary to ensure that a building area has settled suitability in the technical sense,
i.e. all those equipment that make it possible to use buildings:
- The roads serving the settlements
- spaces necessary for parking and parking vehicles
- water, electricity, gas and telephone networks
- public lighting and related systems
- The works of secondary urbanization include all those local equipment that make the settlement
functional for the inhabitants, guaranteeing the life of relationship:
- nurseries;
- kindergartens;
- compulsory schools;
- churches and other religious buildings;
- neighborhood sports facilities;

28. The Consortium of allotment

The urban planning sector consists of all the buildings to be transformed, belonging to several owners or
subjects entitled to build. The sector is realized through the establishment of a consortium for the
presentation of a single qualification, subject to the stipulation of an agreement. The establishment of a
consortium is a facilitation: the administration has to deal with a single subject and has multiple
guarantees. The consortium consists of subjects with at least 51% of the cadastral income and 75% of
the surface. It is a company, and as such has a president, with power of signature, a director, with
administrative functions of payment, contracts and partners.

29. The validity of urban planning constraints

Article 34 of Veneto Regional Law 11/2004 states that the constraints preordained to expropriation have
a duration of five years, and can be repeated only once and for the same duration. The instrument of the
urban constraint is essential because, through this, it is in fact possible to prevent any modification of the
object covered by the constraint for a period of five years. After the five-year period, the bond decays.

30. The main innovations of the LR Veneto 11/2004 compared to the LR Veneto 61/1985
The introductions in terms of content are essentially 7:
- Division of the PRG into two parts: a first part the PAT more synthetic and technical, of general definition,
and a second the PI of an executive nature.
- Introduction of SEA on environmental protection. It is done to comply with a European directive. If there
is no SEA the plan cannot be approved
- Introduction of the QC: a procedure is given to be followed in the preparation of the analyzes and a
homogenized and standardized database in which to enter the data.
- Transfer of urban planning competence from region to province.
- Obligation of CTR;
- Introduction of building credit, divided into urban equalization, environmental redevelopment and building
credit and urban compensation.
- Land consumption.
31. Values and use of the standard urban volume per theoretical settleable inhabitant
Knowledge of the urban volume for residential areas is necessary when sizing a plan, in particular with
regard to ZTO-F. As far as the actual calculation is concerned, we consider:
- For residences, gross floor area x 3
- For office and residential activities, gross floor area x 3.5
The minimum value translates into 150 cubic meters, but it can be shown that the real situation is different
from that shown by the calculation. The concept of urban volume plays an important role in the calculation
of the theoretical inhabitants settled, which is done simply by dividing the building volume by the minimum
endowment or the urban load, which is configured in the 150 cubic meters / inhabitant mentioned above.

32. LR 11/2004 transfers urban planning competences to the provinces, how?

Article 2 of Veneto Regional Law 11/2004 specifies the importance of subsidiarity, i.e. the importance of
making the administrations intervene as close as possible to the request for planning purposes. That the
PTPC had the function of coordinating municipal plans was already contemplated by 1150/42, but the
competence in approving these plans remained first with the Ministry and then with the Regions (from
Presidential Decree 616/77). With the Venetian law of 2004, on the other hand, greater responsibilities
are given to the provinces, which have the task of dealing with the control and adoption of the PAT and
PATI, as well as the PTPC. Some aspects remain a regional competence: such as the management of
the database on which the Cognitive Framework is based as well as its evaluation and approval, and the
control and approval of the SEA.

33. The prescientific utopians

Modern urbanism was born during the industrial revolution to respond to the problem of urbanization and
the effects that this caused, such as the migration of the rural population to the city with a consequent
chaotic and uncontrolled growth of the same, the accumulation of people and poor hygiene due to the
lack of services (sewers, drinking water pipes, etc.). The lack of regulations on urbanization causes
considerable damage from several points of view. There were two hypotheses of solution to the problem
of urbanization: a regulatory strand, which wants to work on the city and improve it from a health point of
view through a progressive increase in rules, and a utopian strand. The utopian current sees as its two
main exponents, Robert Owen in England and Charles Fourier in France, pre-scientific utopians who
thought it was not possible to recover and try to remove activities and people from the cities (especially
in England), but instead it was possible to transfer people from the city to the countryside. They wanted
to implement a return to the countryside based on different contents because while before in the
countryside only agricultural activities took place, the industrial revolution brought the internal combustion
engine and other inventions that created a lot of work, no longer just agricultural. -Owen is a capitalist
industrialist who in 1826 buys a city in the US desert New Harmony and builds a community of about
1000 people based on production and social consumption that tries as much as possible to be
autonomous, self-sustainable which is a modern concept that involves using as few resources as
possible and eventually using renewable sources. The principle on which his theory is based is the firm
belief that people are the product of their environment and that therefore improving the environment
improves people and their productivity. On the perimeter there were adult accommodation, dormitories
for boys, guesthouse and infirmary; At the center there would be services and public buildings: church,
school, leisure spaces, kitchen and refectory; and outside the square in an area close to the houses
there were giordini and vegetable gardens, and at a safe distance there would have been laboratories
and industries. From Owen's model, Howard's theories and the Garden City model are born. This study
by Owen was almost unsuccessful because a closed community brings with it many problems due to
autonomy-isolation. -Charles Fourier, proposes for a community of 1000-1700 the "Phalanstery" or
"Familìsterio". In this case, it is not a village, but a large building of 700/800m in which people had to live
in the form of a community in fact inside there were residential and productive functions, public and
private. The idea behind it is to create a machine for living, a real city within the building. The plan of the
 Familisterio takes up the plan of Versailles in which instead of the King, Fourier puts the main structures
of the community such as meeting rooms, libraries because that is the fulcrum of the community. From
Fourier takes inspiration Le Corbusier for his Unité d'Habitation and one of his pupils, Godin who founds
the Falansterio, an industrial village built in France in Guise. Today, unfortunately, it has been
demolished. -In the second half of the nineteenth century a new utopian and pre-scientific thought was
born, different but, which took its cue from that of Owen and Fourier. Some captains of industry, in fact,
did not do what many of their predecessors had done until now, which is to give birth to an industry and
then disregard what was happening around, but they created small workers' villages. An example is the
industrial village of Sunny Brow in Durham (mid-nineteenth century). This like others is an example of a
small self-sufficient village, of limited size, which tried to organize, design an appropriate space, which
was in balance between the industrial and residential aspects. We therefore speak of paternalistic
capitalism in which the industrialist, as for example was Owen, as well as creating an industry is
concerned with creating a balanced and self-sufficient system in some respects, in which the workers
can work but also live. In industrial villages, industry was always placed near the railway because this
was a decisive element for the transport of raw materials but also of processing, but also near waterways.

