Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita NG Himagsikan

Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita Ng Himagsikan
Content & Context Analysis
In
RIPH (Readings in Philippine History)
Presented to:
Elena C. Bernabe, MPM, DM-CAR
(instructor)
Presented by:
Angelica Maye C. Duquiatan
BSN 1 – Queen of Angels
October 13, 2023

Aguinaldo, Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan
i. Summary of the topic
- Ang Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan" (The Memories of the Revolution) is a historical account
written by Emilio Aguinaldo, a prominent figure in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish
colonial rule and the first President of the Philippines. In this book, Aguinaldo reflects on his
experiences and memories during the Philippine Revolution, which lasted from 1896 to
1898. The book provides a first-hand account of the events, battles, and key personalities
involved in the struggle for Philippine independence. Aguinaldo recounts his role as a
leader in the revolution, from the early days of the Katipunan to the proclamation of
Philippine independence on June 12, 1898. Throughout "Ang Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan,"
Aguinaldo shares his perspective on the challenges and triumphs of the revolution, as well
as his interactions with other revolutionary leaders like Andres Bonifacio and Antonio Luna.
He also discusses the political developments and negotiations that led to the establishment
of the First Philippine Republic. Overall, Emilio Aguinaldo's "Ang Mga Gunita ng
Himagsikan" serves as an important historical document that offers insights into the
Philippine Revolution from the perspective of one of its central figures, shedding light on the
complexities and sacrifices of the struggle for Philippine Independence from Spanish
colonial rule.
ii. Contextual and Content Analysis

- Emilio Aguinaldo was born on March 22, 1869 in Kawit, Cavite, Philippines.
- He played a crucial role in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule and
later, the Philippine-American War.
- Aguinaldo became the first President of the First Philippine Republic in 1899
- His leadership and contributions in the fight for Philippine Independence established
him as a key figure in Philippine History.
- The “Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan” revolves around the late 19 th and early 20th century
when the Philippine was undergoing significant political turmoil.
- It covers the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule (1896-1898) and the
subsequent struggle for independence against American Colonization (1899-1902)
- His memoir provides a firsthand account of these turbulent time.
- Aguinaldo’s memoir aimed to preserve the history of the Philippine Revolution:
Aguinaldo wanted to document the events, battles, and leaders of the future
generations.
- Through his memoir, he aimed to contribute to national identity by sharing his
experiences and perspectives, and he aimed to shape collective memory and identity of
the Filipino people as they pursued Independence.
- The flag of the first Philippine Republic was designed by Emilio Aguinaldo himself.
Philippine Revolution
- The Philippine Revolution awakened a proud sense of nationalism among the Filipinos.
The revolution aimed to resist colonialism and this aim brought together people from
different backgrounds. The revolution started in 1896 and was majorly against Spanish
authorities.
Battle of Imus
- This battle is considered as one of the key events that led to the eventual declaration of
Philippine Independence from Spain on June 12, 1898, and the establishment of the
