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    58 views238 pages

    FONTANA Corrosion Engineering

    Uploaded by

    Rafael Guerra

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    McoRAW.H SERIES I MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING CORROSION ENGINEERING MARS 6. FONTANA Te cur Femiles nih 1 18 yh ray engees Cisogng in Pubcon Ste | | CONTENTS Pratoce x cuasren + INTRODUCTION. 1 13 Definition of Cosi 2 etn of Cnn 5 COMOSION PRINCIPLES. 7 2 lntrehtion 7 22, Garosorate Epenions & 23 Elecacemial Reaacs 10 246, fat of Ongen and Eksof Vey 19 ancl Tempe 2 2410 Efe of Galvanic Coupling 23, 211 Mellie Prpetin 23 lurgicl Atpecs 23 carrer 3 CORROSION 28 32. Eminent Bc 34 33. Daun Ber 39 36 Benet Aplisions 38 241 Ph Shue nd Gromth 29 SH Auiealyte Nae of 5313 Solatien Composition 34 wi comes 34 Vetciy 99 315: Macllrgil Varies 95 36 Bulan of Ping Damage 96 317 Prevention 57 Imergrouter Covosion 58 338 Austenitic Sines Ses 98 39 Waid Deay 5330 Goa for Aste ‘Seine Ses 83 321 Koifelioe Anace 6 322 Imergante Conon of Orie Alloys 66 Swlecive Leaching 67 3:23 Deincifetion: Chace 3.24 Beicfeaun: Mecaniam 70 323 Denafesan: Prenton 70 326 Gaptzston 7 B27 Orbe Ally Systems 7h 338 High Tenpentre 7 Frotion Conosion 72 2329 Sua Fs 73 30 Vawcty 76 332 Impingement 78 sGavane Blas 79 SRU Neue of Melo Ally 4:36 Canton Danae 84 37 Feing Coonan 48 stress Consion 91 334 Gack Mrplogy 94 559 Sues Bets 98 340 Tine to Ccing 97 SA Bnviemetl Faas 95: S42 Meulhgeal Factors 103 345 Medanson 104 SH Methods of reverin. 106 345 Gieien aigie 107 Hydrogen Damage 109 56 Chances 109 S407 Environment Facors 110 3-4 tydge Blitenng 1 349 HHydeoge Eten 30 Prevent 113 Harmen 4 CORROSION TESTING 116 41 eration 116 42 Chmsate 116 43 Pape 17 Mara nd Specimens 118 5. Surce Pmpurtion "19 46 Mesaring sd Weighing 123 29 Ragone Tecniies 12 48 Dutan 125 45 Phnoed nerd Tess 129 ‘Ho Aeaten 127 1 Chasing Specimens ae Expose 129 2 Tenpentse 131 413 Sind Expresiza for Conn Rate 444 Galan Groat 4145 gh Tempertures an Prewuer 3 4416 Enon Czeion 136 17 Ceence Groom 140 ‘28 tower Conic 14 419 Huey Test for Sans Sed 4620 Sireabe Test for Sis Seis 2 4421 Waree Tet 142 422 Peng 423 Se Conan 144 120 High Temperate Gas 146 429 Mien Tt for Meals 4? ‘G27 eo Tew Stone 158 428 Pesetiog sn Suanureing 4629 Nonograph for Caesie Bae 136 450 Interpretation of Ress 16 ccuarren 5 MATERIALS 157 $4 Meshal Popes 197 52. Other Papen 197 Mette ond Alloys 158 53 Cat tons 158 54. HighSiien Ce rons 159 35, Ober Alloy Cot loos 16t 56 Caton Sel and Toe “161 57 LowAlly Side 162 Se Stes Se 163 535 Aluminum and Ke Albis 169 ‘0 Magnsianand tt Alloys (70 S10 Lenand ie alos 17 512 Capped es Alo 172 S13 Niel ad le Alle 174 S44 Zhcand 1s Allape 176 S15 Tin anda Pie 76 $46 Canis 178 S17 Tin and is Alls 17 S18 Rectory Meals 178 519 Noble Mele 180 an Sythe ables 12 sa Pier Thermeplosics 145 53:22 Fasoatons 189 328 Aegis 187 524 Nylon 167 525 Cllocate Poyaber 187 526 Poletpens 188 S27 Ralypoploe 188 S28 Plysyene 188 5:29 Rig Polpiy Cherise evo 330 Vier 38 31 Hpories 16 532 Phenlce 190 533 Payetes 190 SH sileores 190 535 Unt 199 536 Lenin ad Reaford Phas 190 Other Nonmetaice 190 37 Gea 190 5:38 Caton and Gipte 192 $39 Wood 192 ‘charten 6 {CORROSION PREVENTION. 194 Motul Selecion 194 61 Meals and Alls 196 62 Meal Preston 195 63 Newwettio 196 Alvroion of fvronment 196 64 Changing Metisas 196 3 nibeon 196 Design 199 66 Wall Thiknes_ 206 (67 Design Rules 206 ethesic ond Anodic Protection 205 68 Cabot Prion 208 (69 Aaie Prion 210 {610 Comparion of Ani ant (Cah Presi 202 coatings 214 611 Metical Oe Inorganic Coigs 214 (62 Organ Caaingy 217 teonemice 221 613 Eesname Censidetins 2 ‘curren 7 MINERAL ACIDS 223, se Ads 223 1 Sel 225 32 Gat ion 26 23 Ghemeal Lead 227 NigrSlaa Cat toa 238 Dann 20.228 Neto Manin and ‘Nebel Moto Genie Alls 20 1.7 Combine bain Our 3) 38 Comctonl Sins Scr 19, Meo, Nik coe and or 2.10 Cope ad es Alloys 23 7A oles Meta Alay 24 12 Simoay Che 23. 7h Bjorn Ante 4 Seri et Pine =. vse 746 Sines Ses 242 pit Chast Materia 242 Tri Cla 2 Mae 246 149 Ce 3 Matera 209 730 Mod Ase 209 Mydrshlve Aid 250, Tat Chast Moulin Alloys 23. 22 Chas 2 Mead Als 234 323 Clas 3 Mel and Alloys 254 4.24 Aeron a Onding ‘gets 2 35 Remeaie Matias 235 5.36 Hyogs Chloe and Giacne 58 ydretverie Acd 256 727 Agus HySeotc Acs) 257 758 Ants Hgdeofinee Phosphade Acid 261 730 Mater of Conteion 261 carrer 8 , ‘OTmeR ENVIRONMENTS 263 1 Onpnic Aids 265 52 Ale “264 83 Atoopbete Comin 265 a Serene 268 33 Prebwate 2 6 Migvcty Wate 205 8 Sain 29 a Aerogue 25 25. Pele Indy 277 Bo Balogen Cason 22 1203 Lgl Meal a Fad Sos 29 Harter 9 MODERN THEORY — Pacis 297, 94 toducion 297 Tharmedynemis 297 92 Free Enegy 297 553. Gil Racca he EME Stier 9 94 Applets of Theme jon wo Cason 308 Hacrode Kinin 205 5, Buhne Caren Deity 307 6 Acton Polazaton 308 97 Goventetion Poluiaion 310 3 Gobined Plaiaton 312 53 Maxed ete Thy 3 S10 Mad Eletades 31 311 Pay 39 cnarrer 10 MODERN THEORY — ‘APmucaTiOns 325 tot tovoduction 325 Pricing Conesion hewn 395, 102 Efe of Ondine 328 10 Veloty Bes 326 1044 GaNanc Coupling 350 105 Alloy Evan 338 Conetion Prevention 338 1? Noble Meal Aloyiog 34 Cention Re Macraroments 942 108 Tafel Exrapaation 342 109 Linear Puarzaon $44 cxapren 1 WIGH-TEMPERATURE METAL-GAS REACTIONS 347 a foeedstion 347 Machoniamt ond Kinaics 347 12 Pligg Bedworth Rao 347 13 Becca and ‘Morphologic Apes of Ontaion 3 114. Osi Defect Sacre 353 1S Ondaioe Kets 358 166 Efastof Alloying 337 17 Giusopie Ondaion 360 He Incr Onda 361 High-Temperature Mateiols 361 119. Meckaial Propetis 361 sto Osstion Hessance 567 Other Meta-Gor Rections 268 14 Debaition an Hyder Arack 36 2 Hyogen Sie Sulfa containing Cases 37 ccuarten 12 UPoATE 1977 377 124 Guts and Definsons 377 122 teportce of Ingen 377 125. Cert Esprenios 378 125, Gabon