KEY TERMS AND

CONCEPTS IN
MANAGING AND
IMPLEMENTING
S TA N DA R D S -
BASED GRAMMAR
TEACHING

Chapter 1
D E F I N E T H E F O L L OW I N G

Grammar Grammaring

Grammaticalization
GRAMMAR AND GRAMMARING

Grammar – what one knows about a language (phonology,

syntax, semantics, and pragmatics).

Language skills – what we do with the language (speaking,

listening, writing, and reading).

Grammar-Translation Approach – views grammar as the core of

the language.
G RA M M A R

• “The branch of the description of language

which account for the way in which words
combine to form sentences.” (Crystal, 1995)
• English grammar is chiefly a system of syntax,
that decides the order and patterns in which
words are arranged into sentences.” (Close,
1982)
• A set of rules dictates how units of meaning
may be constructed in any language.
T H E N AT U R E O F
G R A M M A R K E Y WO R D S
• an area of knowledge
• “grammatical” means accurate
• rules
• arbitrary
• there is always one right answer
• word endings and word order; morphology
• acquired naturally
• grammar structures are acquired in a set order
• all aspects of grammar are learned in the same way
 GRAMMARING

• Larsen-Freeman claims grammaring is "the fifth skill"

(alongside listening, speaking, reading, and writing). It is
the ability to use grammar structures accurately,
meaningfully, and appropriately.
• Grammar lessons are no longer about knowing
language systems (declarative knowledge), but about
knowing how to use language (procedural knowledge).
• It emphasizes grammar as a dynamic process rather than
a system of rules.
G R A M M AT I C A L I Z AT I O N
• Introduced by French linguist Antoine Meillet in his
1912 study "L'evolution des formes grammaticales".
• A type of semantic change by which
a) a lexical item or construction changes into one that
serves a grammatical function, or
b) a grammatical item develops a new grammatical
function.
• A process of language change by which words
representing objects and actions transform to become
grammatical markers.
 G R A M M AT I C A L I Z AT I O N ( E X A M P L E )

Grammar Reduction

• going to (verb) • gonna (auxiliary)

• Because
• That (demonstrative)
• I saw that. He went there
• I will see you later.
• My friends will be there this
evening.
• Coz
• That (complementizer)
• I saw [that he went there]
• I am gonna see you later.
• My friends'll be there this
evening.
E R RO R C O R R E C T I O N V S . F E E D B A C K

Mistakes Errors
Slips that students can correct themselves once the Mistakes which students can not correct
mistake has been pointed out to them. themselves and which need explanation.
When responding to errors, teachers should be
seen as providing feedback, helping students to
reshape their knowledge rather than telling
students off because they are wrong.
 Positive Negative
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