First Philippine Republic. The Battle of Imus is remembered as a symbol of the Filipino
people’s determination to free themselves from the colonial rule.
Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican
- This Battle is one of the many episodes in the larger narrative of the Philippine
Revolution, which ultimately led to the end of Spanish Colonial rule. It demonstrated the
capabilities of the Filipino forces under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo.
Battle of Zapote Bridge (1897)
- The battle demonstrated the resilience and determination of the Filipino revolutionaries
in their quest for Independence. This battle occurred in the town of Zapote, Cavite,
Philippines, and played a pivotal role in the struggle for Philippine independence.
Battle of Perez Dasmarinas
- The battle occurred during the Cavite Offensive of 1897, an all-out attack commanded
by Maj. Gen. Jose de Lachambre to recapture Cavite in the Philippines since their loss
at the twin battles of Binakayan and Dalahican and to crush the Katipunan insurrection,
led by Emilio Aguinaldo in the province. Both battle and the offensive were a successs
for the Spanish, and the retreat to Montalban occurred several weeks after the battle.
The battle had been too much a hardship for both the Filipino revolutionaries and the
Perez Dasmarinas town, because they each suffered destruction in the face of the
massive Sapnish assault.
Tejeros Convention
- The Tejeros Convention, also known as the Tejeros Assembly and the Tejeros
Congress, was a meeting held on March 22, 1897, between Katipunan factions of
Magdiwang and Magdalo in San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite (now General Trias) that
resulted in the creation of a new revolutionary government that took charge of the
Philippine Revolution, replacing the Katipunan.
Retreat To Montalban
- The Retreat to Montalban occurred during the Philippine Revolution after the 1897
Battle of Naic southwest of Cavite when Philippine General Emilio Aguinaldo and his
forces retreated to Puray, Montalban where they made a last stand on May 3, 1897.
Republic of Biak-na-Bato and Pact of Biak-na-Bato
- Republic of Biak-na-Bato is a designation referring to the second revolutionary
republican government led by Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine Revolution.
- that government referred to itself as Republic of the Philippines and was seated in what
is now Biak-na-Bato National Park.
The Return to the Philippines
- He and his rebels agreed to a surrendering of arms and accepted exile to Hong Kong in
exchange for amnesty, indemnity and liberal reform. As neither peace nor independence
had been achieved, in 1898 Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines to resume his
rebellion against Spanish rule.
Dictatorial Government and Battle of Alapan
- The Dictatorial Government of the Philippines was an insurgent government in the
Spanish East Indies inaugurated during the Spanish–American War by Emilio Aguinaldo
in a public address on May 24, 1898, on his return to the Philippines from exile in Hong
Kong, and formally.
- The Battle of Alapan (Filipino: Labanan sa Alapan, Spanish: Batalla de Alapan) was
fought on May 28, 1898.
- After the American naval victory in the Battle of Manila Bay, Aguinaldo returned from
exile in Hong Kong, reconstituted the Philippine Revolutionary Army, and fought against
the Spanish troops in a garrison in Alapan, Imus, Cavite. The battle lasted for five hours,
from 10:00 A.M. to 3:00 P.M.
iii. Evidences (pictures, map, documents etc.)
Figure 1: Philippine Revolution and Battles Figure 2: Battle of Imus