Pekup av Auten Slee Se Casings 32 126 Pare Demis om Staines Suet Casings 385 27 Sohne etching ad Gnpbiiatoe 386 esting Goren 386 Sims Conoson 386 10 Cowon Fatigue 369 1211 ln Vio Conon 390 122 High Prey Fete Sts Seals 392 1213 Alloy Companions 39 td Glan 39d 1245 Mele Glee 394 1216 Metalic Compose 397 1219 Ganon of Puss sd Huson 400 1248 Plat and Elatonets 402 12:19 Ibo 408 1:20 Catete Paection 408 1221 Anode Pranion 408 1222 Orgune Couings 0 1225 Heat Exchanges 410 Sundurs 410 1.25 Eeaemer 0 12.6 Pollion Cantral 419 1227 Sewage and Pla: Waste Teameor 21 12.28 Gal Gamessin 22 | 1229 Conon of Me by Haloges 28 1230 Cason by Orginic Sa wets and Oygne Ais 82 1234 Sewaer 439 1252 Aewapace 437 1233 Bhlageal Gain 437 1254 Haman Bady 37 1235 Liner Poatioe 439 1236 Conoson of Mets by Sulfa Canpound a High TTenpentues to 1237 Mor Goraion of Alloy 463 1238 Gar Tube Materials 4 1239 Product Laity 4 140 Fare Olooe” 449 HoH Referee 90 Index 451 PREFACE (usp to the ject of cosiba the Stetina 1967 was mut {he comveninal sty of mains. It sigue spat of this bok tat ston dita is pseted stems of cevoser ot envtement tet tan is ten of tals. A ive comin prob wal soca pei ‘avast Thi appa saves thing top many Chops on tra 1 serine cindidate steal fr a cornu pablo eg. slfre md oxi chats preset ick kok a candies fra given nee Consider da as preset forthe me sportat coves ein ‘uss fem the gets dinagecotstandpn Thee ae shy sent sad tie smspre. Mach spe fas Bon dented to the move impor alec, sha theny and Toons of comin, Homer, se we ath aim ste corte, ate empha beac ty have wt era ly cued ccehee Spee lntons pred the poem of ope coca dat nd thoouphging iscson of al apes of ctr, “The fist ion pstedenpacing and sei appre, cae ais, bsie enc, and cnet oft salute, hich hee Bok speci changed. Ths ws one ewe ied to chage Fm the a esol vse procedures tthe additon of 2 angle thpee whch (Gps 12, Update 1977, Mach itn foaticn to conan ar Beet sted sine 1967, abough we ase aap ten in deta al act the fl, The tet of Chap 12 procs new plement Subj ater evenly the sane seyret team fest, with tos reece, {tev eins, Stes ot ales by umber; eras eer mae toa spate page nue In adizon tothe poston of wach updated formato in Caer 1, seven new Seton a led, psy on ses tht hve ane inpotance daring the ps deni! Thaw ince cnt comers, elation ott produ Tabi, and new mails ch a the hig fee ain el, tl gases and conposten Qanty cote ad the impor luc of nection ae eps. Metre revered pinay war coves ‘te exeion. Pacing engines wil te baths nod rsh ws fo any yey, 0 we sol Be alin with bth stems, 11 Coat of Conoion Tie sual ot of oon and of pstecton gains cowaion athe United Sues sunated ¢ bilion dole This te ‘Benous cos les suprising when we comer that comtanion xc, with ‘ying degrees of sewer, wherever metas sod other maeals te we. For ‘hample one plat spends 2 alin dls yet for puiting tec o pve fosting, Ove hig chen compa speat mote dan $109 000 pee yest for ‘eroon maorenancein sf a plans, hough he coon conSons ‘ete noc conde 0 be parcuay eect eaployings new roe Alvelpe «sess covsion problem after jus 16 weks of epesvon sme pe showed'a orsin leo 4s nh 8 in Gonoson s sitonabie feasts lone cst 100 mien dos pet eu Ao dso acon fo shou 32 ein dla, Te exited om ‘cin of uomoble exhaust systems 300 milion dels. Appoxisaly Sllion hone war bees must be ele each ys In ice our economy would be dsl hanged thee Wc toon ec eampl, smomabden sips, underpin, se howehll pp ces wold ot requis cogs The ses Seely woud esetaly ‘lappa aod copper mould be sd al for elec pepe. Mowe eae pha wll a Conuer prodac, woul! be made of sel ore oo. CCorsion oucessll-inde aad outile he Rome, on the rad, onthe inthe pla wo i eos eis Tt while rosa i inves, i co can be consitenbly rece ep, a expensive magnet ane could double the Meo «do frei bet ses uo, Washing ato eve road ding aks bp oper section of mutts and good deiga reluce coxa of comosion. A ft maornance paiting progam pay or tel many tines over Hees ‘thee the cron ener ene he pce ans ecune—s pray Fane ‘Ade om des cox in dlrs, coosion ius probe bess ‘i debiely combs fo the depletion of out matt rarer. For exaple, fee i ate fom ston or, and our dense saply of big grace el ‘Scable won oe he dale. Another inporan ctor conc he welds ‘spi of real eure The pid indatliation of many coun nd Irs eter aude pn me ny fh ea tit boosts amar ner te gape teeter wig op a of pa ee he bgt for So soni a td epi of 2 yea of wang hpi svn ees cre Oni Sa THC sie Une of Cunt, a 3 yo fein sgn Ei amin tse, Dig wt Sone ee beh sos mpd pied nl fn cn cing SiS nya bestow of en pens My ot Sater eet reign “ha enemy te nga ah of cmon eg cing dst ang meet” a Ena seamed pene nf an tng, ‘itn nap uel Tas Sng Sian ot ei rar eae bok serge my pp ITE eal focus co pats ea oe Spline no wll ot or an ogee Pasco pret Ftc melismas sagen, cutie sizes ened cpt gacrng Soe Sno tpg ps co th = hig oe oe ht ios San agi oh oe ppt ther Tors ging se nel eC rod nd MOU Alt toy we tegen, eben or pcg ona ‘onc, The Quy bsp Mel wih pl sp snd SESS cy tet cio Sad mtg fo eer Pech at soe gle Se ad Sf conte pon Cu nar bl spon tahng De Sige along mecha pp) ot nie ned celirait epee ae “laps anon oy nd pt of Cage 1a nie foc shu ean oe ng cue, Tce cps fcc a ping ori gar esp he apes ie SeCatS ate Gap ool ar sop Sc mre min oni he oop can be cated 1 Sons Mana ins Ad ae) sae a «spt wet Fe wih winweg he sito umn slog esta the tae apn coon pty Bette Robt pf te sins car vo ila el Pf EB. Wei Fn en Rg WS fc pt nd ome koa colleagues in nda and gnerment, pec thowe who supplcd (ds and photogrpi, and al ues wth whet we have ha dc ad ‘aot We arts raul the Pots Pe or print we mat {ram "Advances in Cron Sioa Teh. 1 hick et on the beter fain any coe people in the et of conaion pty the young people in colleges and waive, a 3 greater