34. The main "urban" laws of the late nineteenth century in Europe

35. The Vienna Ring

Vienna in the Middle Ages was a small city, fortress, closed in on itself with a small castle in a marginal
position considered an outpost and an important defense point against the Ottoman Empire and then the
Turks. The center of Vienna was surrounded by a defensive system. In the mid-nineteenth century
Vienna became the imperial capital of the Habsburg Empire and therefore had to equip itself with very
important services, for this reason a competition was held in which the greatest architects of the time
participated at European level, and that no one won because the most interesting projects were taken
and a master plan was drawn up that is the project of the Vienna Ring. The project involved the demolition
of all the fortifications, the city walls that being a very important fortress element had meant that Vienna
expanded over time maintaining and respecting a free space around the walls, a large strip of territory of
1 km called Glacis left free for military and defensive needs against the Ottomans. The Glacis was initially
configured as an element of separation between the ancient city (Altstadt), seat of the court and
administration, with compact building fabric and typically medieval road system, and the more recent
districts, less dense and inhabited also by bourgeois families and aristocracy. In the meantime, from the
Middle Ages onwards, Vienna expanded and created an additional city wall. The plan for the Vienna ring
was not a master plan but, it was a thematic plan that provided for the demolition of the walls and the
design of the ring, while nothing was touched. The ring consisted of a series of concentric streets, rings
(cut only at one point by the Danube) and blocks in which the most important public buildings were built
such as the parliament, the imperial residence, the cathedral, museums, the courthouse, the universities
and all the new administrative and cultural buildings for the new capital. Each of these buildings takes
up a style of the past, passing from Gothic to neoclassical, always trying to convey opulence. The Vienna
ring is perceived by visitors as the true center of the city. Vienna is a first example that tells us how to
replace and design a good part of the city if you want to demolish the historic walls of this. Many European
cities, inspired by the Vienna model, have decided to demolish the medieval, Renaissance cities to find
space for important buildings and to find ways to connect the historic center with expansion spaces. The
walls are an element of identification of the city but at the same time they are also a problem for the
circulation of traffic (eg Padua) in fact often around the walls is made a ring road that more or less runs
along the walls outside.

36. Haussmann's Paris

Paris was a medieval city that already in the seventeenth century began its urban transformation with
Coulbert creating the first boulevards. Its most important transformation, however, took place in the
second half of the nineteenth century, from 1855 to 1870, when Napoleon III decided to modernize the
 city of Paris and to do so he availed himself of the help of Haussmann developing a project of
reorganization of the city according to the urban model of the network city. The main purpose of Napoleon
III was to make Paris the capital of Europe, and it can be said that Haussmann succeeded in aesthetic
and urban planning through what can be called the first modern urban plan, which deals with the structure
of the whole city, and is an operational strategic plan. According to Haussmann, Paris had to become
the head, the "heart" of France, everything had to lead to this city. To achieve this, however, it was
necessary to reorganize it in a rational way, gutting the city to create a network formed by boulevards
and nodes: the lines that connect the nodes are the boulevards, or large straight streets built to facilitate
circulation and repression of riots, improve hygienic conditions, relaunch the building and commercial
economy. These large streets then cross on nodes, fundamental points of the city (Louvre, Operà, Arc
de Triomphe) that corresponded to pre-existing monuments, to be surrounded by a square. The
construction of this road network introduces greater monumentality in a city that until then was medieval.
The Grand Croisèe is also built, formed by a cardo and a decumanus that cross on the Ilè de la cité. For
the construction of the new buildings a new language is used, the style of the third empire, and as for the
residences, a new type of palace is constituted, the Haussmannian palace: a building with 5 or more
floors, where the ground floor is intended for shops or tertiary activities, the subsequent floors for rented
apartments and the attic houses the apartments of the servants. The lots are irregular in shape, triangular
or trapezodal, as the result of the gutting process for the opening of the boulevards. Haussman also
gives great importance to the stations that he monumnetalizes because he considers them the "gates of
the city", the place of exchange between the railway network from all over France and the urban network.
Also important is the construction of the Opera House, which functions both as a traffic divider and as a
visual focus. Alphand, the head of Paris' public green, operates in two ways: 1) in the new networks he
creates small oases; 2) reorganized two royal parks: Bois de Boulogne (north-west) also organized as a
network and Bois de Vincennes (south-east) intended for the lower bourgeoisie. Haussmann is seen as
a butcher by some because he gutted and cut Paris, because he was not very attentive to recovery, that
is, he was not sensitive from the historical point of view, but creating wide and straight roads as Napoleon
III had indicated to him was an important aspect for the safety of the city since Paris was the capital of
France and therefore there were often quite important movements and revolutions (such as the Paris
Commune).

