Yakin A Patel DCE600 Assignment 1 2023

Department of Engineering
DCE600 (v1)
Land Information Systems
Assessment #1
(DCE600-A1-V1 Assignment)
Time Allowed 4 Weeks
Total Marks 100

Final Weighting: 40%
Lecturer: Zeeshan Shaikh
STUDENT NAME ID
Yakin A Patel DCE168A
LO No. Question No. Marks Marks Obtained
LO – 1A 1 20
20
LO – 1B 2
LO – 1C 3 10
LO – 2A 4 15
10
LO – 2B 5
LO – 2C 6 15
LO – 4A 7 10
TOTAL 100
Final % =40
© International College of Auckland DCE600-A1-V1 Assignment 1

Please Note:
1. This open book assessment is a part of the final mark of this paper. You must complete this
assessment if you wish to be eligible to pass this paper.
2. This assessment is based on various scenarios, evaluation of research paper, current practicesin
New Zealand and numerical design problems.
3. Ensure that this cover sheet is filled in and attached to your completed closed-book test.
4. You are required to answer ALL questions.
5. You can provide theoretical answers using word/pdf and should be submitted through Turnitin.
6. Turnitin Similarity index is kept up to 20% maximum.
7. Research papers and other information from a variety of sources including ICA subscribe
ScienceDirect database (www.sciencedirect.com).
8. Write your answers on answer sheets attached with this assessment. Any extra sheet you needwill
be provided by the examiner during the exam.
9. Your handwriting must be neat and legible; otherwise, you will not receive the marks allocatedfor
the question(s) which are not legible.
10. Cheating. Students caught cheating during the exam will be marked ZERO marks with no
possibility for re-sits.
11. Appeal. If you are not satisfied with the marks received for this Assessment, you may appeal for
reconsideration by completing the ASSESSMENT APPEAL form (Form 7.3). All Appeals must be
submitted through your lecturer WITHIN 3 DAYS from the receipt of your assessment result.
12. Refer to your Student Handbook for regulations relating to Resubmission/Reassessment/Retest.
These must be applied for WITHIN 3 DAYS from the dateAssessment Feedback is provided by the
lecturer. All applications are to be submitted to your lecturer.
Assessment Instructions:
1. Enter your name and ID number in the space provided above.

2. Write your student ID and the question number on each extra page and enclose it in the book
adjacent to the relevant question.
3. CROSS OUT any work that you do not wish to have marked.
4. Show ALL working in calculations to obtain full marks. Any question that does not ask for
numerical answers to a specified accuracy, answers should be rounded appropriately.

Candidate Declaration
I confirm that I have read and understood the conditions of this assessment and have had the
opportunity to get any clarification that I need from my assessor. Any health and safety requirementsthat
I must observe have been outlined. I confirm that all work completed for this assessment is my own and
has been produced without assistance from anyone else. Finally, I confirm that the process by which I
may seek a review of the marking for this assessment has been outlined to me.
Signed: Yakin Patel (candidate) Date: 01/08/2023

Learning Outcome One
Critically review and explain fundamental principles of land information systems.
Key Elements Covered:

A: Critically review land information systems and principles of levelling and surveying in accordance with
current industry practices.
Range: It may include but not limited to development of land information systems in New Zealand,understanding
principles of levelling and surveying and use of measurement instruments.
Question 1 & 2: [Marks=40]

Introduction
The following abstract of paper “Building Floor Levels and Verticality Surveys – Data Capture and Presentation
Using a Canterbury Example” by Phil DEWAR is provided. This paper is published in New Zealand Institute of
Surveyors’ conference 2016.
The paper is available at

http://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2016/papers/ts06b/TS06B_dewar_8227.pdf
You can also download this research paper from ICA Moodle: http://moodle.ica.ac.nz/.
Abstract
This paper presents personal experiences of the Canterbury earthquake, before reviewing some of the field data
capture and presentation practices that have been adopted. Specific focus is given to surveys of buildings and
structures that measure vertical condition and floor levels. This paper presents challenges, considerations,and
recommendations for field practice, including equipment selection and measurement procedures, and data
presentation, developed from experiences of carrying out such surveys in Christchurch over the past five and a
half years.
Question 1: [Marks 20]
Critically review the data capturing or surveying techniques used in the paper including:
o Survey technique for Structure Vertical Condition (200 words)
o Survey technique for Floor Level Measurement (200 words)
o Compare at least one of the above technique with trivial survey techniques (100 words)
Please note that providing only a description is not acceptable. A critique of 500 words is required for the
survey techniques.
Question 2: [Marks 20]
PART A: [Marks 10]
Concerning above paper, critically review the techniques a chartered professional civil engineer/
surveyor should use during

o building vertical condition data presentation (200 words)

o floor levels data presentation (200 words)
Please note that providing only a description is not acceptable. A critical review of 400 words is required for the
data presentation techniques is required.
PART B: [Marks 10]
Evaluate the role and responsibilities of a professional Civil Engineer as part of a survey team:

Learning Outcome Two
Critically review underlying concepts of curves and apply analytical methods to solve curve related problems.
Key Elements Covered:

a) Critically review underlying concepts of curves in accordance with current industry practices.
Range: It may include but not limited to types of horizontal and vertical curves and their application in civil
engineering projects.
b) Apply analytical methods to solve curve related problems.
Range: It may include but not limited to solve the problems related to principal elements of curves: azimuths,
chord distances and coordinates, and vertical curves: crest and sag vertical curves.
Question 3 [Marks=10]
PART A [Marks 5]
You are leading a team of civil design engineers who are assigned a task to design a vertical curve as part of a road
design. You need to explain to the team what design considerations should be made for a standard vertical curve
design and a Sag vertical curve design. Propose at least six design considerations for vertical curve designs and at
least four design considerations for Sag vertical curve designs. Refer to New Zealand State Highway Geometric
Design Manual while answering this question.
PART B [Marks 5]
Three tangent sections of a grade line are shown in profile view in Figure 1. Determine the gradient of each
tangent section and the elevation at each full station along the tangents.
740
Sta. 1+000
Elev. 738.50
Sta. 1+700
Elev. 732.00
g1
730
Rise1
g2 Rise1
g3
Rise1
Run1 Run2
720
Sta. 1+400
Elev. 720.00
Run3
Sta. 1+975
Elev. 714.50
710
900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
Figure1: Profile View

PART A [Marks 5]
Two highway tangents intersect with a right intersection angle I = 12°30’00” at station 0+152.204m. If the radius
of 300m is to be used for the circular curve, prepare the field notes to the nearest full minute as needed to lay out
the curve with stakes at 20m intervals. Refer to New Zealand State Highway Geometric Design Manual while
solving this question.
PART B [Marks 10]
Two straight roads meet at an angle of 130°. Calculate the necessary data for setting out a circular curve of 15
chains radius between the roads by the perpendicular offset method. The length of one chain is 20m.
Making the use of the following data, determine the coordinates of PC, PT, and the apex of the curve.
a) Coordinates of a control point X = E 1200 m, N 1500 m
b) Distance of X from PI = 100 m
c) Bearing of line joining IX = 320°
d) Angle between IX and back tangent = 90°
Refer to New Zealand State Highway Geometric Design Manual while solving this question.