Figure 3: Battle of Binakayan-Dalahican Figure 4: Battle of Zapote (1897)
Figure 5: Battle of Perez Dasmarinas Figure 6: Tejeros Convention
Figure 7: Retreat to Montalban Figure 8: Republic of Biak-na-Bato
and Pact of Biak-na-Bato
Figure 10: Dictatorial Government

Figure 9: The Flag of the First Republic
of the Philippines and Battle of
designed by Emilio Aguinaldo
Alapan
iv. Conclusion
- In conclusion, Emilio Aguinaldo's "Ang Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan" is a remarkable
historical document that offers readers a distinct viewpoint on the Philippine Revolution
against Spanish colonial control. The difficulties, successes, and complexity of this
crucial time in Philippine history can be better understood through Aguinaldo's firsthand
accounts. The book explores the characters and political forces that drove the fight for
Philippine independence in addition to recounting the major events and battles of the
revolution. Although Aguinaldo's viewpoint is only one of many in the rich tapestry of the
revolution, his story is nonetheless a crucial resource for comprehending this significant
phase in the Philippines' struggle for independence.
Jacinto, “Kartilya Ng Katipunan”
In
Presented to:
(instructor)
Presented by:
October 13, 2023

Jacinto, “Kartilya ng Katipunan”
I. Summary
The Kartilya was about the thirteen lessons that serve as the Katipuneros’ guide in living with
morals and good values. It was like a code of conduct that shows how to be a true Filipino in words
and action. I believe that this Kartilya ng Katipuan shows the path on how to live a meaningful life for
every Filipino. Each lesson is unique in such a way that it tackles different aspects of a person's life.
Many of us may have different explanations and understanding about it but it is appropriate to have a
better understanding or explanation to its contents. The Kartilya ng Katipunan (English: Primer of the
Katipunan) served as the guidebook for new members of the organization, which laid out the group's
rules and principles. The first edition of the Kartilya was written by Emilio Jacinto. Andrés Bonifacio
later wrote a revised Decalogue. The Decalogue, originally titled Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Z.
Ll. B. (Duties of the Sons of the People), was never published because Bonifacio believed that
Jacinto's Kartilya was superior to what he had made.
II. Content & Context Analysis
 Kartilya was written on July 7, 1892 and it was written from Malolos, Bulacan by Emilio Jacinto.
 The Kartilya of Emilio was made during the founding of the Katipunan in 1892.
 The original version of the document has 14 paragraphs that contains the values that a
Katipunero should have.
 The document was written prior to the August 1896 revolutionary movement of the katipunan
 Name: Emilio Jacinto Y Dizon
 Nicknames: Alias Pingkian, Dimas-ilaw, and he was also called as The Brain of Katipunan.
 Born: December 15, 1875 (Tondo, Manila)
 Died: April 16, 1899 | aged of 23 (Santa Cruz, Laguna)
 Spouse: Catalina De Jesus
 Parents: Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon
 The Kartilya ng Katipunan, state of being is to mold the minds of Filipinos to love their country
and to evaluate themselves.
 This document shows how Filipinos are united to create a community to fight the spaniards.
 The Kartilya ng Katipunan tells us we should live on the right path.
 The katipunan are disciplined and never afraid to die for the liberation of the country because
they see it as the highest honor that they can achieve in their lives.
14 Rules of Kartilya ng Katipunan ni Emilio Aguinaldo

 These 14 rules of Kartilya ng Katipunan outlines the better understanding for the new
members. To avoid conflict and change of heart for those who joined. Moreover, The K.K.K.,
with their Kartilya ng Katipunan, is founded on the values.
1. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if not a
poisonous weed.
2. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake is not virtue. This means that we must not be
selfish.
3. It is rational to be charitable and love one’s fellow creature, and to adjust one’s conduct, acts and
words to what is in itself reasonable.
4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born equal: superiority in knowledge, wealth and
beauty are to be understood, but not superiority by nature.
5. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain; the scoundrel, gain to honor.
6. To the honorable man, his word is sacred.
7. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but not time lost.
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before the law or in the field. We don’t have the
same strengths but we can help one another.
9. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in keeping secrets This highlights the importance
of trust and confidentiality.
10. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman and the children, and if the guide leads to
the precipice, those whom he guides will also go there.
11. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere plaything, but as a faithful companion who will share
with thee the penalties of life; her (physical) weakness will increase thy interest in her and she will
remind thee of the mother who bore thee and reared thee. This principle is about women.
12. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife, children, brothers and sisters, that do not unto the
wife, children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor.
13. Man is not worth more because he is a king, because his nose is aquiline, and his color white, not
because he is a *priest, a servant of God, nor because of the high prerogative that he enjoys upon
earth, but he is worth most who is a man of proven and real value, who does good, keeps his words,
is worthy and honest; he who does not oppress nor consent to being oppressed, he who loves and
cherishes his fatherland, though he be born in the wilderness and know no tongue but his own.
14. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all, the longed-for sun of Liberty shall rise brilliant
over this most unhappy portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse everlasting joy among the
confederated brethren of the same rays, the lives of those who have gone before, the fatigues and
the well-paid sufferings will remain.
III. Evidence (pictures, maps, documents etc.)
Figure 1. Katipuneros and Katipuneras. Figure 2. First flag of the Katipunan.
Figure 3. Katipunan Ideology. Figure 4. The 14 code of conduct in

Katipunan.
Figure 5. Bonifacio Decalogue (Written by Figure 6. The original author of Kartilya

his own blood). ng Katipunan.
IV. Conclusion
Equality, tolerance, freedom, and liberty were treasured at the outset of the revolution and quickly
spread among the educated class in the colonies. The Katipunan can be condemned in modern
views due to its provisions. It's crucial to keep in mind the circumstances behind the organization's
formation. The Filipino people's respect and nationalism at a period when they value life and are
driven by noble ideas served as the main source of inspiration, that everything was given up by our
warriors in order to free us from our dictators.
Works Of Luna and Amorsolo
In
Presented to:
(instructor)
Presented by:
October 13, 2023