37. Howard's Garden City

In 1828 Howard published "The Garden City of Tomorrow", one of the most important books on modern
urbanism because it marked the boundary between the utopian part and the concrete part.
At the heart of Howard's thinking was the thought that it was society that expressed urbanization.
Howard argues that in order to solve the problems of the city brought by the industrial revolution it is
necessary to decentralize the functions of the city by creating autonomous cities connected to the main
one, the reference model is Chicago, an industrial city, where the bourgeois had settled in suburbs
surrounded by greenery.
Howard then proposes the theory of the three magnets: city, countryside, city-country. With the last
magnet he tries to combine the positive aspects of the city and the positive aspects of the countryside.
Howard's solution therefore contrasts with the unlimited development of the city, indeed he places limits
on the demographic development of the city (a maximum limit of 30,000 inhabitants is established)
without compromising economic development. The internal organization scheme is conceived as follows:
the center is a garden overlooked by public buildings (the town hall, concert and conference halls,
theaters, libraries, etc.) and from which 6 boulevards depart radially and intersected by avenues that are
nothing more than circular streets. Grand Avenue, the main of these circular streets, features schools,
soccer fields, and residences. Only on the outer ring we find the factories, depots etc., all closed by an
annular railway that allows transport through the city; Beyond this railway are farmland.
Two examples of garden cities are Letchworth and Welwyn.
38. Tony Garnier's industrial city
In Lyon, Tony Garnier creates an imaginary city based on an industrial core. Garnier entrusts his entire
project to a series of drawings that show an industrial, industrial city because it is based on industry and
because it must function just like a machine.
It takes up the concept of zoning of Hippodamus of Miletus, dividing the city into two zones through the
railway that is an element of innovation being able to transport both people and goods. On the right is
the industrial area and on the left the residential area; It takes into account the prevailing winds that go
from east to west, and places the industrial area downwind. This type of reasoning, as well as the
detachment between industries and residences, is innovative for the time. The city is built according to
the characteristics of the territory.

39. General elements of Le Corbusier's three urban settlements

Le Corbusier introduced the theory of the three urban settlements between 1944 and 1945. Creating an
ideal city has always been one of Le Corbusier's goals, in fact since the 20s he began to theorize his
ideal city. At the base of his theories there was always the concept of mechanized society.
Consistent with the assumptions of the Athens Charter, le Corbusier hypothesizes a strict separation of
functions:
- an agricultural town;
- an industrial city with a linear trend;
- a trading city with radiocentric form;

40. The industrial city of linear type

The linear industrial city was designed by a Spanish architect Arturo Soria y Mata.
At the base of Mata's thought there was the unlimited development of the city, but this concept is different
from that of Cerdà because it does not have as its basic element the block that must expand along all
directions, but the line. This line must follow the railway or a watercourse. The path that he will then make
must intersect with the ancient historical centers that will be the places of exchange. Public transport is
therefore the fundamental element of this type of city and as such it is given a lot of space (the streets
develop for 40-50m). This plan will be the main reference on which many Soviet cities will be founded
during the twentieth century, as well as a source of inspiration for Le Corbusier's scheme. However, this
replaces the centrality given to the railway with the river course as the main communication route. It also
gives importance to the division between the settlement and the purely industrial part that arise along the
river; These spaces are defined by a precise hierarchy of streets. Railway and motorway are located
close to the industries, while a main road runs parallel to connect the various towns: from this wind the
third degree communication routes of close service of the local, almost autonomous so that one does
not discharge on the other.

41. Le Corbusier's ville radieuse

Le Corbusier elaborates the project of the "Ville Radieuse", a model of modern city for a million and a
half inhabitants in which there is a clear reversal between private and public spaces. Clearly divide the
functions (zoning):
- Areas for residence
- Areas for work (light and heavy industries)
The city intended for business and special activities (universities, administrative offices, etc.) It is a
modernist discourse that does not take into account the "genius loci".
The starting point is the residence, composed of housing cells juxtaposed to form a macro building in
line, which bends at right angles according to two orientations: the redent. The buildings and highways
run every 400 m, raised on pilotis, leaving the land free that becomes a passable park within which public
services are located. Differentiate the viability:
- Diagonal roads intended for fast traffic and raised on pilotis Main roads in turn divided into three types
according to importance.
 - Connecting roads in turn divided into three types according to importance Pedestrian paths protected
by shelters.
The result is a city open to nature but functional, through hierarchical communication routes.