LEARNING OUTCOME THREE
Critically review and explain underlying concepts of contemporary positioning systems in accordance with
current industry practices.
Key Elements Covered

a) Critically review and explain the fundamental concepts of coordinate systems, and datum transformations in
accordance with current industry practices.
Range: It may include but not limited to coordinate systems, datum transformations, the relationship of latitudeand
longitude to ground distances, types of geodetic datum.
A geographic coordinate includes latitude, longitude and ellipsoidal height and can be represented with the
help of datum such as New Zealand standards: NZGD2000 and NZGD1949. You need to review the types of
geodetic datum including:
1. critical analysis of different types of datum used worldwide and in New Zealand (250 words)
2. conversion methods between different data (250 words)
3. conversion example between one of the following:
o NZGD1949 - NZGD2000
o WGS84 - NZGD2000
o CIGD1979-NZGD2000 (250 words)
Please note that providing only a brief description is not acceptable. A critical analysis of 750 words is required
that is supported with appropriate diagrams, equations, and tables.

LEARNING OUTCOME FOUR
Critically review and explain land development, subdivision process and cadastral survey system in New Zealand.
KEY ELEMENTS Covered

a) Evaluate the land development and subdivision processes in accordance with current New Zealandpractices.
Range: It may include but not limited to elements of land development and subdivision processes.
b) Critically review and use the cadastral survey system in New Zealand.
Range: It may include but not limited to the geodetic system in New Zealand, Geodetic networks, Geodetic Datum
1949, Geodetic Datum 2000, conversions between NZGD49 and NZGD2000, vertical datum and projections.
c) Demonstrate professional practices in the use of land development, subdivision process and cadastral
survey system.
Range: Professional practices may include the consideration of consent, AS/NZS ISO 19115.1:2015, Assessmentof
environmental effects and Ethical and cultural considerations
You are a chartered professional engineer and deal in civil works and surveying. A customer contacted you to
help to subdivide his 800Sqm land in a southern suburb of Auckland. It has already 200Sqm building on the land.
He is interested in dividing the land into two separate parts to enable him to sell or carry out land development.
As an expert, you need to explain and guide him to land subdivision processes. You will need to write a brief
analysis of the customer and must include
1. subdivision types (100 words)

2. consent requirements (100 words)
3. subdivision processes including feasibility assessment, budget costings, survey, scheme plan and
timelines (300 words)
Please note that providing only a brief description is not acceptable. A critical analysis of 500 words is required for
the subdivision and land development process for the above requirements.
Introduction:
Land Information New Zealand implemented a geocentric datum: New Zealand Geodetic Datum (NZGD) 2000 to
meet New Zealand’s spatial positioning needs in 1998. The details on the research and development of
NZGD2000 can be found on http://www.linz.govt.nz/.
Task: Critically review and explain the NZGD2000 development process in New Zealand, and you must include
 a comparison between NZGD2000 with the previous datum NZGD49 (200 words)
 features and working principles of NZGD2000 (200 words)
 the impact of NZGD2000 on Cadastral Surveys and Mapping (200 words)
 a feature of the vertical datum in NZGD2000 (100 words)
Please note that providing only a brief description is not acceptable. A critical review of 500 words is requiredfor
the data presentation techniques is required.

Course name: Land Information System

Course code: DCE600 –A1–V1 – Assignment 1
Student Name: Yakin A Patel
Student Id: DCE168A
Question: 1
Introduction:
The following abstract of paper “Building Floor Levels and Verticality Surveys – Data Capture and
Presentation Using a Canterbury Example” by Phil DEWAR is provided. This paper is published in New
Zealand Institute of Surveyors’ conference 2016.
The paper is available at
http://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2016/papers/ts06b/TS06B_dewar_8227.pdf
You can also download this research paper from ICA Moodle: http://moodle.ica.ac.nz/.
Abstract:
This paper presents personal experiences of the Canterbury earthquake, before reviewing some of the field
data capture and presentation practices that have been adopted. Specific focus is given to surveys of
buildings and structures that measure vertical condition and floor levels. This paper presents challenges,
considerations, and recommendations for field practice, including equipment selection and measurement
procedures, and data presentation, developed from experiences of carrying out such surveys in
Christchurch over the past five and a half years.
Critically review the data capturing or surveying techniques used in the paper including:
o Survey technique for Structure Vertical Condition (200 words)
o Survey technique for Floor Level Measurement (200 words)
o Compare at least one of the above techniques with trivial survey techniques (100 words)
Please note that providing only a description is not acceptable. A critique of 500 words is required for the
survey techniques.
Solution:
Task:
 Survey technique for Structure Vertical Condition:
Measuring and documenting a building or structure's vertical alignment and deviations are common
survey approaches for evaluating a structure's vertical condition. Here are a few typical survey methods
applied in this situation:

Differential levelling: This technique entails measuring the vertical height variations between various
sites on the structure using a surveying tool, such as a digital level or an optical level. The foundation of
differential levelling is the idea of creating a transient standard and gauging height differences in
relation to that benchmark.
Figure 1 Differential Levelling
Laser scanning: Laser scanning, sometimes referred to as LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), is a
method that makes use of laser beams to gather precise three-dimensional (3D) data about the
structure. It can measure vertical surfaces precisely and locate structural abnormalities or
deformations.
Figure 2 Laser Scanning
Electronic theodolites and electronic distance meters: Electronic theodolites and electronic distance
meters (EDMs) are used in total station surveying to measure angles and distances. Information about
the vertical state of the structure can be obtained by measuring angles and distances to various spots
on the structure.

Figure 3 Electronic Theodolites and Electronic Distance Meters
Photogrammetry: To produce precise 3D models of the structure, photogrammetry entails taking

pictures of it from various perspectives. Data about the vertical condition can be gained by analyzing
these models.
Figure 4 Photogrammetry
Inclinometers: Instruments called inclinometers are used to gauge a structure's inclination or tilt. They
are frequently used to track the vertical movement or deformation of various types of structures,
including foundations, slopes, and retaining walls.
Figure 5 Inclinometers
The desired level of precision, the complexity of the structure, the amount of time available, and the
resources available all play a role in the survey approach selection. To achieve accurate and

