A VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER (VCB) is a device that helps to

prevent unintended currents caused by short circuits in electrical

systems. It works by interrupting the current after a fault has been
detected, thereby preventing damage to the system. VCB are mostly
used in medium voltage applications like for switching and protection
of high voltage induction motors, secondary transmission
substations.

3000 RPM is the speed a 2 pole AC generator needs to rotate at to

generate 50 (cycles per second) Hz AC.50 Hertz.
 There are broadly two different types of
transformer oils used in oil-transformers.
Paraffin based transformer oil and
Naphtha based transformer oil.
The distribution transformer manufacturers
in India recommend paraffin-based oil to be
preferably used in oil-filled transformers
over the naphtha-based oil. Paraffin based
transformer oil is the best oil suited for hot
and dry weather conditions as in India and
other South Asian subcontinents. In such hot
weather conditions, the pouring point doesn’t
matter much as the chances of oil getting
frozen is out of bounds and is not a barrier
in the cooling of these transformers.
Secondly, as the paraffin is easily available
the paraffin-based transformer oil becomes
the most preferred choice.

A three-phase motor must be connected to the

rated load voltage and load for proper working. If
due to some reason, one phase of the motor gets
disconnected, the motor will continue to run from
the active 2-phase supply. This is called single
phasing. The motor will continue to run with
vibration and reduced speed.
The vacuum circuit breaker, also known as a VCB, is widely utilized in
high transmission systems due to its superior arc-quenching
capabilities & reliable switching performance. A vacuum circuit
breaker, is superior in terms of dependability and productivity when
compared to an air circuit breaker, also known as an ACB. This is
particularly accurate at higher voltage values. It also has a quicker
response time, which leads to an improvement in safety, and because
of its improved arc-quenching capability, it is less likely to trip
accidently on false alarms. Both of these factors contribute to an
improvement in the overall level of safety. A VCB also has a longer
life length than an ACB does, which makes it an alternative that is
more cost-effective to use.

 Stone increases resistance between our

foot and the ground.
 Stones prevent the accumulation of rain
water in switch yard.
 Stones reduces step potential and touch
potential when operators work on switch
yard.
 Stones prevents vegetation and growth
of small weeds, plants and grass inside
the switch yard.
 Stones prevents the entry of animals
and wild life.
 Stones improves yard working condition.
 Stones protect from fire when oil
spillage takes place.
There are many differences between AC and DC motors. The most
obvious difference is the type of current each motor turns into
energy, alternating current in the case of AC motors, and direct
current in the case of DC motors. AC motors are known for their
increased power output and efficiency, while DC motors are prized
for their speed control and output range. AC motors are available in
single- or three-phase configurations, while DC motors are always
single-phase.

The reason why capacitors cannot be used as a replacement for

batteries is due to their limited energy storage duration, rapid
voltage decay, and lower energy density. In addition, capacitors have
a tendency to discharge quickly, which is undesirable for numerous
applications that need a constant and protracted energy source.
 The calculation for a three-phase
transformer kVA is a little different
from the calculation for a single-phase
kVA. Once you've multiplied your
voltage and amperage, you'll also need
to multiply by a constant — 1.732,
which is the square root of 3
truncated to three decimal places: V *
l * 1.732 / 1,000To calculate single and
three phase Transformer in KVA , the
two Transformers have different
formula.

1. Single phase is calculated as Current I multiply by Voltage V

divide be 1000. I.e. I x V /1000.2. To calculate for three phase the
square root of 3 is multiplied by the formula for calculating the
single phase.
That is, ( IV/1000) 1.732.
2. To calculate for three phase the square root of 3 is multiplied by
the formula for calculating the single phase.
That is, ( IV/1000) 1.732.
To calculate the rating of a single-phase transformer in kVA-
Rating (kVA) = (Voltage (V) × Current (A)) / 1000
For a three-phase transformer, use:Rating
(kVA) = (Voltage (V) × Current (A) × √3) / 1000

Suspension insulators support transmission

lines on steel towers, isolating the lines from
the tower. They play a key role in the safe
Suspension insulators supply of electricity.

Based on the transmission voltage and usage

environment, suspension insulators are used
in configurations of two or more. Suspension
Suspension insulators insulators are used in two or more
configurations depending on the transmission
voltage and the consumption environment.
Generators are connected in parallel because it increases the power capacity, eases
maintenance, provides control in load management, provides redundancy and distributes the load
of the electrical device equally between them, which is known as load sharing of the generator.
Connecting generators in series would not increase the power capacity but would increase the
voltage.
When generators are connected in parallel, they require synchronization of their outputs. This
means that their frequency, phase relationship and voltage must be matched before they can be
connected together.
The voltage must be initially set to prevent the added generator from supplying any current.
Once the connection is made, the voltage can be increased so that it supplies the desired
percentage of the load.

The goal in ground resistance is to achieve the lowest ground

resistance value possible, that makes sense economically and
physically, when contacting the earth, also known as .soil ground.
The bushings on the transformers are used to carry the lines out of
and into the transformer, either the HV (High Voltage) or the LV
(Low Voltage) lines, and to provide an insulation between the
transformer body and the live wires, to prevent any possible short
circuit. The function of HT (High Tension) bushings is to provide
insulation between the high voltage winding of the transformer and
the outside world. The function of LT (Low Tension) bushings is to
provide insulation between the low voltage winding of the
transformer and the outside world.