42. The main characteristics of theUrban Planning of the Modern Movement.

That of the Modern Movement is undoubtedly an urban planning dominated by a strong rationalism, and
engaged in the constant search for maximum functionality. The movement had as its objectives:
-the improvement of the housing conditions of the industrial proletariat, through the design of houses
with a minimum endowment, accessible to the lower classes.
-improvement of cities as a whole, all through a set of universally recognized rational principles.
The Modern Movement, in general, is based on the importance of the usefulness of a building and its
efficiency. The materials and the construction system are only subordinate to this first requirement and
the beauty lies precisely in the relationship between building and purpose, or in its functionality.
The Modern Movement also stipulates the Athens Charter (1938) which sets out the fundamental
principles of the Modern Movement. The document in 95

points, attempts to enunciate and establish the fundamental principles of the contemporary city and
proposed as fundamental points:
- the house independent of the street
- the formation of business centers
- the portal distinction between residential and office buildings
- the circulation of car traffic distinct from pedestrian routes
- the equipment of gardens, playgrounds, cultural institutions
It supports the theory of zoning, i.e. the division of neighborhoods and the diversification of buildings
according to the functions that people perform within the city, and which are reduced to four: living,
working, having fun, moving.
One of the most important exponents of this period was Le Corbusier, of whom we remember in particular
the Plan Voisin for Paris, the ville Radieuse and the plan for Algiers.

43. The main elements of the square in history.

Historically the square is one of the fundamental elements in the city, because it was and is considered
the center of city life, from an economic, social, religious point of view.
Historically, in fact, the square can be defined as a space for public use and of significant architectural
and urban quality, the center of convergence or center of gravity of a given urban territory.
There is no prototype of square, they often arise from a need of the population and assumes a specific
identity based on the very function for which it is made, but we can recognize some common elements:
- Commonplace for citizens within a well-established urban center
- The square can perform different functions depending on the client commercial use, civil use, religious
use, military use
Attention to the relationships between open spaces and closed spaces: providing a perimeter to the
square is essential to uniquely delimit the space and to avoid the feeling of dispersion; However, it is
necessary to insert openings, both to allow circulation but also to allow perspective views with the
adjacent spaces of the city.
There are two basic types of marketplaces that have developed in Europe.
- The Mediterranean square: well-defined space in its entirety, through the presence of buildings along
the perimeter arranged with a uniform trend and with facades that tended to be regular, whose access
was allowed only to the inhabitants of the houses that overlooked this.
The British did not make a great contribution to modern urbanism, they used only two elements:
- the square, a very simple square, which is not always a paved square but is often a garden not even
public but private, green space almost always fenced because for the exclusive use of the owners of the
houses that gave on this; It is therefore a private garden that has a public view. In the central point of the
 square there is usually a garden and not a monument or something built, because for the Anglo-Saxon
culture the naturalistic aspect is fundamental while in the rationalist and classical culture the central and
fundamental element is a square, a monument and something that is for public use.
Another type of English square is the crescent (or circus), a novelty brought by Anglo-Saxon urbanism,
where the fundamental aspect is the curvilinear shape that is preferred to the rational form. Crescent
means taking a building and curving it.
The crescent has elements of value because it is very democratic because more or less everyone has
an equal view of the context, of the landscape, which is impossible if you have a rectangular courtyard,
and then you have the privilege of overlooking a large open park. It is the circular or elliptical shape that
commands the crescent. This is a type used a lot in the nineteenth century, also exported to Germany,
to Berlin but which was successful especially in England. The most important crescent is the Royal
Crescent in Bath built in 1769.
For us in the central point it would be very normal to have a square, but here there is a garden. Howard
in the definition of the garden city, years later, puts at the center of the city a garden, a central park.
Typical of Anglo-Saxon culture.
A great Anglo-Saxon exception instead Piccadilly Circus which is a square and not a garden.
The public dimension is an element of strong differentiation between the two types. In the European
environment, the square has always played a role of primary importance, both from an economic and
commercial point of view, and from one more closely linked to the human dimension linked to relations
and political activities.

44. The main criticisms of the Modern Movement and the International style.
The Modern Movement had reworked the culture of architecture and building both in Europe and in
America, creating an International Style.
The main criticisms against MM are made above all against the presumed universality of its principles
and the loss of any sentimental and occasional bond with the original social, economic and productive
structure. What was deeply criticized, however, was in particular the lack of attention that the
movement paid to local instances and the characteristics of each territory. The same five points of
architecture promoted by Le Corbusier are an emblem of this lack of consideration towards individual
regional realities, all this translates into the possibility of designing a building potentially suitable for
each region but at the same time unable to conform to the context. In urban matters the same
happens, his Ville Radieuse is nothing more than a utopian project, which aims to be realized in every
part of the world, regardless of the context, whether of an anthropic or natural nature.
It is important to refer to a current that is formed around the English journal "Architectural Review"
which poses the problem of deepening the Modern Movement and trying to verify its results, criticizing
it. Since the nineteenth century there had been an attempt to create an orderly and hygienically
appropriate system within the cities, and the teachings of the Bauhaus had contributed to this in the
first part of the twentieth century. At the threshold of the late 50s we begin to question this way of
proceeding, not the validity of the teachings but their limitations. The criticism lies in the fixity and
rigidity: man feels the link with the genius loci (study of the environment, interaction of place and
identity) but is forced to live in a city without architectural quality. We take it for granted that the
quantitative problem has been solved, so it is necessary to worry about the qualitative aspect: the
Modern Movement focuses a lot on standardization and industrialization, losing the link with the place.
In the sixties an attempt was made to overcome the international architectural order often seen as
inhuman and alienating, in an attempt to provide new stimuli for an architecture closer to the
psychological, emotional and memory needs of people, especially in its application to urban themes.