trustworthy results, it is crucial to properly design the survey, choose the right tools, set up control
points, and adhere to measurement protocols.
I advise accessing the paper directly through the provided links if you want more specific information
and insights into the survey technique for structure vertical condition covered in the paper "Building
Floor Levels and Verticality Surveys - Data Capture and Presentation Using a Canterbury Example" by
Phil DEWAR. (Dewar, 2016)
 Survey technique for Floor Level Measurement:
Measurement of the floor level is an essential aspect of the earthquake assessment procedure,
especially for low-rise and one-story buildings. In Christchurch, operators with differing degrees of
training and experience have used a variety of floor measurement procedures. Level and staff
measurement, hydrostatic level measurement, total station measurement, and laser scanned point
cloud at points all over the floor are a few regularly used techniques.
Figure 6 Floor Level Measurement
Regardless of the method selected, there are several factors that surveyors must consider getting
accurate data and determining the present condition of the floor level. The equipment selected should
meet the survey's accuracy requirements and specifications. Surveyors must be aware of the accuracy.
with which the equipment operates, the demands of the customer, and the effectiveness of data
collection. Capturing floor levels with a digital precision level to a higher accuracy than what the client
demands might be more effective.
Floor level measurements must be performed by skilled and knowledgeable employees who are
familiar with identifying error sources, including error checks into processes, and comprehending the
accuracy of the data outputs linked to the equipment they are using. Manuals for unfamiliar equipment
might offer instructions on how to use it effectively and accurately.
Figure 7 Floor Level Measurement in Colouring Surface
To create a single reference surface and ensuring comparability throughout the building, it is essential
to measure and record the thicknesses of all floor coverings throughout the survey. The placements of
distinct floor points should be carefully considered when measuring them. Particularly in multi-story
buildings, these sites should be chosen at an appropriate density and positioned to best depict the
building's major structural components. For choosing ideal locations, consulting structural engineers or
other pertinent consultants can be advantageous.
In conclusion, proper floor level capture necessitates careful consideration of equipment selection,
people qualifications, data collecting effectiveness, assessment of floor covering thickness, and location
selection. These factors aid in accurate and useful floor level measurements, enabling knowledgeable
evaluations of building foundations and structural issues. (Dewar, 2016)

 Compare at least one of the above techniques with trivial survey techniques:
Researchers used a laser system and video-based kinematic analysis to compare the accuracy of two
techniques. At distances ranging from 10 m to 70 m, the reliability of lasers and reliance on static
measurements were also examined. At each distance, the coefficient of variation and correlation are
assessed.
Three running tests were done, each at a different pace. Two lasers fixed at 50 Hz and 100 Hz, as well
as two video cameras. The laser was used to collect information on running speed in a 3-measurement
zone. The laser's root means square errors range from 4.5 mm at 10 m to 17.8 mm at 70 m for static
distance measurements. The 50 Hz and 100 Hz cameras' test-retest reliability for running velocity
measurements in the 3 m zone is determined using interclass correlation. Exam results allow us to
confirm the accuracy and precision of laser technology. If operated within limitations, the laser system
can produce accurate results. (Dewar, 2016)

Question: 2
Solution:
Part A:
Concerning above paper, critically review the techniques a chartered professional civil engineer/ surveyor
should use during
o building vertical condition data presentation (200 words)
o floor levels data presentation (200 words)
Please note that providing only a description is not acceptable. A critical review of 400 words is required
for the data presentation techniques is required.
Solution:
Data presentation:
Data presentation refers to how the data is supplied and displayed for the end user. The surveyor's
job is to offer the client correct data so that the end users would be able to comprehend and
process it.
A private owner, structural engineer, loss adjuster, insurance company, quantity surveyor, or
another entity could be the project's primary client. No of who the primary client is, the data's
nature and the context in which it will be supplied indicate that any one of those parties could end
up receiving it, regardless of how the payment is made. (Dewar, 2016)
 Building vertical condition data presentation:
The vertical condition of the building for a chartered professional civil engineer or surveyor, data
presentation is an important consideration. Clear communication of the vertical state of buildings and
structures is made possible by effective data presentation. A chartered professional civil engineer or
surveyor may want to use the following methods:

Figure 8 Vertical Condition Data Presentation
Graphical Representations: Data on a building's vertical state can be efficiently presented using graphic
representations like floor plans, elevation drawings, or 3D models. These visual representations make it
possible to comprehend all the vertical characteristics of the structure, such as deviations, elevations,
and floor levels. Specific regions or circumstances can be highlighted using annotations, color coding, or
shading.
Comparative Analysis: Comparative analysis can be used to show information about the vertical
condition of buildings. To find changes or deviations, current data is compared to historical data or
design requirements. To show how changes in floor levels, vertical alignments, or structural conditions
throughout time have changed over time, comparative analysis might be presented using graphs,
charts, or tables.
Digital mapping and GIS: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be used to spatially show data on
the vertical status of buildings. Data layers that can be combined utilizing GIS systems include building
specifics, vertical measurements, and geographic context. This allows decision-makers to see data in
vertical condition in a wider spatial context and provides meaningful information.
Statistical Summaries: Statistical summaries can be used to provide data quickly and clearly on building
vertical condition. A summary statistic, like mean, standard deviation, or range, can give a general idea
of the vertical circumstances of the building. To visualize the distribution of floor levels or deviations
and spot trends or outliers, histograms or box plots can be used.
Reporting and documentation: For the presentation of data on building vertical condition, clear,

organized reports and documentation are crucial. This entails offering thorough explanations of
measurement techniques, tools employed, and any pertinent contextual data. The report should also
provide succinct assessments of the observed vertical circumstances, emphasizing the main
conclusions, difficulties, and suggestions.
In conclusion, to properly convey building vertical condition data, a chartered professional civil
engineer/surveyor should employ a variety of methodologies, including graphical representations,
comparative analysis, digital mapping, statistical summaries, and detailed reporting. These methods
improve the comprehension of vertical circumstances in buildings and structures, enable effective
communication, and speed up decision-making. (Dewar, 2016)
 Floor levels data presentation:
A chartered professional civil engineer or surveyor should use methods for successfully communicating
information about the floor levels of buildings and structures when presenting floor level data. Here
are some strategies to consider:
Clear and Detailed Floor Plans: Floor plans that are clear and comprehensive give a crucial visual
depiction of the layout and floor levels of the building. Detailed floor plans that accurately portray the
various levels and their relationships must be presented. The presentation's clarity can be improved by
using annotations, measurements, and symbols for structural parts.
Elevation Drawings: Elevation drawings serve as a complement to floor plans by displaying the
building's features and vertical proportions. These diagrams can depict the differences in floor levels,
the relative heights of the floors, and structural components. Elevation drawings efficiently describe
the vertical state of the building by including measurements and notes.
Digital 3D Models: By creating digital 3D models of the building, floor levels can be shown in a dynamic
and engaging manner. With the help of these models, viewers may see the structure from multiple
perspectives, move between floors, and get a clear idea of how it is arranged vertically. The
visualization of floor levels and vertical condition can be improved even more by incorporating texture
mapping and color coding.
Comparative Analysis: Comparative analysis is useful for presenting data at the floor level. It is possible
to identify deviations and modifications by contrasting the present floor levels with prior data or design
requirements. This can be done using graphs, charts, or tables that show changes in floor levels over
time and help determine whether the structure is stable or if there are any possible problems.
Reports and Documentation: When presenting floor level data, well-structured reports and
documentation is essential. These records ought to contain thorough explanations of the measuring
processes, the tools employed, and any pertinent background data. To make the information easier to
interpret, concise summaries of the observed floor levels that highlight the main conclusions,
difficulties, and suggestions should be provided.
To properly convey floor level data, a chartered professional civil engineer or surveyor should make use
of clear floor plans, elevation drawings, digital 3D models, comparative analysis methodologies, and
thorough reporting. These methods help decision-making, guarantee proper communication, and offer
important information about the vertical status of buildings and other structures. (Dewar, 2016)
Part B:
Evaluate the role and responsibilities of a professional Civil Engineer as part of a survey team:
Solution:
 Evaluate the role and responsibilities of a professional Civil Engineer as part of a survey team:
A chartered professional civil engineer is an essential member of the survey team and is charged with
big duties. An analysis of a professional civil engineer's position and duties within a survey team is
provided below:
Technical Knowledge: A professional civil engineer provides the survey crew with specialized
knowledge and technical expertise. To ensure accurate and trustworthy surveying results, they oversee
comprehending and putting engineering principles, codes, and standards into practice. Their
knowledge is crucial for deciphering survey results, spotting potential problems, and coming up with
workable solutions.
Survey Planning and Design: Planning and design for surveys are handled by a licensed civil engineer.
They assist in deciding the survey's purpose and goals, picking the best surveying methods, and
developing the methodology. To make sure the survey satisfies the project's criteria, they consider
elements including accuracy standards, project requirements, and legal compliance.
Quality Assurance: Maintaining the quality and accuracy of the survey data is the responsibility of a
professional civil engineer who is a member of the survey team. They create quality assurance
protocols, review measurement processes, and confirm the veracity of the data gathered. They also
check for consistency and dependability in the work of other team members.
Problem Solving: The survey crew benefits from the problem-solving abilities of a licensed civil
engineer. They examine difficult surveying problems, such as navigating complicated structures,
uneven terrain, or contradicting data, and create creative solutions. The project's successful completion
depends on their capacity to recognize and fix technical problems.
Collaboration and Communication: A qualified civil engineer collaborates with other members of the
survey team and has efficient communication with stakeholders. To ensure alignment and integration
of survey data with other project components, they collaborate with other experts, such as architects
or land surveyors, and share their experience during team meetings.
Professional Ethics and Responsibility: A qualified civil engineer adheres to professional obligations
and ethics in their work. They uphold moral standards, give the public's safety and welfare top priority,
and make sure that all rules and regulations are followed. They offer unbiased expert thoughts and
recommendations while upholding the confidentiality and integrity of survey data.
In conclusion, a competent civil engineer offers technical knowledge to survey planning and design,
assures quality assurance, resolves challenging issues, works cooperatively with team members, and
upholds professional obligations. They play a crucial role in generating precise and trustworthy
surveying results while taking engineering principles, project needs, and stakeholder requirements into
account. (Dewar, 2016)