swatenos ofthe cot snd vs of conoacn a well tof he ane felling ths bak wl have served tor purpose Natt D, Gee 2 eanooucron Cates dat the competion fr tnd he pice of eal sources wl increase Fee Unied Suter co lange he che onsumer of mie ese 14 Comovion Engering Coton coping ste splits of rec ttn net reo concn nage enemy nd {ie pest a fc op, he ono nie ae ct tint fis nd eget oe te heme eb TEE apna indimeimet ope of mai corn eins Toten ae sa el Bsa o aise [aPlge eas ma ines onl rts of beeper see TehtetSncms ep, by ken sae on sue he ‘feruce of ule con see tse ferns nko ie cm eng or ana sheng coon point. he pet wu et te mead sur wll minis ot Ont Shan can pt mE eh "steep ecient fra aso taining ie cron. ae ey egal ld ne heme el et meses Ceti cososn spetie econlone mel Semen peas eo Senger pone! at oe 13. Definition of Corrosion Corsica sy be deine in svete {acta tetra of «rel Deas of eatin with enon: tune G) deacon of tes by ence unsigned Gy emcive metngy ree, Beas (ad (2) ae fee ft fs bok beau we tal consider cami, pti bea cee ‘Smee mess fread pcan ate Sp Sethe Boning of the ng os secialang etc, and stack o oe Say nner meen meal Gd teal eooson) ae conse 0 Be eroxge, Sone inst tha oon be resected fo meas, bu the Broader feope peered Trgue 1 sae defion 2). Execive meaty is conned oC eo (Woo ue rimaily wih the wining ofthe mel fom the fe ad efising alloying the mel focus, Mont on oes conan ones of to, and using of el by wae and oayge sus ia hyde tn oid. sig i tm vosrved fers abd vor conus, bough aay oe meals or thei ois whe 14 Enciroumente Paci all eavronmens we conosive (© some eyes "Some eanples ae sie aod mostue; fed, ssl, a and ‘nie nae, an oda aimoapets an sod thr st {heh ar clone, amon, hyogen sd, slur donde, and ft gc ‘el aie sucha byaclon sali, a aie; era acid such 4 ‘epee acti td formats slvens vege ad pelea (lbs and a vane of fod produce In genera, the "orgie ates we {mee canoe dun the “cranes Foe camp, concn ia the pelea {nay de coe co oli aie sll, drei and lene, sad water ean 0 theo aps oF gsi "The vend inthe chen procesindusies twat hight campers and pesie has made posse new process ot improves in ld pee ‘soefor ounple, beryl, grater spel, o lowe cost of production. ‘Tas also aplis to power produton, lung actor power, mses, and {bany oe ethos oad proces, Higher empeats aad pees sly Invlve more sere conan comtons. Many ofthe pest operins stelle have Ben pose or eoaamial without the we of eosin: ‘une mati, 1S Corovion Damage Sere of the deleterios efets of coxsin ate Aetated i he nex few parnganhs. Honeer,comesion i betel e Je Sle i some cases For xample, onal mading ot chemi ral i Wiley wel ie nec aad cer apleons. Unused eas av exposed 0 sid sad exces meals diane. This proces adopted when i mote ‘onomil et when the pars ae had ae ical fo achive by me oo Neston ethodsAnoliing of alumioun is another ence coroxon [ces wed eo oboin beter tod toe unm appetince Imai t+ Prowcive eoesion product onthe sic arreanasce Aviom te pit besa uted sara at ot plesing {She eye Bay conaded tnd red equipment ins pane would lene 5 oot [np onthe newer In many rl and ban event woul Be ‘espero ke he mel thicker I the rt pace (conan allowance) ha fe aply and oainin + punt coving. Outi sacs oe tno bablings ‘eof ue of ses el, nou, of copper forthe sake of penance. ‘The ie ihe for tenuate ad ober commer eablahmen. These ne eumples whee src fe ves dls oo he conling fo. sustenance ano OFEMATING cOFTE Solana svings cn be bund io Thuny pe of pts tough be sie of cononoavesiaue maealso eon ‘rch One example sic chia pect A cea plane eed an oul suing of more han $100 were by chunging te ble aera on {ine eqipent fom one alloy to anater more estas fo the conditions Involve Te cot of ha change no agli. bn another cane a waxed fecovery plat oped i he sed fr seve months tla seb eran problem was solved. Thi plane was bu wo ke cae ofan iporane wate {pond problem. Aypcaton of catholic potcion cam cat lak tte i ‘rng unsegiowad pipers to paca ih andere ings {epae cond) Moinnunce con te aatitied Bcase the oe pte ett the neey of low-om operon ‘lie cooperton betwen te cansion engineer and proces and sign enna! bjs pst bale can eimiate & subsantaly rece eat [unc om i any cate, Sigh changes the poses maine reduce he ‘erounenes of ln igucrs witour afecng ee pcs el; has emitng the tf le expensive teal. These changes can often be made afer the Plane opetaon bur og! pewentve meus are mae dexable, Coe Tc litte sem ui be "lenge ou” of equpnear, aed te ee 0 {hsm he rg Ssgn of he pane react swcrowss Fequly pint se st dove of pains of roc spe! lease of wnguced canon fies, Sonics se Thndown ts eased by cron vlving aa ange pcs eins ‘cecsonal tna ued by unger opeting proteus enneoly tegudedoe mec of nseang te veya ae eno conden ‘Mpg ow Sen ome mmc angen Poca fhe son af acy ‘ree ops covouan thse compe. The polecion of ‘Sia! compan’ walt pol dfn se ape To mee roduc, onponnc the coving mess beat xcanger Telouedan/tr tine myuied porto Lonetog the pernre Whe colag mel mae howe, or see thal gins Sos he etl al Tas ode igre me Sos ‘cube cng af nds ecaed gold a adorn tb pticion nyt frome ee Eereson monn ofp ae hella pee nested ovo fares pan shucowe Ths eine peal emg ‘Seon species whch ne oly exposed fo he poe by Soon poe nih only cota the otonin ee, Peitpe “ona eyupman dating heed downs a bey pvt wnespced Sundown eoxraunamon oF racover Ia miny exer the matit vale of the — {2 ved factor athe meni and handing of sanpuen plas, pg ten, foi, dg ad emsondacors In some case ey srl mous (Grote, which imcodcesserain meal ont so the sluson, may ue lye decomposition of + profucr, for ample, a the manure a Cuan of eoneneed hyogen perme oe hye Tie of he equips i oe gently an impor actor i aes where ‘onrinuina ot Seraton of pots eoncernes. Ordinary se ay st oy yes, bot ove epee