Vcb stands for Vacuum Circuit Breaker and

this is used in switchgear room. This is a

protection device for Medium Range circuit.
The Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB) is a
switching device capable for operational
switching(on-off operations) of individual
circuits or electrical equipment in normal or
emergency modes with manual or automatic
control, made for a medium voltage of over
1 kV based on the principle of quenching an electric arc that occurs when the contacts open in a vacuum
gap.

The main function of a vacuum circuit breaker is to cut off power to electrical outlets in case of a
short circuit or electrical malfunction to allow manual disconnection of circuits so that they can be
repaired. A notable feature of vacuum circuit breakers is that they contain evacuated spaces.

3000 RPM is the speed a 2 pole

AC generator needs to rotate at to
generate 50 (cycles per second) Hz
AC.50 Hertz.
 Transformer oil is most often based on mineral oil, but alternative formulations with different
engineering or environmental properties are growing in popularity.

During a phase loss condition, 3-phase motors, pumps, and compressors will tend to draw excessive
current in the remaining two connected phases leading to overheating of the motor windings, reduction in
speed which itself could cause the motor to vibrate and become unsafe. The motor will slow down and
start over-heating and the circuit breakers will trip.
 AC (Alternating Current) can change its direction of electric charge. DC (Direct Current) is a direct
flow in 1 direction only of electric charge. But the most obvious difference is the type of current each
motor turns into energy, alternating current in the case of AC motors, and direct current in the case of DC
motors. AC motors are known for their increased power output and efficiency, while DC motors are prized
for their speed control and output range.

One reason is to avoid transformer oil spill, in case that

transformer get burst. So that oil can easily be collected
beside under the transformer foundation on the oil pit. To
increase ground resistance. Rainwater absorption and avoid
vibration damage.

Stone increases resistance between our foot and the

ground. Stones prevent the accumulation of rainwater in
switch yard. Stones reduces step potential and touch
potential when operators work on switch yard. Stones
prevents vegetation and growth of small weeds, plants, and
grass inside the switch yard.

Big capacitors can store energy, but they discharge

quickly. Batteries can store energy for longer
durations and are better suited for many
applications. Large capacity caps are ideal to top up
batteries. Remember that caps are static, not dynamic. Batteries are stable and hold relatively constant
voltage and hold charge for longer.

The calculation for a three-phase transformer kVA is a

little different from the calculation for a single-phase
kVA. Once you've multiplied your voltage and amperage,
you'll also need to multiply by a constant — 1.732, which
is the square root of 3 truncated to three decimal places:
V * l * 1.732 / 1,000To calculate single and three phase
Transformer in KVA , the two Transformers have
different formula.

1. Single phase is calculated as Current I multiply by Voltage V divide be 1000. I.e. I x V /1000.
2. To calculate for three phase the square root of 3 is multiplied by the formula for calculating the single
phase.
That is, ( IV/1000) 1.732.
To calculate the rating of a single-phase transformer in kVA-
Rating (kVA) = (Voltage (V) × Current (A)) / 1000
For a three-phase transformer, use:Rating
(kVA) = (Voltage (V) × Current (A) × √3) / 1000

Suspension type insulator which is made from porcelain this is

used to support and separate electrical conductors without
allowing current through themselves.
 Generators are connected in parallel because it ensures reliability and scalability in power
generation. Parallel connection allows them to share the load, providing redundancy and easier expansion,
whereas series connection would combine their outputs, risking imbalance and limiting flexibility. Parallel
generators provide the maximum output when the power demand peaks and minimum output when the
load necessities are low. Hence, parallel generators increase the reliability of power systems and make
them more efficient.

To Check the earthing of the circuit by using a

multimeter you need to put black Probe into the
earth point and as well as red probe into the phase
point. if you get voltage your earthing is working
properly.

Check the Earthing:

a. Switch the multimeter to continuity or resistance

mode (ohms).

b. Touch one probe to the earth socket or connection

and the other to a known ground, such as a metal pipe or
rod outside your home.

c. If there's continuity or very low resistance (near zero

ohms), the earthing is effective and safe.

DC does not have a power factor because it maintains a

constant voltage polarity, making the phase difference
between current and voltage zero. In AC power factor is relevant due to the changing polarity and phase
shift between voltage and current. The DC power behaves the same in reactive as in resistive loads.

Therefore, the power factor being the ratio of reactance to resistance x/x=1. This is because in DC
the angular difference between the voltage and the current is very close to 0°.

Direct current has no power factor because it is accompanied by zero frequency. For alternating
current voltages, power factor is a norm and ranges between zero and one, where one is the perfect
system, and zero is the bad system.

Batteries are the same. Voltage is constant and current is constant if the voltage value is equal. Otherwise,
current that goes from the highest volt value to the lowest volt value
 AC changes their direction 50 or 60 times per second and DC does not. AC changes its direction of
flow, thereby leading to charging and discharge of a battery, It can't charge a battery directly. Key points:
Alternating Current (AC) cannot charge a rechargeable battery because its positive half cycle charges the
battery whilst the negative half cycle discharges it.

It's called creepage distance. We have clearance distance. The first one, as far as ribs it concerns, are used
to increase the arch route, to have insulation increased.

High voltage insulators for outdoor use are shaped to maximize the length of the leakage path
along the surface from one end to the other, called the creepage length, to minimize these leakage
currents. To accomplish this the surface is molded into a series of corrugations or concentric disc shapes.

High voltage insulators are ribbed to increase their surface area. This helps in improving the
insulation performance and preventing electrical breakdown.
 The indication C32 is the rating of the circuit breaker.

Loose connection and

overload

Transformers cannot operate on DC because a

changing magnetic field is required to induce a
voltage in a loop of wire. If the primary of a
transformer is connected to a DC supply, the primary
will draw steady current and hence produce constant
flux.

Consequently, no back emf will be produced.

Additionally, there can be a saturation of the core
due to which transformer draws very large current from the supply when connected to DC.
 Transformers do not allow DC input to flow through. This is known as DC isolation. This is because a
change in current cannot be generated by DC; meaning that there is no changing magnetic field to induce a
voltage across the secondary component.

Because they carry large quantities of electricity at a

very high voltage, transmission lines are not covered
by an insulating sheath. The air around them provides
insulation. Therefore, it's important that nothing come
close enough to the lines to cause an electric arc.

Single-phase, loads the neutral wire provides the

return path for the current, and in balanced 3 phase
loads, because they satisfy the above criteria, the
currents enter and return through lines creating 0A of
out of balance current. So, there is no need for a
neutral wire.

The reduced voltage leads to reduced motor current.

The reduced current improves the motor starting
characteristics, and the motor starts without any
electrical and mechanical stress. That is why star delta
starter preferred. The induction motor takes 6 to 7
times of its rated current at starting time.
 As a ground wire is grounded there is no shock hazard so there is no need to insulate it.

Charcoal is used to retain the moisture for a long duration because it is an adsorbent and salt is added to
increase the conductivity both these products help to pass the leakage current through earth wire as early
as possible to remove the chances of shock.
The two 5-watt lamps have high internal resistance and cause high drop voltage on them and the
remaining low voltage can't drive high to turn on the 40w lamp, because it's also considered as High
Voltage.