Question: 3
Solution:
Part A:
You are leading a team of civil design engineers who are assigned a task to design a vertical curve as part of
a road design. You need to explain to the team what design considerations should be made for a standard
vertical curve design and a Sag vertical curve design. Propose at least six design considerations for vertical
curve designs and at least four design considerations for Sag vertical curve designs. Refer to New Zealand
State Highway Geometric Design Manual while answering this question.
Solution:
To maintain a safe and effective road design, it is crucial to consider several aspects while building
vertical bends. Here are design factors for both typical vertical curves and sag vertical curves based on
the New Zealand State Highway Geometric Design Manual:
Standard Vertical Curve Design Considerations:
Sight Distance: Drivers should have sufficient viewing distance to detect and respond to potential risks.
Designers must consider the necessary overtaking and halting sight distances.
Design Speed: The proper vertical curve is chosen based on the road's design speed. Flatter curves may
be necessary at higher design speeds to maintain driver safety and comfort.
Superelevation: To combat centrifugal forces, roads on curves can be superelevated or banked. The
design of vertical curves should consider the change from a superelevation to a flat route.
Vehicle Characteristics: Vertical curves should be designed with diverse vehicle types, especially
heavier vehicles like trucks, in mind to ensure safe and easy passage.
Design Controls: To ensure compliance with safety regulations and recommendations, design controls
such stopping sight distance, maximum grade, and minimum radius of curvature must be followed.
Roadway Alignment: To ensure compliance with safety regulations and recommendations, design
controls such as stopping sight distance, maximum grade, and minimum radius of curvature must be

observed. (STATE HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN MANUAL), (Vertical Alignment - Department of

Transport and Main Roads)
Key Points:
 The length of vertical curve can be calculated by using K value in both sag and crest vertical
curves.
 Two vertical curves in the same direction separated by a short section of a tangent grade should
be avoided.
 On long grades, the steepest grade should be placed at the bottom of the curve.
 The stopping sight distance for trucks is not necessary to be considered in designing vertical
curve, because the truck driver is able to see further than passenger car.
 The minimum length of crest vertical curve is equal to 3 times the design speed.
 Paying more attention to the drainage design when value of K is greater than 167.
 The roller- coaster or the hidden-up type of profile should be avoided.
 It is desirable to reduce the grade through the intersection where the at-grade intersection
occurs on the roadway sections with moderate to steep grades.
 Sag vertical curves should be avoided in cuts unless adequate drainage can be provided.
 The stopping sight distance for trucks is not necessary to be considered in designing vertical
curves because the truck driver can see farther than the passenger car.
Sag Vertical Curve Design Considerations:
Drainage: It is important to have enough drainage along sag vertical curves to avoid water buildup that
could compromise the stability and safety of the road.
Vertical Curvature Length: To accommodate vehicle movements and reduce vertical changes, the
length of the sag vertical curve should be chosen. This involves considering how much space is needed
for stopping sight distance.
Sight Distance: Sag vertical bends should be considered while determining sight distance requirements,
including halting sight distance, and overtaking sight distance.
Drainage and Ponding: It is essential to have proper water drainage along steep vertical curves to avoid
ponding, which can affect vehicle traction and safety.
It is crucial to remember that the design considerations offered here are meant to be a broad guideline.

The New Zealand State Highway Geometric Design Manual, which offers thorough rules for vertical
curve design in road constructions, is advised to be consulted for extensive and specific design advice.
(Vertical Alignment - Department of Transport and Main Roads)
Key Points:
 The design length of a sag vertical curve is based on the headlight sight distance. But the head
light sight distance needs to be designed almost equalto stopping sight distance because of
safety purpose.
 For passenger comfort the equation use is as follows L = AV2/46.5
Where,
L = length of sag vertical curve
A = algebraic difference in gradesV = design speed
 Drainage of roadways needs to retain a grade of at least 0.5 percent and 0.3percent for outer
edge of roadways.
 For appearance, the minimum curve length can be calculated by using the equation L = 100A. for
small and intermediate values of A.
Part B:
Three tangent sections of a grade line are shown in the profile view in Figure. Determine the gradient of
each tangent section and the elevation at each full station along the tangents.
Solution:
Figure 9 Gradient of each Tangent Section

To determine the gradient of each tangent section we have formula,
EVPC = EVPI – g1 x difference between station

= 738.50 – g1 x (1400 – 1000)
= 738.50 – g1 x 400 g1
g1 = 738.50/400
g1 = 1.84%
= 732.00 – g2 x (1700 – 1400)
g2 = 2.44%
= 732.00 – g3 x (1975 – 1700)
g3 = 2.66%
Now,
A1 = g2 – g1
= (2.44 – 1.84)
= 0.6 m.
A2 = g3 – g2
= (2.66 – 2.44)
= 0.22 m.
K1 = L/A1
= 700/0.6
= 1166.66
K2 = L/A2

= 575/0.22 Department of Engineering
= 2613.63
r = A1/100L
= 0.6/ 100 x 700
= 8.57 = 857 m
r = A2/100L
= 3.82 = 382 m
e = A1L/800
= 0.6 x 700 /800
= 0.525 = 525.00
e = A2L/800 = 0.158 = 158.00