rte sped Beane the presence Of sit tdetble fo the proc sandpo. ewe or vatuaste mnonvers No pitilt come is stated to alight letage of lfc othe Uni, benue et sce commodity. Hower, lee af + mel moh seve doe pe gon requis prompt conecive ‘io, Sight lw of unum compounds ot solunore we haarous Cane ey cond, ach ae, ian of ore expensive Sign a Deter ate of conmrocton ae wel marae secre oF sanery ano mesamiry The hang of hardoas mat Heh ar onc pr, yrooone sod, concentted sli and nse aes, ‘plot and Sunmae ates acute sbsanee, nd chemi hgh ‘Spears and uses demand hese of mater f eonsucon whch nunc conn falter Stes caroon of «meal wall eperting the fe {lite in «mse could cause pena ing, wi coal ea ina tes of millon of dle and in persona jy. Fuse ef sul component coal may tea fare or esracion of he ete ttre. Coon, ‘uipment cam couse rome Sip hemlet compounds bec explosive Elosoniiag ca matin of consraion nor denable fey i hed (Other hh consdeasion ate ao snponare sch 8 onaiaation of fonble ester Coonoa poducs cold make senting of equpieo ore [Shoe An iterening cumple bow salves sak aed ue daly oduct Fin The wai cosbum see el re nao nl plas we uch ofthe equipments diasembled and nied by "shy techighs [Newt pit i in pice cleaning and suiting whihequte mote corre ‘espa wt ea to choie loa and png. Tes slaons fe creed hough the gave without eng apr hae sing many ‘eh out of liber Thee advance teqace use of mote pensar aes tel ich ype 16 conan nickel nd molyenar (Coron so pyran impoan pu in meal eas se or hip ois, cen pic a bat ves Rally of cou, of purmoua importance hee 418 Clamifcation of Corson Carsoa bis ten hse’ ia many ‘Mfesoc ways One ehed es conosion in lowempenate and high oxidation) and elecochemil corrosion, Te refered dasatan ee (1) tr conga and (2) dy cnn, "Wee creo occ when gui i preeThis ual volves ques ssluoos oc sets aad scoun forte peter moun of carouon by far A coonmon example is cononon of re by mater Dry couosion cet tm absence f+ lid pe oF sbove the dew pol of che eaoament ‘Vapors and guc ae unl the coodets Dry coroson i most on a0 ‘ted wih high tempeates. An example sack on sel fucace aes. “The psc of een smal nouns of mostare oulschange the coxonon piawte comply For sample, dy chloiae spacey aoncoonve 1 ‘Sedna se, But moi chloe, of chlorine dived in mate i exeely ‘cove and cach os ofthe common metal aad loys The reve se Fee tannmsy clone gos more cave then wet hei 21 Introduction ‘To view cosion ening in ts proper perpacive i ‘Rowena o emember the te cole of tel depend on tuay tors, Stcaing x conoson beavion. Fgue shows ate of the proper which ‘lermine the chee ofstractr tel Alchough wea pac concerned ‘i te concen sesoance of vous tne he ral che fequsty {pend o fcr ter than coo restance. Ae menoned i Chap. 1 {Br cot andthe cerovon festa of the mute wral ate he mom ih [wor properties ot mow eagioeing sppicions fegutiag high chemical fine Howeses fr ahead apprisons pena fen the most impo consleton, Facey, whch ides te ce of forming, ingot ores mechanical oper mat ao be considered In eagine. Ine aplication, he mechanical boar cr seng aso imperne n has {oe conidere eventhough the maeal is bang selected for is corosion {esse Fal Tor any ighy sean ters such a8 gold, plain, {usm ofthe pelos the rauby often eae egy plays ‘Mecing itor in whether ov ar eey wil be wed. Ta uny tases de ‘ney tne foc oo of he exon sland alloy i prod “The engnewing sap of enrouenreatace aot be oveepbasnd npc eroson renner al media aa be ceed bythe use of ‘ther ptnun o gs, bu thse material are not pact st ost ase ‘Cosi eisnce cr chemi resance depends om many ator. compe and comprensie sly equress kagolelge of evel as of Se Fig. 2, Fat aesing cae of on (omer SSS — ig 22. Facto seting orion eines of mete scene knowedge a8 indice in Fig. 22. Theepodynumice snd elec ‘heist ate of ge inporance foc sanding snd contol cosson, “Themoynaic adie nd esata nds te sentneons ection freien, In he cat of tonosion thermodynamic acai fee ether of so corrosion is therecaly posse. Hecrocheny 40d 8 ‘cite’ fd, decode hn ae ruced thi chap and dese ‘a considerable deal im Chips 9 and 10. ‘Meclupial facets equendy have 4 pronounced ince on cooson| essance In many ees be erp! uct fala abe cold to fedhce ersve stack. Physi ehemisny and M8 var dacs se ‘most wil for stdying the mechasis of cooton taco the mae ‘eaion of meal nd other bane popes. In ths chaps und the oes ha follow, lof thee diplines which ae ‘eporunt for the undesuadiag snd controling of cesrouon wil be ules, Sc the rate of conoson is of pinay ivr for enpnsing api, stestochenialthery and coneps wl cose! a pret fea 22 Corovonrate Esprenions ‘Thought this bok, metals ind oe0- ‘meals willbe computed on the buss ft cntonon estar. To ae ch ‘enpuions meaning, the ate of eack for xh aca he expe ‘quatiadvey. Corrosion aes have ben exes i viiy of ays oe Sear us aed Tale 2-1. Weigh lnm patois oad pect ‘eh changeof marl ai exper coat conesion evonten Pt {aps of expesing corrosion restunce Ir ebvou that bv of tee expe. ‘son wil be induced by be Sion ofthe espouse. Fuster the sage he ‘posed ace wl alo exer a ntuece onthe rents bauer sale ‘bse sphere ad a thn sheer, both having the se wig when evjonel {01 casio meliun. I the eoronon te te pened wth ese spe. ‘both weight ss nd percent weight change wil be lage force thee species sie a rete suc ae per unt volume is expose othe coun. Tha because of vagsenens andthe powibliy of isnepetaion, both of these ‘xpresions shouldbe avoided when descungcecronen rer. The neve ou of expressions ae metly wince ofthe genelied pence of agit HC 22 comosovante xtssons 9 abl 31 Compaen of Coronte Exe for Engng Apne Seen Rapes Aemio era oma OE eprom gore ‘ornate ad eae oc wt age Woe ne iene pane deine py) Gtr ein dwt a ey ne eee penn i or cn ge a ee ene) os eis pe ne me Miia