45. The contribution of the Scandinavian countries: the Copenhagen Plan

46. Main features of the city and the medieval square
47. Main characteristics of the city and the Renaissance square
48. Main features of the city and the Baroque square
49. Main differences between the history square and the modern square, give some examples
The historic squares have not only an urban character but also an economic, social, functional and
ritual character. Historically, in fact, the square can be defined as a space for public use and of
significant architectural and urban quality, the center of convergence or center of gravity of a given
urban territory.
The central square or the system of squares form the heart of the city and are bordered by the main
city monuments.
In most cases the historical design of the square is a succession of various interventions in the same
context, continuously modified and redefined according to proven methods of visual-scenographic and
functional relationships between public and private, between monument and empty space. Examples of
what has been said so far are St. Peter's Square, the Campidoglio, Campo dei Miracoli, Piazza del
Campo (Siena).
In 800 instead this idea of square is put in crisis by the phenomenon of centralization of large masses
of people from the countryside to the city that brings as a first consequence the intensification of urban
traffic which, with the increase of mechanical means of transport and with the continuous increase in
speed, required an increase in space. Then they went to widen the streets and squares going to
"destroy" all those proportional relationships between the square and surrounding buildings.
Modern squares differ both in the construction process and in the conformation itself: they are often
designed as a place in front of a new public building built, and therefore at the time of their conception
they are simply confused as a place of extension of the building itself; No attention is paid to the
relationship between the dimensions of adjacent buildings, to the relationship between open spaces
and closed spaces, to perspective views: often even the resulting elements, the leftovers between
buildings, widening between the streets are defined as "squares" for traffic needs. If you are in a
modern square you do not feel that typical sense of belonging that you perceive in a medieval square,
rather than Renaissance.
The square becomes a wide, wide open space and urban planning no longer distinguished the square
according to its function (commercial, religious, administrative). Historic square: Piazza delle erbe (Vr)
(commercial function). Modern square: Place de Notre Dame.

50. Main differences between Owen's New Harmony and Fourier's phalanstery
Owen's New Harmony consists of a large quadrilateral building unit, designed for a settlement of
between 500 and 1500 people and had to be as autonomous as possible. The principle on which New
Harmony is based is the firm belief that people are the product of their environment and that improving
the environment improves people and their productivity.
On the perimeter there were adult accommodation, dormitories for boys, guesthouse and infirmary; At
the center there would be services and public buildings: church, school, leisure spaces, kitchen and
refectory; and outside the square in an area close to the houses there were giordini and vegetable
gardens, and at a safe distance there would have been laboratories and industries.
From Owen's model, Howard's theories and the Garden City model are born.
Fourier's theory, on the other hand, criticizes competition between social classes and theorizes a
reform of society capable of guaranteeing the free satisfaction of individual tendencies, while
respecting the rights of others. He argues that we should not be interested in the territory, because
man is at the center.
Fourier proposes for a community of 1000-1700 the "Falansterio" or "Familìsterio", a building unit in
which people had to live in the form of a community, which contained within it residential and
productive functions, public and private. The idea is to create a machine for living, a real city within the
building.
The positioning of these communities took into account road and rail transport networks.
Inside the building we would find public activities in the center of the building: dining rooms, the library,
the temple, the observatory, the greenhouse and the main structures of the community; In the two
 wings were located the activities that should not interfere with domestic activities: in one wing noisy
workshops, carpentry, boys, while in the other ballroom and public relations room. In the rest of the
space there are housing and other collective places. Looking at the building in section on the ground
floor there are places for production and driveways; In the mezzanine there are dormitories for children
and the elderly, on the first floor public spaces, on floors 2 and 3 the lodgings and finally in the attic the
guesthouse and water tanks. Finally, an innovative and important element is the covered gallery that
from the first floor connects the various points of the building and is triple height.
The Falansterio project is accompanied by a meticulous financial plan that divides the investment in
shares among the different members of the community.
From Fourier takes inspiration Le Corbusier for his Unité d'Habitation and one of his pupils, Godin who
founds the Falansterio, an industrial village built in France in Guise. Today, unfortunately, it has been
demolished.
- Rationalist Fourier: no interest in the environment; Owen naturalist: environment must be built at the
service of man.
- Fourier all in one building: recreational, productive, daily life while Owen separates them.

51. The main elements of the plan of Sixtus V in Rome

Rome had with the Roman Empire a great expansion and then a remarkable decadence, but between
the '500 and' 600 thanks to the push given by the Renaissance and the Baroque, the city returns to be
the center of the world and therefore needs a series of modernization plans that bring it back to its original
magnificence.
Sixtus V ordered the completion and tracing from scratch of some large straight roads, thanks to which
he intended to connect the main basilicas of the city. To emphasize the function of spectacular
perspective telescopes, symbolically uniting places in the city even very distant, Sixtus V erected four
grandiose obelisks so that anyone could recognize at a glance the place to go from anywhere in the city.
They stand tall in St. Peter's Square, Esquiline Square, St. John Lateran Square and Piazza del Popolo.
The soaring of these slender stone colossi assumes the dual urban significance of extraordinary
monumental and religious emergency and triumph of the Counter-Reformation over one of the most
classic symbols of paganism.
This will be what inspired Haussmann and Napoleon III in the reorganization of Paris.
The Aurelian walls are maintained; In fact, these have a considerable extension compared to the walls
of other cities and are not a particular constraint.
That of Sixtus V in Rome can be considered the first urban operation because we do not talk about
building but about demolishing: we try to put our hands to the existing city to give continuity of relationship
between the existing city and the city of the future.