Question: 4
Solution:
Part A:
Two highway tangents intersect with a right intersection angle I = 12°30’00” at station 0+152.204m. If the
radius of 300m is to be used for the circular curve, prepare the field notes to the nearest full minute as
needed to lay out the curve with stakes at 20m intervals. Refer to New Zealand State Highway Geometric
Design Manual while solving this question.
Solution:
 It is required to take traditional handwritten field notes when not employing a data
collector.
 On transit note sheets, field notes for curves are kept. These come in both ordinary and
"rite in rain" paper varieties.
 For station, curve, deflection, and other similar data, see the left page. For linkages to curve
points, descriptions of points placed, and any applicable drawings that may help others
understand what was done in the field, use the right page. This is crucial since the work
could need to be replicated years from now.
 It is helpful to display where points are in relation to stationary objects. Take note of the
reference and the point (spike, hub & tack, etc.).
 Make accurate and well-organized notes. The first page of each operation has a title and an index.
Show the date, the crew, the weather, and the instrument by serial number on the first page of
each day's work. Date and number each page. When making notes while the book is turned, the
correct edge should be facing the writer.
 Never take "scratch" notes with the intention of entering them into the book later.
 Field notes are a crucial component of every survey. A well-done surveying job is useless if it is
not properly documented. Spend the necessary time keeping accurate records of your work in

the field. (House)
Sta PI = 0 +152.204
I = 12°30’
R = 300m
T = 32.86m
L = 65.45m
Sta PC = PI – T = 0 + 119.349
Sta PT = PC+L = 0+184.799
First full Sta = 0+120.000
Last full Sta = 0+180.000
C1 = 0.65
Defl/m = 0.095493 deg/m
d1 = 0.062199 deg
d2 = 0.458223 deg
d = 9.549297 deg
Deflection Angles:
POINT STATION CHORD INCREMENT DELF TOTAL DEFLECTION ANGLE
ANGLE
DEG DEG MIN SEC

PC 119.35 0 0 0 0 0 0
120.000 0.651 0.062 0.062 0 3 44
140.000 20.000 1.910 1.972 1 58 19
160.000 20.000 1,910 3.882 3 52 55
180.000 20.000 1.910 5.792 5 47 30
184.80 4.799 0.458 6.250 6 14 60
Curve Data
R = 300m
L = 65.45m

ST PI =.0+152.204
I = 12°30.'
T = 32.86m
Part B:
Two straight roads meet at an angle of 130°. Calculate the necessary data for setting out a circular curve of
15 chains radius between the roads by the perpendicular offset method. The length of one chain is 20m.
Making the use of the following data, determine the coordinates of PC, PT, and the apex of the curve.
a) Coordinates of a control point X = E 1200 m, N 1500 m
b) Distance of X from PI = 100 m
c) Bearing of line joining IX = 320°
d) Angle between IX and back tangent = 90° Refer to New Zealand State Highway Geometric Design Manual
while solving this question.
Solution:
 Setting out curve:
Figure 10 Setting Out Curve

The given data are:
R = 15 chains
= 15 x 20 = 300m
∆ = 180°- 130° = 50°
∆/2 = 25°
The value of x’ to fix the apex C of the curve, is determined from ∆OQC
Xc = QC = R sin ∆/2
= 300 x sin 25°
= 129.79 m.
The maximum value of x is 129.79 m.
The offsets are calculated for x = 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 126.79 m.
The perpendicular offsets are calculated by formula,
y = R - √ (R2- X2)
Thus,
y20= 300-√ (3002-202)
= 0.67 m.
Y40= 300-√ (3002-402)
= 2.68 m.
Y60= 300-√ (3002-602)
= 6.06 m.
Y80= 300-√ (3002-802)
= 10.86 m.
Y100= 300-√ (3002-1002)
= 17.16 m.

Y120= 300-√ (3002-1202)
= 25.05 m.
Y126.79= 300-√ (3002-126.792)
= 28.11 m.
 Finding Coordinate:
Tangent length T = T1C = R tan ∆/2
= 300 x tan 25°
= 139.892 m.
External distance E = IC = R (sec ∆/2-1)
= 300 x (sec 25°-1)
= 31.013 m.
Bearing of IT1 = Bearing IX – XIT1
= 320° – 90° = 230°
Bearing of IC = Bearing IX – Ф/2
= 230°- 130°/2 =165°
Bearing of XI = (180° + 320°)-360°

= 140°
Bearing of IT2= Bearing of IT-Ф
= 230°-130°= 100°
Coordinates of I
Departure of XI = DXI = 100 x sin 140°= +64.279 m.
Latitude of XI = LXI = 100 x cos 140°= -76.604 m.
Easting of I = EI = Easting of X + DXI = 1200+64.279 = E 1264.28 m.

Northing of I = NI = Northing of X + LXI = 1500-76.604 = N 1423.40 m.
Coordinates of T1
Departure of IT1 = DIT1 = 139.892 x sin 230°= -107.163 m.
Latitude of IT1 = LIT1 = 139.892 x cos 230°= -80.921 m.
Easting of T1 = ET1 = Easting of I + DIT1 = 1264.279-107.163 = E 1157.12 m.
Northing of T1 = NT1 = Northing of I + LIT1 = 1423.396-89.921 = N 1333.48 m.
Coordinates of C
Departure of IC = DIC = 31.013 x sin 165°= +8.027 m.
Latitude of IC = LIC = 31.013 x cos 165°= -29.956 m.
Easting of C = EC = Easting of I + DIC = 1264.279+8.027= E1272.m.
Northing of C = NC = Northing of I + LIC
= 1423.4-29.95=1393.4m.
Coordinates of T2
Departure of IT2 = DIT2 = 139.892 x sin 100°= +137.767 m.
Latitude of IT2 = LIT2 = 139.892 x cos 100°= -24.292 m.
Easting of T2 = ET2 = Easting of I + DIT1
= 1264.279-137137.767=1402.05m.
Northing of T2 = NT2 = Northing of I + LIT1 = 1423.396-24.292 = N 1399.10 m.
 Checks:
Long chord T1 T2 = 2R sin ∆/2
= 2 x 300 x sin 25° = 253.57m.
= √ (E12 – E11)2+ (N12 – N11)2
= √ (1402.046 – 1157.116)2 + (1399.104 – 1333.475)2
= √ 244.9302 + 65.6292 = 253.57 m.
Mid ordinate EC = R (1 - cos∆/2)

= 300 x (1 – cos 25°) = 28.11 m.
Easting of E = EE = EN + (E12 – En)/2
= 1157.116 + 21 x 244.930 = 1279.581 m.
Northing of N = NE = NT1 + 21(NT2-NT1)
= 1333.475 + 21 x 65.629 = 1366.290 m.
EC = √ (EE – EC)2 + (NE – NC)2
= √ (1279.581 – 1272.36)2 + (1366.290 – 1393.44)2
= √ 7.2752 + (-27.151)2 = 28.11 m.