pr square eincet ey od) ' coment wedi Engh and Asean concn Hee Une fox ro expen the expres ico he det of the preset tnd duton of eponse Hower, ey lave sous dnanage they do 0% eit arson teuance itm of pennon. Pst ua ‘ageing vewoin the at of pecenion othe Wiauag os seal pct de wed rete Me fu en cempown The ea fou exresiony, wich nad nhs peaton fr fs es erase {esac ners eoeratn pr ysl mls pecon arf tn Epes carson sutance eins of penta, Fom ie sania af eorenenc, spr et sper nctecocien mt pct etl are et teen spproninaly td 200 py Tas Ung ie pei, pombe ro oem coin da wing Sail wei nse ‘4 svoing decal Ios tte enproons cs psy oo inches pe och wil neve dil poy Dad names eg aod leu eo es shen ang the rans noted above, te pean ape yi he mow ese wy ef expesing sono tlw be ed angst te Ths etesion wey ted fem be weight lo fe mel ‘prime ang the ern feb he rua ge low saw ey = BE 1 comouon rer whee B= weigh oes mg D deny of pecmen, g/cm! A wes of pines 54 ‘P caposuce time, be Further dacusons of consion ate caleons and conoson exing appen in Chaps. 4and I Sectoge 48 and 1 indicat aalne creion ELECTROCHEMICAL ASPECTS 23 Electrochemical Reactions The cscvoheril setae of comoson Gn be lune by he atic of sige by Bydrctonc ah When 2 i nc inate ychlc ch pores econ occ; iyogen ga it ‘ived aol th sng dale foeminga sleon of inc chide. The eon Bab 2M Zach + Hy ey ‘Neng dn the chloride ion ie not vole ia he rein, his eqtion ca be wre a the spied for: Bat He Za Hy aa ence, sine ec with he hy ogen ons ofthe ai sui form ie ‘ons and bydrogen gis Eumining the above equation, i ean be sen ha ‘Ring he ean, ine onaed vo icons and hyogen onareeluced fo bytogen, Thus Eq (22) can be concn died eo wo Feet, ‘Be ido of unc and the seducuon of hyo os: Cnitation (anodic reveion)* Za Za? 26 @) Redaction (thoi estos) 2H} 20> He ee ‘An oxitation anc esti is ina by an ces ia vale 2 produion of eleton A decene i vlece cg or the eonsurpten of Elccwns signer «seduction a ethos earton. Equauons (23) and (29) fie paca acons—nah st oct silapeualy aed othe sue ate 00 ‘hefeeal mice fds ween the the el wou sponiconly bem ‘ec dupes which cen impale. Tis vs 0 ene of the mos eral ncn Oo . L, 23 moma Bo 6 meee © ©@ ngoran bai pincipe of conosin rng ml cori, te at of ei euler of eco ems of leon procton sad consti) “Te above concerned in Pig 23. Here nine som at bes famed it a ine ano devon. The lecies whch cain the seal we immediately consumed uring the rducon of hygeine gue 23 shows these emo proceses sacl seared force. Wher too te ze acl Seated o oct athe se pst the sac does tora the above pcp of carpe convo, In se coronon eons ‘he onan eacoon occu unforoy on these, whl eb esse Jeane and occurs a specie aes) These eects we decibel det 8 {along capes "Toe crosion of sic ia bydchoic cil isu eecochea procs. ‘earn any econ wich cm bedded oom foc na) paral tons of cua nd educa tome’ econ. Dividing Conon her ‘Seceocescal resins ia paral rune maker them unple o woe Sun ton an alurinu, esas, ae so mpl eonoded by hyo {ea The vations fet DH Re + He a) 2AV + GHC 281 7) Altkough st fer sgh cbse appear gue Sin, comparing epi oct ofeateon apd eduction idiots that resco (21), (9), ad (26) ae gute anlar All ivave the hyogen tn redctn and they dar ‘yi te onan oe ane acon: Beszat te ce) Fev Fe 2p en Asad ie ea) Hence, the pobea. of bythe ai cooion i spied since a vey ae the abot rection he evolcon of hydrogen gu scting £0 teacten (24). Thi ao apples co orton in ohe ae fac a se Fospbue, bydrohsoe, and mtesolble organic ait sich 4 frie ad fee. In each cae, cay he byarogen ton nate the othr tt uch a ‘fae, pout, nd act do not paichte nthe eecrochemid reson When viewed fo the sandpoine of paral process of xiii snd relucion covosion ca be ct toa few genealzed racons The Gholi rerclion never coonon ratio the xsi f+ meal 0 io, {Ps canbe wten i he ger fom Maat me eo) ‘few examples sr Amat be ew Bar Za es) ALA oe a Inch case th ber of ecrons proud equal teen of on ‘There we seve! sigtens cathode reactont sb ae equal eh counted meallccotesion. The mos common cholic eatin ae Hydeogenevlton DHS 2 Hy aa Obygenseducon acidwluons) Opt aHIT dee 2HO A) (Onygen duc (eu oF _ ane sltins) OF aO+4 HOH 2) [Neal ica redaction ope a Met deposition wees ea 1Hydogen ectson i» common eed reson since ao Hii neta we feqeclyenuntael Ones escion Ye tam, Sp soso lon som wh i ple of pouing cio ‘Matin felon sod al epson we les ono reasons Hd ae thot equ fondo hemi ress eas A he tone ce Epc mrt cose eles The sore ual econ co be ed one viel al erosion robens Conse we hypss wher on eel im wate o sr Thiru oes oe smopmte Gr ssone nt ora se pt lng Tre eusnpit) Conon ecu The pode rion Fekete en Since the seu is exposed so he soaps, icons dislved oxygen ‘Waser and veswae a ely eat and thus the code retin is Oy 0 + 4 OH ew Rewembating tas sium ad cig ons do ar pair inthe reaction, the ove eatin an be cane by adding (27) and (212): fe + LO 4+ Oy 2Fe1* + 4OH- > ROHL eas, ‘enous bys respite frm soso. Homeve, this compound i saben ongentl alone aed oie to the ec al HOU), + 1.0 + JO. 2Fe(O1D, a6) “Theil product he aia rat ‘The dai xample of eplcenens ection, he neaton of ie with copper le shim, ests nel depos Da Cotto 284 Ca ean ceive pi ions: Zaza es ores 18) ‘he sinc aly Becomes ped with copper and ete he prods ae teppe sponge me ne sl late amg coi, mre han on oxidation snd one reduction ection my ‘cc When anally icttode, 8 component mals go ta solution the tsps ens, Me iporany, moe than oe rection excoon can oceut ‘Seng cnson, Coonder te can of sic in tated yavochlic nd “Teo cabaic ection ate possi the elton of hydogen the elation of onygen. Tiss usted schema in Fig, 2-4 On the sutice of the toe thee we two deter consuming rections. Sice the ates of xiation ‘eduction sus be eg ening the Coal eduction rate inca he feof