52. The main elements of the expansion plan of Ferrara of Ercole I and Biagio Rossetti.

53. The problems caused by the Industrial Revolution to cities

The urban conditions of the productive class were miserable: dictated by overcrowding, due to the
migration of labor from the countryside, the industrial cities that sprang up near the factories lacked basic
sanitation, such as water supply, sewage and hospitals. In these unhealthy and dilapidated environments
it was very easy to contract infectious diseases, and consequently life expectancy in those cities suffered
a big drop. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, the condition of the workers deteriorated
considerably.

54. Concepts and objectives of K Lynch figurability

Kevin Lynch in his book The image of the city, starting from the analysis of the contemporary urban
fabric, develops a treatment that aims to clearly define the methods and techniques for a valid urban
design. Lynch, in fact, realizes that the spatial complexity of cities has led man to have difficulties in
identifying places and orientation. Vividness and coherence of the environmental image are identified as
 indispensable conditions for the enjoyment and use of the city; These characteristics are found in those
places with a marked legibility and figurability.
By figurability Lynch means "the quality that gives a physical object a high probability of evoking in each
observer a vigorous image". This is a basic concept in Lynch's theory precisely because it argues that
people in urban contexts orient themselves by means of mind maps, these are the result of both a past
memory and an immediate sensation.
Figurability, however, is not necessarily something fixed, limited, precise or orderly.

55. The categories used by K. Lynch in the image of the city

From the data collected during his study, Lynch was able to identify the elements that underlie the
environmental image in the perception of contemporary cities. The elements examined are directly linked
to the immediate perception of an urban area, and are:
- paths: "They are the channels along which the observer habitually, occasionally or potentially", they
represent for the majority of respondents "the predominant urban element", as they identify the place of
movement of the observer; Therefore, in most cases they form the basis of the mental image of every
citizen. The importance of the routes is obviously linked to orientation and movement in the city and their
design particularly affects the clarity and efficiency of an urban design.
- margins: "They are linear elements not considered paths", they function as lateral references and
acquire strength and identity if continuous and with a strong directionality. The margins do not necessarily
have to be considered as barricades, but can be perceived as "unifying sutures".
- neighborhoods: "They are relatively large urban areas, in which the observer can mentally penetrate,
and which possess some general characteristics"
- knots: "They are the strategic foci in which the observer can enter, they are typical conjunctions of paths
or concentrations of some characteristics"
- references: "are point elements considered external to the observer, they are simple physical elements
that can vary widely in scale"
The interrelation of the elements is therefore a very important phase of urban design: Lynch highlights
how an environment cannot be perceived with a single mental image, but with a set of images arranged
according to different levels of organization.

56. Main differences in the three K. Lynch case studies

To understand the role of environmental images in the lives of citizens, the author developed a research
on specific urban areas and studied the behaviors of its inhabitants. The three cities examined are
Boston, Los Angeles and Jersey city.
For each city, Lynch followed a standard pattern characterized by:
- systematic inspection: carried out by a person who does not live in that city.
- interviews with a sample of citizens
Boston: takes it as a type of historic city, comparable to the European city, with curved shapes and
streets. It's not really an American city, at least in its historic center. It turned out to be a very
understandable city. In the case of the representative sample the center is very clear, even if there are
areas that are not perceived, such as that of the port. The most recognizable element is the
neighborhood. In Lynch's time, the city was split by a highway dividing the port city from the inhabited
city. Now the fracture is made by a linear park.
Los Angeles: it is a widespread city, dispersed, with a regular mesh and an abnormal size. It is the
witness of most American cities that are born according to a geometric grid and are amplified like wildfire.
Being very structured in the paths, these are easily perceived. Unlike Boston where the main element is
the neighborhood here the main element is the viability, Los Angeles is a city built for cars, like all
American cities.
Jersey city: it is a fairly small city for the United States, the most widespread type: that of an anonymous
city, with poor qualities. The representative sample recognizes only small pieces, it can be a city without
 qualities, in which people live but cannot feel it as their own, to characterize it. People perceived it only
as a transit zone.

57. Serial views as analysis and design tools

In his book Townscape Cullen provides a very simple and empirical theory. The purpose of the book is
to take all the elements that contribute to the creation of an urban environment and weave them together.
Unlike Lynch, Cullen is not interested in structure, but in serial views, a series of frames or sketches that
show how the city is perceived by citizens.
The drawings must be in the bare minimum, because a human brain cannot store a very high number of
details, so it is necessary to reduce the images to what characterizes their diversity, the process. The
method of serial visions allows you to create images easily absorbed by the observer, which allow him
to recognize that place, because put in a row they create an idea of vision. This vision identifies a path,
important because it defines a verse that must give meaning to the place.
Cullen's method wants to give an image of the public city, in fact in the various sketches there are no
private buildings.