Question: 5
A geographic coordinate includes latitude, longitude and ellipsoidal height and
can be represented with the help of datum such as New Zealand standards:
NZGD2000 and NZGD1949. You need to review the types of geodetic datum
including:
1. critical analysis of different types of datum used worldwide and in New Zealand
(250 words)
2. conversion methods between different data (250 words)
3. conversion example between one of the following:
o NZGD1949 - NZGD2000
o WGS84 - NZGD2000
o CIGD1979-NZGD2000 (250 words)
Please note that providing only a brief description is not acceptable. A critical
analysis of 750 words is required that is supported with appropriate diagrams,
equations, and tables.
Solution:
 Critical analysis of different types of datum used worldwide and in NewZealand:
Different types of datum used worldwide are as follows:
 Geodetic datum:
The position of geodetic datum is expressed as longitudes and latitudes with units of degrees,
minutes and second. Heights of geodetic datum is given in meters, and which is measured
above the surface of the ellipsoid.
Figure 11 Geodetic Datum

 Vertical Datum:
A reference point's depth or height is its elevation above or below the reference surface or
vertical datum. The reference surface and mean sea level are related.
Figure 12 Vertical Datum
 Geoids:
The gravitational field in respect to an ellipsoid is depicted on a geoid. It's used to translate
ellipsoidal height into height above sea level.
Figure 13 Geoids
 Projections:
A projection is used to manage the distortions. The benefit of projection is its unit is in meters
so the users can measure distance directly from the map.

Figure 14 Projections
 Coordinate Transformation:
Coordinate transformation is the process of converting coordinates between datums and
projections. It is crucial to check that the coordinates being used have the same datum or
projection. (Toitu Te Whenua Land Information System New Zealand, n.d.)
 Conversion method between different data:

Conversion or transformation refers to the process of transferring coordinates between datums
and projections. The process of converting coordinates involves several steps: first, projection
coordinates are converted into datum coordinates, and then those coordinates are transferred
back to the target datum.
This technique involves converting the source data into the source projection first. The target
projection A and target datum are then created from the source datum. The target datum is
then transformed once more into the target projection B.
Additional conversions include geodetic, projection, NZGD 1949 to NZGD 2000, WGS 84 to
NZGD 2000, and, finally, CIGD 1979 to NZGD 2000.
In terms of geodetic datum, a geographic coordinate consists of latitude, longitude, and

ellipsoidal height. Grid transformation and similarity transformation are the two primary
methods of transformation.
Cartesian coordinates are used as the foundation for the similarity transformation. There are

three steps in this transformation process. Geodetic coordinates are first transformed into a
Cartesian value, which is next transformed into a datum and finally transformed back into
geographic coordinates. There is a connection between grid transformation and similarity
transformation.
Cartesian source data is first transformed into geographic source datum, which is then
transformed into Cartesian target datum, after which Cartesian target datum is transformed
back into geographic target datum.
If the new projection is defined in terms of the same datum, the projection coordinates are
first converted to their geographic equivalents. If the target projection uses a different datum,
then we must first use a datum conversion to translate geographic coordinates to the target
projection. (Converting between NZVD2016, NZGD2000 and local vertical datums, n.d.)
 Conversion between NZGD 1949- NZGD 2000:
There are three ways to convert NZGD 1949 – NZGD 2000 which are as follow:
 3 Parameter similarity transformation
 7 parameter similarity
 Distortion grid
These transformations are defined by LINZ standard LINZS25000 and then summarized in associated
with NZGD 2000.
 3 parameter similarity transformation:

The translation difference (Tx, Ty, Tz) between the ellipsoid origins is employed for each datum
in a three-parameter similarity transformation. Its stated accuracy is about 5 meters.
 7 parameter similarity transformation:

The translation (Tx, Ty, Tz), rotation (Rx, Ry, Rz), and scale change (s) between the origin and
axis of the ellipsoids used for each datum are defined in the 7-parameter similarity
transformation. Its stated accuracy is about 4 meters.
 Distortion grid:
Over the land area, the distortions are presented on a grid with suitable 20 km spacing. This
has an accuracy range of 0.1 m to 1.0 m, with an average accuracy of about 2 m.
Use the distortion grid to enter a correction at the NZGD 1949 coordinates so that the
coordinates from NZGD 1949 can be converted to NZGD 2000. To obtain the values of NZGD
2000, first establish the adjustment to the NZGD 1949 coordinates.
To compute the adjustment of the NZGD 2000 for reverse transformation, we must use the
NZGD 2000 coordinates in the grid file.
To get the initial estimate of NZGD 1949 coordinates, subtract this correction from NZGD 2000
coordinates.
After that, calculate a more precise NZGD 1949 to NZGD 2000 adjustment using the estimated
NZGD 1949 coordinates.
To get the final NZGD 1949 coordinates, subtract this correction from the initial NZGD 2000
values. (Converting between NZVD2016, NZGD2000 and local vertical datums, n.d.)

Question: 6
You are a chartered professional engineer and deal in civil works and surveying. A customer contacted you
to help to subdivide his 800Sqm land in a southern suburb of Auckland. It already has 200Sqm building on
the land. He is interested in dividing the land into two separate parts to enable him to sell or carry out land
development.
As an expert, you need to explain and guide him to land subdivision processes. You will need to write a
brief analysis of the customer and must include:
1. subdivision types (100 words)

2. consent requirements (100 words)
3. subdivision processes including feasibility assessment, budget costings, survey, scheme plan and
timelines (300 words)
Please note that providing only a brief description is not acceptable. A critical analysis of 500 words is
required for the subdivision and land development process for the above requirements.
Solution:
 Subdivision Types:
As a chartered professional engineer with experience in civil engineering and surveying, I can advise the
customer on the land subdivision procedure for their 800 square meter parcels of land in a southern
Auckland neighborhood. Here is a succinct analysis that details the various subdivision types:
Freehold Subdivision: This kind of subdivision, in which the land is separated into distinct freehold
titles, is the most typical. Each section that has been subdivided turns into a separate property with its
own legal title, enabling autonomous ownership and development.
Unit Title Subdivision: The land is divided into units or lots in this sort of subdivision, each of which is
held by a distinct person, but there is also common property that is owned by all owners as well. For
multi-unit developments like apartments or townhouses, unit titles are frequently utilized.
Cross Lease Subdivision: With shared ownership of the underlying land, cross lease subdivisions
include splitting the land into distinct parts, each with its own home. The freehold interest in the land is
jointly owned by the various owners, who each have a leasehold interest in their respective portions.
Company Share Subdivision: Like cross lease subdivisions, company share subdivisions involve the
ownership of shares in the company that owns the land rather than cross leases. Each shareholder is
granted the sole right to occupy a certain plot of property.
To choose the most appropriate subdivision type for their purposes, it is crucial to consider the
customer's individual goals, finances, and wants. The subdivision procedure also needs to take local
council rules and zoning constraints into account. To make sure that the subdivision complies with all
legal and technical requirements, it would also be useful to consult with a trained land surveyor or land
development specialist. (Toitu Te Whenua Land Information System New Zealand, n.d.)
 Consent requirements:
As a chartered professional engineer with experience in civil engineering and surveying, I can advise the
customer on the land subdivision procedure for their 800 square meter parcels of land in a southern
Auckland neighborhood. Here is a succinct analysis that details the consent requirements:
The client will need to get the required municipal consent and permits to divide the land into two
distinct portions. Depending on the region, zoning laws, and anticipated land use, different permission
requirements might apply. Typically, the consents listed below are necessary:
Resource Consent: This approval is necessary for any subdivision involving land use or activity that is
restricted by the district plan. The client will need to provide the neighborhood council with an
application that includes details about the proposed subdivision, such as the size of each lot, access,
infrastructure, and any potential environmental effects.
Building Consent: Separate building consents will be needed if any new buildings or structures are
planned as part of the subdivision. It could be necessary to comply with construction codes and secure
the required approvals for the existing 200Sqm building.
Engineering Consent: The customer may need engineering approval for tasks like stormwater
management, wastewater disposal, access roads, and utility connections depending on the
subdivision's particular requirements.
Engaging a qualified land surveyor or land development specialist who can help with the approval
procedure and guarantee compliance with all local council standards is vital. They can aid with the
preparation of the required paperwork, communicate with the council, and direct the client through
the consent application procedure. (Toitu Te Whenua Land Information System New Zealand, n.d.)