wc lio, Hence, acs unone consining due oxygen will, {emote cose tun ae acids Oxygen flucion spy proves ne ‘Beans of "eleton digoul” The ume ect x sbuced if ty our i ig. 14, Ecchi ction ‘eSuring ding common of ne Wield ydecone ac V4 comouon rants present io acid solusons. A fequeeinpaiy in commercial byaclo aid FE vane tn, present as fore chide. Mets comode mach mote ply in fh inate sen Deca Shere ae eno exotic reactions, drogen votion od fen oa elocion Fete eotet aw Since the nl and cathode scons ocuing ding cosine mul depen, pole ofeluce cooson By redug the es oF ‘ihr dase, In he ob ne ftps hyo se ca be mae Isreoresne by wmovng the fe tsa! consequat elucg de woul fee of cana edie, Oxjgencecon I emit bp preven wt rm cntcing the guess son ot y emowng si wih as ee is ‘Sel tron wl nt Soote ov afc meer terete enue hee ‘Sitc ecnon pone ne suc of the selected wth pit of eet noncondacng fm, te ef both sae nets reactions wl beget reac a CSuouun it be one A cesonon inborn wh hen ‘ded uml svat to + coroae, reduces cary. Ctsion in Tas ncn by imeeng wc the sna cata ects oe bah ay fei sponsor yan emg Niperts foe mead ce by teeing wth eter he oie ‘rete wacins, Highest wcptamie ear the hydrogel hn ston and subsequence Soon rte He obo tha good Snducinty us be sacl hth the meal ofthe dete ing SBE cen enon Of cone ot pal tinea the ea ‘Rinunce ofthe mel sete sf testi ab thoi actions ‘ir inora rere hey edcuble However posible To ee the ‘Snel etunee ofthe ecole or crave bl they seduce corso ‘ay pute eters much hes coro han impure or atu ates. The fw covey of high pany wt primary due hgh lea ese Thee meer for ncetsng cone esnoe we desc n grat! deal inflow cape. 24 Polarisation The concept of poltiaion ix iy dicusad bere iceaus of ts inporaace in undewtning croson beavot and eosin ons, The following canon simple, abd rele desing a ore ‘Compecenie snd guunatine dasntn of thr ope eer to Chaps 9 indo ‘The ute ofan elettocheia econ i ited by vacous physi and chemi facots Hence, an elechemia econ i id t be peal or terded by thse envinntenal fac, Psion can be conven ied {iro re cllen types sui plataton and encentaon poison, ‘sation pltation refers co an elecohenial procs which on Se 24 roumton 15 ig 25. tyiognredcton ration ‘er ton od pie tole by the reaction sequence athe meal leclye itece Ti i easy ‘sacl by coaaoang hytogemevalta exon oc Sing atin Jacl slion.Pigure 29 shemasaly shows some ofthe pole pei Iyatogenredueen en 4 nncsutice. These wpe ca ano be apy the ‘electing of any specs on meal sue, The pcs at Saber ‘rachel tote tac ele he reaction cn proceed scoring wo sp Flowing ths, econ rant (ep 2 mex ocer, rein nx reduc of the speces, AL shown a se 3 to hydogen ate then combine o fom bydogeo molecule These hydrogen molecules then coins fom s bubble st degen gus ep 4). The pet of reducion ofthe hyrogen on wl be oot bythe ost of that ep, Ti hl spied pc of ce ‘eduction of hydrogen, numerous shunts have bee propose, ox of ‘ch sre much more comple un tat sown in Fig 23, Concenaon poison ref 10 elerochemical reactions which ate conteled by the difaion ste eelee Thu luted in Fig 3-6 fe 26, Concession polation daring hydrogen recon 16 comoson rans the cae of iden evolution. Hes, he mbes of byogen on in slion ‘she snl an sh edocon tein contoled by he difusion of hyogen ‘os to the ml uice Nowe tarp ths ase the edn sxe is cones bp proce oxcing within te bul salto rather da at decal utc ‘Acivaon plate sauly othe conaing for ding Con in trea conning sb conceraton face pees (concen cd) Concennton police gcealy predmiautes when te cncecaon of fhe vec secs soul (ey Se as, aeaed a sans, ose fasancescontoion poleica dang meal dsclutin + wsaly sal haa be negieconly porane dung educa reas. “The inperance ‘of disinguisng eres stra aod conceneton politicion nner beotetenpoanaed Depnsing or wha hn of politon conualing ibe felacon rexcion, event vaubls proce difee ‘hocn For amle ny changes the aye whch acer the aifson ite will deur the eect of onceataon polation a) Bese acest feacon ae Ths, testing he velco agit ft cooave mesa ‘Thies ate af tbe cabot proces conrad by concent JFicaton bh the an and choc weacona we conte! by ative von planation pain wl ve no afore on coesion re. THSe 40d (ihr ddeent af cried in deal below and sos Chaps 9 a0 10 25 Pamiity ‘The phenomenon of metalic pasiviy bas fascinated eit ful enget fr ove 120 yn, sce the das of aay. The petopenon iGalf ae cieae so deine beaut of a complex nate 208 the pie Contions under whi occu Een, pussy ees 10 the Jos of ‘Ser recog eapeenced by cain teas and loys wader parialat nwrocmenl tondions, Tha iy cars als and ays Become setaly ‘noeand eras efthey wee noble tal ich paso ad go. Fount, tom an eapnceung sandpin, te mes se asepble och ied ‘ehrvor st the compen engacring tect mites nclaing 08, ctl, sien, chemiun, asim ad alloys conning tee metals Also, de mie oodians other mes sch as ine cami, a, asim, Dd thon hae sa Ben observed eo exit psy ef, Pusu, although dtl so defn, can be soar dese by churaceray the beavor of meals which show ths uous Fis, nie te behavior of what can be elle normal med, ha ae which {ier me show pusivty face Big, 2-7 the Bebaoe of sch a met ‘owe Les asune tas we he 4 metal immense st an ate aid {blac wih an ening power coneponding fo past A and u croton ‘ate carepondng to ths poe the oiding power of dh scion ‘rose, by eng een ox ec os, he coon ate ofthe rca will tues py Noe that or such» ee the eoronon te incre 8 the ‘hiding powe of te slutionsnceaes This incre se exponential e258 essovey 7 i 2 Coin mie of ado (ete ptt sn lds sige line when pled ona senilogsicmi ale ain ig. 27 ‘he oidning power ote sltion conta by both he pee ong. por of he expen andthe cnceton of hse eget As wl Be de: ‘ie ia Chae 9 10, oan power on be rete ded by eee Pte bur isis end epee docasion