58. Some instrumental categories of townscape

Gordon Cullen in his book tries to analyze the urban context focusing not on structural elements like
Lynch but on perceptions, on the sensations that a person feels when he is inside the city. Identify a
number of categories:
- Possession: everything stems from the fact that man has colonized space for social and commercial
reasons.
- Occupied territory: where there is a place of shadow.
- Possession in motion: possession of the man that involves movement, such as when creating the queue
to go to mass.
- nenclave: "interior open to the outside" set of closed spaces and open spaces connected to each other,
one cannot exist without the other.
- Enclusure: it is the square, the end point to which man wants to arrive.
- Delimited space: space that, despite being open, is divided by even light separation elements.
- House lock: creates a balance between fluidity of the streets and an enclave.
- Here and there: here is the place where we are, there is the place we see.
- Level changes: lowering of altitude causes feelings of inferiority

59. Main differences between Lynch's method and Cullen's method

The goal of Lynch and Cullen is the same, that is, to understand how an urban context is made and
look for a method to facilitate reading. The approach used by the two, however, is very different.
Lynch uses an analytical method that consists in outlining urban and territorial planning criteria of a
strongly rational nature, with a scientific approach. In fact, Lynch tries to define with a few parameters a
method of reading an urban context of a city to determine its structure.
Lynch introduces the concept of imageability, referring to the ability of an urban plant to remain etched
in the mind and memory. The method he proposes is to choose a sample of inhabitants and to submit
them first to an interview and then to have them draw a map of their city. From this it emerges clearly
what are the focal points of the urban context.
Observing the results obtained, he understands that the margin of subjectivity is high and that the
knowledge of the city depends a lot on the class, sex and age of the interviewee. More specifically, this
method involves obtaining at the end two representative images of the city, that of the population and
that of the experts. By superimposing the drawn maps it is possible to notice the differences and obtain
what are the elements that the population recognizes and that identify their city and what are the
services to be improved as they are neglected within the synthesis of citizens.
 After studying the results obtained, Lynch identifies what are the fundamental elements within an urban
center: margins, paths, nodes, neighborhoods and references.
Cullen, on the other hand, criticizes this rigidity and fixity, looking for a reading system that is a simple
way of understanding urban spaces, introducing the concept of serial vision, or a series of frames taken
in succession at strategic points.
Cullen, in order to study an urban context or in order to design a new city, proposes to identify with a
person and to imagine a journey through a path: reasoning through serial visions it is possible to grasp
fundamental perceptual and qualitative elements and then design, arrange and redevelop the place. At
the end of his analysis, he also identifies a series of elements, but it is a different classification, more
perceptive than functional: he speaks of possession, occupied territory, enclosures, enclaves, delimited
space.
If Lynch proposes an analytical and morphological reading of the place, thanks to the identification of
the points and neuralgic paths of the city, focusing more on the functional importance (therefore linked
to a concept of daily experience within the context), Cullen instead focuses more on visual perception,
focuses on what is really seen, creating a main path in an urban context.

60. Elements characterizing Cullen's theory

Gordon Cullen's Empirical Theory, called Town Escape, is based on a tool called "serial visions" that
aims to understand how a representative sample or otherwise people read the urban context. Such a
method requires a figurative explanation to grasp the main aspects. The goal is to document a change
of vision through rational representative serial images. Cullen looks for a reading system that is a simple
way of understanding urban spaces, introducing the concept of serial vision, or a series of frames taken
in succession at strategic points.
G. Cullen, in order to study an urban context or in order to design a new city, proposes to identify with a
person and to imagine a journey through a path. Reasoning through serial visions it is possible to grasp
fundamental perceptual and qualitative elements and then design, arrange and redevelop the place. At
the end of his analysis he identifies a series of elements, through a perceptual classification.
The elements are:
- Possession: occupied territory, advantages, enclosures, focal points, internal visions, etc. are all
forms of possession;
- Occupied territory: more static and busy environment. The content of the possession includes:
floorscape (ground level), palisades, canopies, surrounded areas, focal points, fenced places;
- Possession in motion: predefined paths;
- Enclosure: road with partition flanked by a space that has its own pertizione not necessarily
concluded;
- Focal point: vertical symbol of a collectivity;
- Enclaves: porticoed space with a succession of different spaces;
- Delimited space: spaces delimited by even small elements (ES: trees);
- Squares: city for pedestrians with houses leaning against each other;
- Indoor and outdoor space: if the exterior is inhabited, the people who live there will try to adapt the
landscape in the same way as they did for the interior (ES: outdoor tables gathered under the lights
and the parliament that is in the background as if it were a piece of furniture;
- Block house: isolated;
- Level change: being at a lower level creates inferiority, being at a higher level gives a sense of power;
- Discerning view;
- Division of space: division through material elements;
- Fluctuation: disconnection of alignments;
- Ripple: crescent;
- Relationships: between structural and natural elements;
- Kinetic unit: e.g. street lamps highlight the road.
G. Cullen focuses more on visual perception, focuses on what you really see, creating a main path in an
urban context. Finally, one of the most important features of this theory is the application of the concept
of Genius Loci, or the importance of knowing the place.
61. Main elements of the Metropolitan City and metro systems
The concept of metropolitan city was introduced for the first time with Law no. 142/1990, on the reform
of the system of local authorities. This law lists the cities that will be considered under this new name and
also the other municipalities whose settlements have close integration with them with regard to economic
activities, services essential to social life, as well as cultural relations and territorial characteristics.
In this area the local administration is divided into metropolitan cities and municipalities, and the rules
relating to the provinces apply to it. It is convenient to be a metropolitan city for the many benefits and
incentives that are received. The Delrio Law 56/2014 decreases the number of metropolitan cities by
giving a minimum threshold of 1 million inhabitants and regulates the institution in place of the provinces
as a large area entity.
The metropolitan cities were established in an attempt to kill the provinces, which unlike these derive
from a historical-administrative perpetration, while for a metropolis we see more administrative-legislative
and at most political aspects. From an administrative point of view it is quite simple to collect an area
(which can also extend to the entire province or to several provinces) and make it a metropolitan area,
which is also economically convenient, leading to obtaining a series of subsidies at European level. In
Veneto there are two contexts that could be defined as metropolitan cities:
Central Veneto: PATREVE (Padua-Treviso-Venice, with the addition of Vicenza and the area of the
Pedemontana Verona-Brescia.