 Subdivision processes including feasibility assessment, budget costings, survey, scheme plan and
timelines:
As a qualified professional engineer with expertise in surveying and civil works, I can help you with the
land subdivision process for your 800 sq m property in a southern Auckland neighborhood. Here is a
succinct breakdown of the subdivision processes, including schedules, surveys, feasibility assessments,
budget costings, and scheme plans:
Feasibility Assessment: To ascertain the viability and potential difficulties of the subdivision, a
feasibility evaluation is the initial stage. This entails considering elements including neighborhood
council rules, zoning regulations, site restrictions, infrastructure accessibility, and potential effects on
the current building.
Budget Costings: After the viability has been determined, it's critical to evaluate the subdivision's
financial needs. This includes the price of requesting permission, paying consultants' fees (such as
surveyors and engineers), creating infrastructure, connecting utilities, paying lawyers' fees, and maybe
demolishing or modifying the current structure.
Survey: An experienced land surveyor will be hired to survey the property. This will comprise
topographic surveying, border identification, and, if necessary, geotechnical analysis. Accurate
measurements and data required for the subdivision procedure will be provided by the survey.
Scheme Plan: A plan for the program will be produced using the survey findings. The boundaries,
access routes, building envelopes, utility services, and any other special requirements are all included
in this plan's sketch of the planned layout. The scheme plan must abide by all zoning restrictions that
may be in effect as well as local council regulations.
Consent Applications: The necessary consent applications will be created and submitted to the local
council in accordance with the scheme plan. This may entail getting permission to use resources,
getting building permission (if modifications are needed), and getting engineering permission (for
infrastructure and services). The consent procedure entails examination by the council, which may call
for more details or changes to the plan.
Timelines: The length of the subdivision process can change based on the project's complexity, how
quickly council decisions are made, and any unforeseen problems. In general, it's a good idea to give
yourself a few months between the start of the procedure and the subdivision's completion. This
schedule considers the feasibility study, surveying, creation of the scheme plan, consent requests,
council processing, and any ensuing changes.
To ensure a seamless and lawful subdivision procedure, it is essential to work with seasoned
professionals such as land surveyors, civil engineers, and legal experts. They will help you realize your
aim of dividing the land into two distinct pieces for sale or development by guiding you, handling the
essential procedures, and assisting you as you move through the various stages. (Toitu Te Whenua Land
Information System New Zealand, n.d.)
There are some steps involved in subdivision process:
 Prepare a subdivision scheme plan.
 Prepare a subdivision consent application.
 Consent is granted by council subject to conditions such as building consent and

engineering plan approval.
 Apply for survey plan approval. This must be applied within 5 years of
subdivision consent being granted.
 Apply for section 224 certificate to confirm all conditions of your subdivision
consent can be met.
 Deposit of survey plan with land information New Zealand.
 After submitting the survey plan a new record of title is issued.

Question: 7
Introduction:
Land Information New Zealand implemented a geocentric datum: New Zealand Geodetic Datum (NZGD)
2000 to meet New Zealand’s spatial positioning needs in 1998. The details on the research and
development of NZGD2000 can be found on http://www.linz.govt.nz/.
Task: Critically review and explain the NZGD2000 development process in New Zealand, and you must
include:
 A comparison between NZGD2000 with the previous datum NZGD49 (200 words)
 Features and working principles of NZGD2000 (200 words)
 The impact of NZGD2000 on Cadastral Surveys and Mapping (200 words)
 A feature of the vertical datum in NZGD2000 (100 words)
Solution:
Task:
 A comparison between NZGD2000 with the previous datum NZGD49:
An important step in addressing New Zealand's needs for geographical positioning was the
development of the New Zealand Geodetic Datum (NZGD) 2000. An analysis of the NZGD2000
development process is provided below, along with a comparison to the NZGD49 predecessor datum.
In New Zealand, the construction of the NZGD2000 required a significant amount of research, data
collection, and technological breakthroughs. To provide precise and reliable spatial positioning across
the nation, it attempted to establish a contemporary geodetic reference framework that better
complemented global positioning systems.
Compared to the previous datum, NZGD49, NZGD2000 brought several improvements and
advancements:
Geocentric Datum: As a geocentric datum, NZGD2000 is based on a world reference system that is
centered on the mass of the Earth. This modification improved interoperability with geocentric
reference framework-based global positioning systems like GPS.