Tigote 2 dsr te wpa! behavior of « me wich demsraes tc Teer of em ay beam ‘roar repr acne, pune, and ania. tne ace rei, te ‘hoor of bis mata! idecal o cat «nro es Sigh creases indie omding power ofthe slton cise coneponding ipa erase a Secon a mie nig gle etn om Suen cecrase Tis coresgonst the begining of the pave tegon ‘Roce cecr im ong spre pode ate ay change he concn thee he mati Fai. a ery gh concn of odoin te peecace of vey powel odin, te cei re agua incase with ‘Rocsung onds power. This repica scmed the tanspsive eon Fg 28. Coram cherie of om ate ae Sle et ng ver (lt ren Ie is imporane to note Uae dig the aston or the sie to the passive repion 10! to 0 educa ia coonon ate uly ceed, The Precise case for this unusual aie pssieanspsivetanson i tc Plsely understood. + apecal che of atin polaron do 1 the formation of satace Sm o protective bari which sae overs considenBle range ofoxiing power ad eeu desoyed in song oxtiong solu: thas, The exact oe of tht barr is por unde. Hower, fer the Puss of eoginerng application, ii not aecesary co undrsand the Imecans of ts wos eect complete, ace san be ay cates by daa sch tte shown Big 2-8 “To summarise, meals whith poses un acve-pasiveeanskion become pain very coronon eit tn modonsly to woagly ending envio fens Under exteely song oxsliong condos hse metals se dee ‘ers resin propre. Thee catcensice have been sic wd to develop new metoisf preventing coroson ado pei coves es nce. These apcations we decibel a deal a sccerding pes Frequently ia the proces indi, iis desiable o change proces unl (One of the mont feguee question i What eer wil this change have on eeroon rate? Ia the following sein, rome ofthe mote cmon emo ‘Bena vahes ste conudered on tebe concept develope above 26 fect of Oxygen and Oxidizre The eet of oxides sd oiiniog power was dacane shove i conection withthe Deane of aie psi Ics. The eft of xis on coo race an be prevented bythe ph shown in Fig 29. Now hatte shape of ths grap a sito that of Big 28 2nd teh ue divided ino tes dferen sections. eave conespon Ing to secton ti cate of somal mets and abo of sie pssive ‘teal wen thy ext onl ia the active wate For ale which deena Acovepssve wii, pany ts adeved only is suet quan of ‘Susie or x wietly owed oxide leaded 1 the medium. Inresing ‘onosa te wit nctsiog one conentsons sp shown io soe 1S ‘racrerte of Monel td copper ut sod tlatonscnmnng oxygen. BOD ‘tte muerals do nor pase Alhough won can be ade topsite Ste, the sbi of oaygen i med. and in mow cas enolic 1 produce asine sae sr shown in ig 2 "Az ince corona rae alowed by a api dete, ad thea 2 orton rte mich is esta independent of oxide conenan, i ‘haere of rach ate penve mete andallopsar 16 AN: sites el sd esi, Wan tcivegaive meal ily pesive a conasive media, the eugene © ote ed 2:9. 8-8 ty ocr ion of fret exidnng agers at only + oepligibe ets on crrosion Ths condo fequety seas when a8 sive pune mel ined [8am riding medium such a ane acide fee corde The bev ‘epievened by scons? aod 3 vss when + mel, ily in Se pase se exposed to vey pve ode snd makes 4 tasiion io the ‘tnpusive eon. Tis Kod of belo i Gegeni served with ales ‘eel when very powetfaloxdiing gens tch chore a ded to the rosie medium In ho ang mous consiing concent sf tod nic ads, the nite acne paste amp tin canbe ob the ineered ton of nic onc a les rexly sen tht the ec of ode aon or the presence of _eygn on coesion ate Jepends on both the medi and the eas vale ‘The coroin ate maybe incase byte adn of ene, ena tay ‘eno efecto the cession te, ora very complex Dhani may ec ‘By knowing the bane hacen of mello ae theese {@ whch ts esponed, ts posse co pete im many netnces the ee of der addons 21 fects of Velocity The dfs of velsty on coin rae a, ke the ees of xine adions,comples and depen onthe chances of ig. 210, Eft of eaty om comm Teyana ay Samet weed Eee, eee . dhe meal adhe envionment 1 wich xpos, gue 2203h0¥ pia Sen wen one on cr eel Fr iat ne tae tale! by wan Foren, pt 0 ect roca tem et dase ure Bish noon Puneet ional naptime en Fee cae A aton | Puacaepnel] xc wie 8 Ot ae ee a mune, ee cfr dae cnyges 8a cart plant a ei pa "Ce process under dfn contol and se ata = aed asa ane eaespening so cune secon 1a 2, Wl be SLC At incuing pon se mel wil ng ae Geese gon Eas pated aes shows ed a EIR city re menor tant we evel Oe > Fe cannon stern ein iso theo ses ier Fo si of manne balk postive Sls on the sues Te “ios psig ein chy ae exw ea much sera He. 28 ec oF aren ei beteved a boa ed and el tec mack a sli ald by alabe alice, When mateals uch ar thse at espoved 0 eee UUphconeaive vedas neil ditage crea af he fils can oe, renting in cael ack shown cue C Ths ised estan cor onan dacsnedin Op 3 Inthe ase cone Cotta nt mecha nage actualy ecu heeft fata o elec is aval epligble 28, Efect of Temperature Tenpraute loons the ste of almost all ‘Genial wrens. Figure 2 ister two commen eberaons ot the le of tanpernice on the covtonion rts of ere Carve repeat the Betevorsoted above vey spd or exponeal vei comonion ate wih inaming tepeanre. Bcvce uth ante ix cure Bi ao que fe ‘eemyeberved. Taran alos negligible tempera ele fllowed by sey spd ate in cronon meat higher tempeteuer. Inthe cue of 108 (ln wel ica, hn ee readly expel lncening he ter enue of nie sid pai nents outing omer At lw or Doce fempentue, snes els expe! fo aan acd we he pie sat et ‘does thetnnanve epion Hence en incense fn ning power cases ‘ery pid inaease i the conosan ie of there mate A sar sre of ‘chin may expla the Debut of Monel ad shel a need Bi 2 owen ia pone tht carves wach as Bin tnny inane exonconly ‘epee acca eta, I che cartoon ate ac low tnpee i very 1, tices expec, ne pos wilappeat as carve B. That cooson ‘eines valli epee; hs ot een ince wal ples ef onouoa ne wes tpenaie Doce ofthe dace of see om Fg 211 Fle tempt on com ans Sa a, ers 