GEOLOGI DASAR (MKDKD-103)

Batuan Beku

Untuk :
Prodi Teknik Perminyakan
Institut Teknologi Petroleum Balongan

Oleh :
Warto Utomo, S.Si., M.Eng.

Oktober 2022
Batuan Beku – WTU
 Pertemuan dan Materi Kuliah
1. Intro & Pengenalan Geologi Dasar
2. Tektonik
3. Mineralogi
4. Batuan Beku
5. Batuan Sedimen
6. Batuan Metamorf 8. Geologi Struktur
7. Kuis-1 9. Geologi Struktur
10. Lingkungan Pengendapan
Referensi:
1. Monroe S J, Wicander R, Hazlett R.
11. Batuan Karbonat
2007. Phsycal Geology Exploring the 12. Prinsip Dasar Stratigrafi
Earth 6th. Thomson Brooks/Cole, a part
of The Thomson Corporation: USA. 13. Skala Waktu Geologi
14. Kuis-2
 Outline

1. Batuan
2. Siklus Batuan
3. Magma and Lava
4. Bowen’s Reaction Series
5. Igneous Rock; Classification &
Identification
6. Plutonic Rock
1. Batuan
▪ Merupakan semua material / bahan penyusun kerak bumi,
▪ yang tersusun atas suatu kumpulan mineral-mineral
▪ KLASIFIKASI (berdasarkan cara terbentuknya), ada 3 yaitu :
a) Batuan beku : batuan yang berasal dari hasil pembekuan magma, yang
mendingin dan mengeras, dengan atau tanpa proses kristalisasi
(teksturnya kristalin)
b) Batuan sedimen : batuan yang terbentuk dari hasil proses pengendapan,
baik organik ataupun hasil pengendapan bahan rombakan serta kimiawi,
teksturnya klastik / nonklastik
c) Batuan metamorf : batuan ubahan oleh proses metamorfisme, dimana
perubahannya tanpa melalui fase cair terlebih dahulu, tekstur kristalin
2. Siklus Batuan
 3. Magma and Lava
▪ Igneous rocks form by the cooling of molten matter, or “melt.” The melt can take several forms. In
its underground state it is called magma.
▪ Magma can either issue from the ground as lava or blast out in roiling clouds of fragmental debris
of many sizes and shapes called pyroclastic materials (from the Greek, meaning “fire-broken”).
Examples of pyroclastic materials include ash, pumice, and cinder.

▪ Erupting lavas generally have

temperatures in the range of 1000°
to 1200°C, although a temperature of
1350°C was once recorded above a
Hawaiian lava lake where volcanic
gases reacted with the atmosphere.
▪ Mg-Fe–rich melts and their resulting rocks mafic (a term derived by combining “magnesium” and
“ferric,” for iron).
▪ In contrast, continental crust is enriched with aluminum, sodium, potassium, and water.
▪ This contributes to magmas that crystallize abundant feldspar and hydrous minerals, such as mica
and hornblende; they are said to be felsic (“fels” refers to feldspar).
 4. Bowen’s Reaction Series
Bowen’s Reaction Series

▪ Bowen’s reaction series consists of a

discontinuous branch along which a
succession of ferromagnesian silicates
crystallize as the magma’s temperature
decreases, and a continuous branch along
which plagioclase feldspars with increasing
amounts of sodium crystallize.
▪ Notice also that the composition of the
initial mafic magma changes as
crystallization takes place along the two
branches.
5. Igneous Rock; Classification & Identification
Igneous Rock Classification

1. Volcanic (extrusive)
▪ the blood red and yellow color of molten lava turns gray as the lava
hardens into rock.

2. Plutonic (intrusive)
▪ deep-forming igneous rocks, which are major “building blocks” of the
crust, primarily because of the uplift and deep erosion of ancient
mountain ranges.

→ it be characterized chemically as mafic, felsic.

Two aspects of the rock must be examined:
(1) texture
(2) mineral composition
Texture of Igneous Rock

The Various Textures of Igneous Rocks Texture

is one criterion used to classify igneous rocks.
▪ (a,b) Rapid cooling as in lava flows results in
many small minerals and an aphanitic (fine-
grained) texture.
▪ (c,d) Slower cooling in plutons yields a
phaneritic (coarse grained) texture.
▪ (e,f) These porphyritic textures indicate a
complex cooling history.
▪ (g) Obsidian has a glassy texture because
magma cooled too quickly for mineral
crystals to form.
▪ (h) Gases expand in lava and yield a
vesicular texture.
▪ (i) Microscopic view of an igneous rock with
a fragmental texture. The colorless, angular
objects are pieces of volcanic glass
measuring up to 2 mm
Mineral Composition of Igneous Rock
5. Igneous Rock; Classification & Identification
1. Ultramafic Rocks
▪ Ultramafic rocks (45% silica) are
composed largely of
ferromagnesian silicates. The
ultramafic rock peridotite contains
mostly apple-green olivine, lesser
amounts of dark green to black
pyroxene, and usually a little white
plagioclase feldspar.

Intrusi
2. Mafic Rock (Basa)
▪ Gabbro and basalt are the coarse-grained and fine-grained rocks, respectively, that crystallize
from mafic magma (45–52% silica)

Ekstrusi Intrusi
3. Intermediate Rock
▪ Andesite-Diorite Magmas of intermediate
composition (53–65% silica) crystallize to
form diorite and andesite, coarse-grained Ekstrusi
and fine-grained igneous rocks,
respectively, of equivalent mineral
composition

Intrusi
4. Felsic Rock
▪ Rhyolite-Granite (65% silica) crystallize from felsic magma and are therefore silica-rich

Ekstrusi
Intrusi

▪ Felsic Igneous Rocks These rocks are typically light-colored because they contain mostly
nonferromagnesian silicate minerals. The dark spots in the granite specimen are biotite mica.
▪ The white and pinkish minerals are feldspars, whereas the glassyappearing minerals are quartz.
6. Plutonic Rock

Concordant:
• Sill
• Laccolitth

Disconcordant:
• Dike
• Batholith
• Stock
▪ Batholiths are exposed plutons that have at least 100 km2 of surface area
▪ Exposures of plutonic rock with a surface area smaller than 100 km2 are called stocks
▪ Dike is a discordant intrusion that appears as a band of igneous rock slicing across
strata, whereas a sill is concordant and in most cases emplaced along the contact
between two adjacent layers
▪ Laccoliths as magma pressure increases within them and eventually lifts the overlying
crust
▪ exposes the tough central pipe as a resistant pinnacle of veined intrusive rock, called a
volcanic neck
▪ Veins are very thin (no more than a few centimeters), irregular, sheetlike intrusions
that may be either concordant or discordant
Lapangan minyak dan gas dengan batuan dasar sebagai reservoirnya

PONDOK MAKMUR
JATIBARANG

Modifikasi dari Koning, 2003, dalam Yuwono, 2012

▪ Warto Utomo, Armein Suleiman, Andang Bachtiar, Budi Satrio, Agatha I
Kartiyanta, High Resolution Sequence Stratigraphy of Volcanoclastis Air
Benakat Formation, South Sumatra. Published in 38th Indonesian Petroleum
Association, Jakarta, 2014.

▪ Ghufron Fauzi, Warto Utomo, Andang Bachtiar, Armein Suleiman, Budi Satrio,
Electrofacies and Cut-off Determination to Evaluate Volcanoclastis Reservoir
of Air Benakat Formation, South Sumatra Basin. Published in Joint Convention
Medan HAGI-IAGI, 2013.