Enhanced Accuracy and Precision: NZGD2000 provides enhanced spatial positioning accuracy and
precision. To deliver more accurate and consistent geodetic readings, it made use of cutting-edge
surveying methods, including satellite-based positioning systems.
Compatibility with International Standards: Since NZGD2000 complies with worldwide geodetic
standards, it is simpler to include geographic data from New Zealand into larger datasets. This
interoperability makes it easier to coordinate and share data with other nations and global mapping
systems.
Transformation Parameters: Transformation parameters were created to make the change from
NZGD49 to NZGD2000 as seamless as possible. These parameters allow for the transformation of
existing data based on NZGD49 and its alignment with the new reference framework by converting
coordinates and measurements between the two datums.
Futureproofing: Future improvements and technical advancements were taken into consideration
when creating NZGD2000. To ensure long-term sustainability and reliability, it considered the dynamic
character of the Earth's crust and included methods to adapt upcoming changes in spatial reference
systems.
The creation of NZGD2000 marked a considerable improvement in New Zealand's spatial positioning
capabilities overall. It offered greater precision, system compatibility, and improved worldwide
standard integration. The inclusion of transformation parameters allowed for the conversion of
preexisting data, easing the transfer from the previous datum, NZGD49, to NZGD2000. NZGD2000 put
New Zealand at the forefront of geodetic reference systems and spatial data integration by adopting a
geocentric framework and taking future developments into account. (Converting between NZVD2016,
NZGD2000 and local vertical datums, n.d.)
 Features and working principles of NZGD2000:
The New Zealand Geodetic Datum (NZGD) 2000's development process was focused on addressing
New Zealand's demands for spatial location. The accuracy, compatibility, and consistency of spatial
data across the nation were all improved by the features and operating principles provided by
NZGD2000.
Geocentric Datum: Based on a geocentric reference frame, NZGD2000 uses a three-dimensional
coordinate system with the Earth's center of mass as its focal point. This geocentric method offers a
reference system that is more internationally consistent, making it easier to integrate with global
positioning systems like GPS.
Terrestrial Reference Frame: NZGD2000 makes use of geodetic control stations, which are fixed places
on the Earth's surface that are connected to a terrestrial reference frame. As the foundation for exact
positioning and measurement throughout New Zealand, these control stations are carefully surveyed.
Ellipsoidal Model: NZGD2000 uses an ellipsoidal model of the Earth, specifically the GRS80 ellipsoid
from the Geodetic Reference System. This mathematical representation of the form of the Earth
enables accurate computations of distances, angles, and coordinates.
Transformation Parameters: Transformation parameters were created to maintain compatibility with
the previous datum, NZGD49. These characteristics make it possible to translate measurements and
coordinates between NZGD49 and NZGD2000, making it easier to switch from the before the new
reference framework.
National Geodetic Adjustment: NZGD2000 required a thorough readjusting of current survey data
throughout New Zealand. By adjusting and combining observations from diverse geodetic control
stations, this adjustment procedure attempted to establish a consistent geodetic network.
Data Integration: NZGD2000 offers smooth interoperability across datasets and the integration of
spatial data from various sources. It complies with global geodetic standards, ensuring interoperability
with GPS and facilitating data interchange on a local, regional, and global scale.
To improve accuracy, compatibility, and consistency in spatial positioning, the development of
NZGD2000 introduced a geocentric reference framework, an ellipsoidal model, and transformation
parameters. By providing better geodetic measurements, seamless data integration, and better
compliance with international standards, it represented a substantial breakthrough in New Zealand's
geographic data infrastructure. (Toitu Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand, n.d.)
 The impact of NZGD2000 on Cadastral Surveys and Mapping:
The New Zealand Geodetic Datum (NZGD) 2000 production process had a big impact on cadastral
surveys and mapping in New Zealand. Here is a critique of the NZGD2000 development process and an
explanation of how it affects cadastral surveys and mapping:
Improved Accuracy: Cadastral surveys and mapping have improved in accuracy and precision because
to the introduction of modern surveying techniques and a geocentric reference framework by
NZGD2000. The geocentric method allowed for greater alignment with global positioning systems like
GPS, resulting in positioning data that was more constant and dependable.
Consistency and Compatibility: By adhering to worldwide geodetic standards, NZGD2000 improved the
consistency and compatibility of cadastral surveys and mapping. This made it possible for data sharing
and easy integration across various mapping systems, both domestically and abroad.
Transformation Parameters: Transformation parameters were created to provide a seamless transition
from the prior datum (NZGD49). With the use of these parameters, cadastral survey data from NZGD49
to NZGD2000 might be converted. This made it possible to switch to the new geodetic reference
system while continuing to use and integrate existing cadastral information.
Enhanced Data Exchange: The exchange of cadastral survey and mapping data between various
systems and organizations was made easier by NZGD2000. The cadastral data from New Zealand may
be easily connected with worldwide datasets, facilitating better decision-making and analysis, thanks to
the conformity with international standards and increased accuracy.
Geospatial Infrastructure: The creation of NZGD2000 helped to improve New Zealand's geospatial
infrastructure generally. It gave cadastral surveys and mapping a strong foundation, facilitating better
planning, land administration, resource management, and infrastructure development across the
nation.
Futureproofing: Given the dynamic nature of the Earth's crust and the changing needs of cadastral
surveys and mapping, NZGD2000 was created with future developments in mind. This "futureproofing"
makes sure that the geodetic reference framework is still applicable and flexible enough to
accommodate new surveying and mapping technologies.
Overall, cadastral surveys and mapping in New Zealand were improved by the creation of NZGD2000.
As a result, data could be integrated more easily, decision-making was improved, and cadastral data
could be used more effectively for land administration and development. (Toitu Te Whenua Land
Information System New Zealand, n.d.)
 A feature of the vertical datum in NZGD2000:
An important development in spatial positioning was the creation of the New Zealand Geodetic Datum
(NZGD) 2000 in New Zealand. Through the addition of a vertical datum, NZGD2000 made advances to
vertical placement in addition to horizontal positioning.
The New Zealand Vertical Datum 2016 (NZVD2016) is one distinctive aspect of the vertical datum in
NZGD2000. New Zealand Vertical Datum 1946 (NZVD1946) has been replaced by NZVD2016, a more
up-to-date vertical reference system. To create a precise and consistent vertical reference across the
nation, it utilizes modern measurement techniques and more precise geodetic control points.
The New Zealand vertical datum was updated as part of NZGD2000, ensuring greater precision and
uniformity in vertical location. Applications like flood modelling, infrastructure planning, and
engineering projects that call for exact elevation measurements benefit greatly from this improvement.
It makes it easier to integrate vertical data with global systems and enables greater alignment with
global vertical datums. (Toitu Te Whenua Land Information System New Zealand, n.d.)


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Department of Engineering

Time Allowed 4 Weeks

Total Marks 100

LO No. Question No. Marks Marks Obtained

© International College of Auckland DCE600-A1-V1 Assignment 1

1. Enter your name and ID number in the space provided above.

© International College of Auckland DCE600-A1-V1 Assignment 2

Signed: Yakin Patel (candidate) Date: 01/08/2023

© International College of Auckland DCE600-A1-V1 Assignment 3

Key Elements Covered:

Question 1 & 2: [Marks=40]

The paper is available at

Question 1: [Marks 20]

Question 2: [Marks 20]

PART A: [Marks 10]

© International College of Auckland DCE600-A1-V1 Assignment 4

o building vertical condition data presentation (200 words)

PART B: [Marks 10]

© International College of Auckland DCE600-A1-V1 Assignment 5

Key Elements Covered:

© International College of Auckland DCE600-A1-V1 Assignment 6

PART B [Marks 10]

© International College of Auckland DCE600-A1-V1 Assignment 7

Key Elements Covered

© International College of Auckland DCE600-A1-V1 Assignment 8

KEY ELEMENTS Covered

1. subdivision types (100 words)

© International College of Auckland DCE600-A1-V1 Assignment 9

Course name: Land Information System

applied in this situation:

Figure 1 Differential Levelling

Figure 2 Laser Scanning

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Figure 3 Electronic Theodolites and Electronic Distance Meters

Photogrammetry: To produce precise 3D models of the structure, photogrammetry entails taking

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 Survey technique for Floor Level Measurement:

Figure 6 Floor Level Measurement

Figure 7 Floor Level Measurement in Colouring Surface

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 Building vertical condition data presentation:

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Figure 8 Vertical Condition Data Presentation

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 Floor levels data presentation:

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Standard Vertical Curve Design Considerations:

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observed. (STATE HIGHWAY GEOMETRIC DESIGN MANUAL), (Vertical Alignment - Department of

Sag Vertical Curve Design Considerations:

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Figure 9 Gradient of each Tangent Section

To determine the gradient of each tangent section we have formula,

EVPC = EVPI – g1 x difference between station

EVPC = EVPI – g2 x difference between station

= 732.00 – g2 x (1700 – 1400)

EVPC = EVPI – g3 x difference between station

= 732.00 – g3 x (1975 – 1700)

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e = A2L/800 = 0.158 = 158.00

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