40 w and 5w are connected in series , 5 w bulb is resistance in the

circuit , does not allow enough current to pass to glow 40 w bulb
capacitor banks are used for several reasons, such as:- Improving
the quality and efficiency of the electrical supply by reducing losses,
voltage drops, and harmonics¹.Increasing the capacity of the system
by allowing more load to be connected without overloading the
transformers or cables².Reducing the cost of electricity by avoiding
penalties for low power factor or reactive power demand³. And
Enhancing the stability and reliability of the system by supporting
voltage regulation and reducing the risk of voltage collapse ⁴.

The starter motor is an electric motor that

pivots your motor so as to permit the start
and fuel infusion frameworks to start the
motor’s activity under its own capacity.
Commonly, the starter is an extensive electric
engine and stator loop mounted to the base
(for the most part to the other side) of the
vehicle’s transmission chime lodging where it
interfaces with the motor itself.

The starter has geared that work with an expansive flywheel

adapted on the rear of the motor, which turns the focal wrench
shaft. Since this is a great deal of physical weight and erosion to
survive, starter engines are commonly incredible, rapid engines and
utilize a start loop to increase their capacity before lock in.
In a combined cycle power plant, the heat of the gas turbine's
exhaust is used to generate steam by passing it through a heat
recovery steam generator (HRSG) with a live steam temperature
between 420 and 580 °C. The condenser of the Rankine cycle is
usually cooled by water from a lake, river, sea or cooling towers. This
temperature can be as low as 15 °C.

There are many factors that affect the

lethality of an electric shock, such as
the current, the duration, the path of
the current through the body, and the
resistance of the skin and internal
organs.

it is possible to estimate that 3,000 DC

volts could kill you if it produces a
current of more than 100 mA through
your heart for more than a few seconds.
However, this is only an approximation, as different people may have
different levels of susceptibility and tolerance to electric shocks.
Therefore, it is best to avoid any contact with high-voltage sources
and follow safety precautions when working with electricity
 In case of AC Power supply, keep
the Pointer of the Multimeter at
AC Value above 250 Volts.
 In case of DC, Keep the Pointer
at a DC Value above 120 Volts.
 Insert the Red Probe in the
Positive Hole of the Socket
(Right Home) and the Black Probe
in the Negative Hole of the
Socket (Left Hole).
 Check and Note down the value.
 Now Remove the Black Probe and
insert in the Earthing Hole of the
Socket.
 Read the Value. It must be same
as earlier.
 If there is NO Value of Less
Value then the Earthing is not
Proper.
Direct current or (DC) has no power factor because it is
accompanied by zero frequency. For alternating current voltages,
power factor is a norm and ranges between zero and one, where one
is the perfect system, and zero is the bad system.

The process of charging a battery involves both voltage and current.

Voltage refers to the *pressure that pushes the electric charge
through the battery, while current represents the flow of the
electric charge itself.
When a battery is being charged, it requires a specific voltage to
overcome the internal resistance and drive the current into the
battery. This voltage is typically higher than the battery’s terminal
voltage ³.In summary, both voltage and current play crucial roles in
charging a battery.
due to change in polarity during the positive half cycle, the battery
will charge, but during the negative half, cycle the battery will
discharge. So we can say that storing Alternating current(AC)
instead of Direct current (DC) in the battery is not possible.

High voltage insulators for outdoor use are shaped to maximize the
length of the leakage path along the surface from one end to the
other, called the creepage length, to minimize these leakage
currents. To accomplish this the surface is molded into a series of
corrugations or concentric disc shapes.
The indication C32 is the rating of the circuit breaker.
A transformer won't work on direct current (d.c.) because a
stationary magnet will only produce a steady magnetic field - and
steady or stationary magnetic fields do not induce voltages. A
transformer does not change the frequency of the alternating
current.

Overhead transmission lines are not

insulated primarily due to three reasons:
first and foremost is to reduce the weight
of the lines, secondly to save cost and the
last is they are at sufficient height to
avoid direct contacts. Let us discuss each
one of the reasons one by one elaborately.

You might have notices that the cables

used for residential wiring as well us laid
underground are insulated but overhead transmission lines, in
particular, the high voltage transmission lines are not insulated. At
the same time, the HV and EHV lines are supported over high lattice
steel towers. Here are the reasons behind all these
Because the supplied three-phase electricity consists of three
voltages which are phase-shifted by 120° from each other.
Therefore, at any instant in time, current will be returning from the
load to the source through at least one phase conductor, without the
need of a neutral conductor or a ground conductor.

In star delta starting, the phase voltage is 58 % of the line voltage

when motor is first connected in star. The reduced voltage leads to
reduced motor current. The reduced current improves the motor
starting characteristics, and the motor starts without any electrical
and mechanical stress. That is why star delta starter preferred.
 Ground wires are not insulated
because they are used for
safety purposes and are
connected to the earth in an
electric circuit.

Charcoal is used to retain

the moisture for a long duration because it is an adsorbent and salt
is added to increase the conductivity both these products help to
pass the leakage current through earth wire as early as possible to
remove the chances of shock.
Because high voltage carries with it the risk of high current.
Current=voltage / resistance. The higher the voltage is, the more
likely that you can be exposed to a dangerous amount of current if
you touch a power line or even get too close.