22 comoson rncrts 129. Efects of Comosne Concentration Figure 212 shows shenstialy {he ete of concave concentaion on cron ae. Nowe tat cave A had feo scion, {and 2. Many mater which xh pansvey oes te oly feghpiy sect by wide changes in cooniveconceneaton as Show (Care 4 eton 1. ner marl show una beaver eee a ee igh ‘noe concntns, when the roca ate pees ape a show 8 (ne secon {and 2 Led amv wb shows heel, a [lene so be et the tread ule, wc ers «pec i io Tow concentutns of wfc ai aabein concerted sur i The behavior of acs wih te tolble inal concerns of water often ld Carer snd chrve Bin Fg, 212, lly a the onceaon of eonosie acre, the coo tes kei cesed. Tis pail def he {esha the aoune of bog ons hich the ce Spi ae ceased eacilconemnton i niente. However, ar ad concent ceased feet, conan sat ches 4 manimur snd thn decease Ths is ‘Soucy duct the fc tha very igh concetatios of acid oniaion Isveduced, Because of ths, many of he comenon sis Such a sulfite, et Ibyodsone and aes te italy net when in he pre wae cr 108 cm ‘ceoeaon, od at mode pees. ' . t : i I a $88 eee ar Oe ‘He. 291 mea Monans 23 —@ © 5 @ rerrerton Bo 8 Bo Fig 212 Etched motion sein on glmic (Sine of se pa ® 4310. Eject of Galvanic Coupling to many prc appiins, te ‘otc of disiiar mateals navel. lo Cops proces seems tod [ppg anengemens,difeen meas ad ays ae Feqci in conn with ‘Scheer andthe conove mesum, Te eco gvaiccupling wil be ‘onset in decal aera oly icy mentioned ere. Conier pect of $e marie! in bydrcloe4dwolion snd conaced 1 «noe teal ‘chan plas (Big. 2-13). Se pasar ner in this eis, eas 0 ‘Becuehe suet whch bydogen elton an ocr Fur, hystogeh ‘volo ocus much ore reac the suace of paiaum than ca ane ‘The two fcee crate tet ofthe catolic retin sd comequenty sree the contin eof the ie Noe tha the fof alae coupling 1 trace weal ent ht aig an iit 1 conan ‘etcon In bole, heute of elton costampin encased and hence he ae of mer ditlucion ict. Te porto coi that fai coupling dows not always nee the corsion ae of 4 ven et SS some canes decrees the corouon tate of the mec. These spied fey wl be dase a ter cape METALLUNGICAL ASPECTS BIL Metal Properton Mls and aly ae estaline sds. Ts, tte noms of «meal a angel in regu, epening aay. The tee most ‘non cysaliearangemens of metals ae used io Bg. 214 Ton and sel base 1 body-enerel cae staat, the suatentie stiles else (eecented cb aod sage posses a esagonal lose pack ace Fig 216 Metalic ell sre. severe Meal properties dlr rm tow of ths caine lie ich a amie and ema als. They ar duce (a be defomed sical wih ‘Ser fuig) a ae good ceaseless dee Thee popes ‘onl om the noadiecionl Bonding of tealr—each arom i bended (0 (Suny os eighors Hace, te cya sracre aze sles sey fucked as showaa Fg 214, Duty probably the mos spartan pope) Ermcal, Tice dactlay perme almon welmted Eecaton. Pts, we igh ste, meal bly yo placa bel actus. Ths pope {Sl cou, nae in eogineng spplizntone ‘When s meal soles Janay cating the atoms, which ate anloly lsd in th lund stice ange themes ins esi ay Howeve, ‘hs ccd usualy Begins te many pon hela and ws these blocks of ‘Gyo gio te thre a lana ee bose. When the mea ‘solid and coe. tee wil be autrou ios of misc bere ch gan Tone pons ae cled gm boundanes. gute 219 shows i ‘Sings swodanenaoral tepscton of gin boundary. Since the Most {SiN onburton of the ul parca ere ie, gran Rounds Me highene gy aren and ar ore ave chem, Hese, pain Bousdanes, tte wsuly stacked sgh awe ply thn gain cer when exposed (0 ‘rune Merogplie hing, n ay csc depends on ths dierent 0 ‘tema cacy deep tena ence grits. Figue 216 shows & ‘raged view of 18 snes wel which as been eched Ai solution. He. 231 agai mores 25 21 i bundy 6 ppg ma (1 “The gain bounds appar dk ect hey hae ee ote eee cack he the gris ‘Alloy ae mites of wo of moe meal oe amen, Teta owo kinds of alle —bomegeoeout snd herogeinont, Homageeous ays esd ‘oluiens. Tat the components ate compley alten one ane de "Sutera has only one phase. 148 saialense ig. 2.46) tan example of ocogenoos of soldsoltion ay. The en, kh choc, ad eben se datolvt comple, andthe toy fas « ifr) cemponican. Hees eco lloys te istics of wo of move spate pase Te component Pig. 216 Ptmiogaph of 185 ae ae eS re ee Hilt. lic of such toys we ot comply aubie and exit os sepante phates, The Compote sod sce of shee aos ae ace uniform Fste 2.17 sows Ghoumicogaph ef low aborted, The bon combines th some ofthe tor oe cide which aly appeared for, Exch ype of doy her sdvenages aod duivauges Sods alos xe geteraly tore duce and hve lower seeagh shan exogenous alloys Toe ice Brees thie two pes depends on the mechaaial opis deed, Sl luton ely me wily ae csi rsa tha alioys with eo (0c Bore) psc snce gaharccouplog feces ne aot pete, Hower thre ie teporant exception roth peeraison which desl in thefow- ing pes. ‘Alo wy quite simi 0 aqueous slsons. Some substances can be dived we others a ilsble Subic usualy increases ply with {peting tempera: Far expe, won abil completly clube fa oa Stu topentrs hence ses becomes slid sluson when Bestel (08 Highteopemute, Peiptaion of pase can oct fom sypereented slid eloonsas docs theca of ig ston. As aut above, gain bound he we high-negy fe, 1 precpetion fequeuy begins a the gain ‘acetces ‘Oh diecencesia the metal can Be cena, meal, or mechanical in saute. Beampes a spun suck a ones and ce oun, all ate conta of pins, dlocaton ray, dfleteces in omposvon of the Ticcoractue, preapnted ghaer, load stese, scathes, and sik igh pled sce af ued in ent special cus. Very pe sel we ae uarosua rss than commercial atta. For ample vey poe and Toh sinc wl ot covrden very ure byron, eth commer aunerpus rec pi, However, poe mes at expense, an8 thy ae ‘huly weak mold sot eda Brige of pe son. the folowing shows she fect of pay of sinus on

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