62. Territory, Environment and Landscape, definitions and main differences.

Territory, environment and landscape are three terms that are often used
improperly as synonyms.
- the first, the smallest one, contains the territory: physical support of the earth, of nature with everything
that is on it and is a totally physical concept, it is what I can represent on a cartography;
- The second set is the environment: it is the whole of the territory plus all the relationships
Human;
- The greatest set of all is the landscape that includes the environment (material component) plus the
cultural aspect of man (immaterial component).

63. The difference between GIS and SIT

The SIT (Geographic Information Systems) are analysis and decision-making tools, organized in a
complex of men and procedures, for the acquisition, distribution and organization of data, aimed at the
rational exploitation of resources.

GIS (Geographical Information System) are the IT component of the SIT. They are the containers of
territorial information that lead to the creation of thematic maps relating to the many aspects of the
territory: cadastral maps, geo-environmental maps, regional technical maps.

64. The use of SIT in spatial planning

The SIT is the territorial information system, it is a tool for organizing spatial data that associates data of
various kinds to the reference cartographic bases. Its objective is to provide cognitive elements and
interpretative readings, which must be present in the preparation of the plans for the government of the
territory. It must refer to the natural and ecosystem aspects of the territory and the objects of planning.

66. The main differences between Building Permit, Building Permit and Building Permit
At first there was the building permit which consisted of a simple authorization that the municipality
gave to the private individual to be able to build on the land owned by him.

With the law 10 of 1977 (the Bucalossi) the building permit was replaced by the building permit which,
unlike the first, was for consideration as the municipality guaranteed the citizen the primary urbanization
 works that therefore involve a certain cost. The charges are divided into primary urbanization works,
secondary urbanization works and construction cost tax.

Subsequently, with the consolidated text in 2001, the concession was replaced by the building permit,
also for consideration, but only necessary for certain categories of interventions such as new
construction, urban restructuring or restructuring interventions in type A areas with variation of volumes
or change of intended use.

67. Main differences between Urban Volume and Building Volume

The urban volume consists of the sum of the products of the gross surface area of each floor above
ground (Slp: gross floor area) for the relative gross height (3m private buildings, 3.5m commercial).
Building "volume" (V) is defined as the volume obtained by multiplying the total gross useful area (Sul)
of the individual floors by the net internal height (Hin) of each floor or room (also cellars and attics).
Ve>Vu

69. Substantial differences between ordinary maintenance, extraordinary maintenance, building

renovation, conservative restoration, new construction, urban restructuring
Ordinary maintenance interventions are building interventions that concern the repair, renovation and
replacement of building finishes and those necessary to maintain the efficiency of existing technological
systems.

Extraordinary maintenance interventions are those intended for the realization of works and modifications
to renew or replace structural parts of existing buildings and the construction and integration of sanitary
and technological services.

Building renovation: set of interventions aimed at transforming building organisms through a set of works
that can lead to a building organism in whole or in part different from the previous one.

The restoration and conservative rehabilitation interventions aim to preserve and recover the building
organism respecting its typological, formal, structural, architectural and artistic elements.

"New construction" includes any building intervention that produces an effective impact on the territory
and therefore works of any kind, "in the soil" and "on the ground", suitable for modifying the state of the
places determining a significant transformation.

Urban renovation interventions, i.e. those aimed at replacing the existing urban-building fabric with
another different, through a systematic set of building interventions, also with the modification of the
design of the lots, blocks and road network.

70. The main aims of the Veneto LR no. 14 of 2017.

The Law provides for the containment of land consumption and urban regeneration. It was issued through
a European directive that aims to limit land consumption to zero by 2050.
Soil is a limited and non-renewable resource, it is a common good of fundamental importance for the
quality of life of current and future generations, for the protection of health. It can be applied through the
planning of land use and the progressive and controlled reduction of its artificial cover.

71. The main definitions introduced by Veneto LR no. 14 of 2017

(a) natural and semi-natural area: all non-impermeable areas earmarked for public green areas, areas
of environmental continuity and areas intended for agricultural activity;
(b) agricultural area;
(c) land consumption: the increase in the natural and semi-natural area affected by soil sealing measures,
the calculation of land consumption shall be derived from the balance between those areas and those
restored to natural and semi-natural surface;
(d) soil sealing: a change in the nature or cover of the soil which eliminates soil permeability, preventing
rainwater from reaching the aquifer naturally; this change occurs mainly through urbanisation measures;
e) areas of consolidated urbanization: the set of parts of the territory already built-up, that is, everything
that is not natural, semi-natural, agricultural. It includes all ZTOs except E and sports parks and facilities
in ZTO F. The planned areas are also covered by the AUCs (subdivision plan approved but not yet
adopted is part of the AUCs).
f) incongruous works or elements of degradation: buildings and other artifacts, subject to building
and environmental requalification;
(g) degraded urban areas: areas falling within the scope of consolidated urbanisation, characterised by
one or more of the following characteristics:
1) building decay;
2) urban decay;
3) socio-economic degradation;
4) environmental degradation;
h) urban regeneration areas: areas falling within the areas of consolidated urbanization, characterized
by activities of considerable consistency, abandoned or to be disposed of, incompatible with the
landscape, environmental or urban context, these areas are subject to sustainable urban regeneration
programs;
(i) mitigation: measures to maintain soil functions and reduce adverse effects;