Works Of Luna and Amorsolo
I. Summary of the Topic

Juan Luna's works often revolved around historical and political themes, showcasing a strong
sense of Filipino nationalism and featuring dramatic and emotional content with meticulous attention
to detail and realism.
Fernando Amorsolo, on the other hand, was celebrated for his depictions of rural scenes and
everyday Filipino life, portraying the simplicity and beauty of village life, creating a warm and inviting
atmosphere through his use of light and color, and celebrating Filipino heritage and cultural traditions.
While Luna's works reflected the struggle for independence during Spanish colonial rule, Amorsolo's
paintings captured the post-colonial Philippines, showcasing different aspects of the country's history
and culture.
Juan Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta
Context:
Luna lived during the late 19th century, a period when the Philippines was under Spanish colonial
rule.
His career unfolded during a time of political and social turmoil, marked by the Philippine Revolution
against Spanish oppression.
Content:
1. Luna's works often depicted historical and political themes. Notable paintings like "Spoliarium"
and "The Battle of Lepanto" conveyed historical narratives and events, reflecting the
Philippines' struggle for independence.
2. Luna's paintings, particularly "Spoliarium," carried a strong sense of Filipino nationalism and
patriotism. They symbolized the desire for freedom and self-determination, resonating with the
aspirations of the Filipino people.
3. Luna's artworks were known for their dramatic and emotional content. He portrayed a wide
range of emotions, from the brutality of battle scenes to the intensity of tragic moments,
capturing the human experience in vivid detail.
4. Luna's paintings showcased meticulous attention to detail and a commitment to realism. His
technical skill was evident in his ability to capture intricate elements, whether in historical
depictions or portraits.
Fernando Cueto Amorsolo
Context:
Amorsolo's career spanned the early 20th century, encompassing periods of American colonial rule
and the early years of the independent Philippine Republic.
His art flourished during a time of changing social and political dynamics in the Philippines.
Content:
1. Amorsolo was celebrated for his depictions of rural scenes and everyday Filipino life. His
paintings often portrayed the simplicity and beauty of village life, showcasing landscapes,
barrio fiestas, and rural settings.
2. Amorsolo's body of work included numerous portraits, such as "Dalagang Bukid" and "The
Making of the Philippine Flag," which celebrated the beauty and cultural identity of the
Filipino people.
3. Amorsolo's distinctive style featured a luminescent quality, emphasizing the play of light
and shadow. His use of color and the portrayal of sunlight created a warm and inviting
atmosphere in his paintings.
4. Amorsolo's works celebrated Filipino heritage and cultural traditions. He often featured
traditional clothing, rural customs, and scenes that evoked nostalgia and pride in Filipino
culture.
III. Evidences
Works of Luna
Spoliarium
Juan Luna's "Spoliarium" is a massive masterpiece painted in 1884. It portrays a grim scene set in
ancient Rome, featuring fallen and battered gladiators being dragged away from the arena. The
painting is marked by dramatic lighting, a somber atmosphere, and symbolism representing the
exploitation of individuals for entertainment. It serves as a powerful commentary on colonial
oppression and is a symbol of Filipino resilience and artistic excellence.
The Battle of Lepanto
Juan Luna's "The Battle of Lepanto" is a historical painting that depicts the 1571 Battle of Lepanto, a
naval battle where Christian states defeated the Ottoman Empire. The painting is known for its
meticulous detail and dramatic portrayal of the chaotic battle scene. It reflects Luna's artistic skill and
captures the violence and heroism of this significant historical event.
La Bulaqueña
Juan Luna's "La Bulaqueña" is a portrait
of a Filipino woman from Bulacan. It
showcases Luna's ability to capture the beauty
and dignity of his subjects, representing
cultural pride and celebrating the heritage of
the Filipino people.
The Parisian Life
Juan Luna's "The Parisian Life" is a painting that provides a glimpse into the cosmopolitan
atmosphere of 19th-century Paris. It reflects Luna's exposure to European art and culture during his
time in Europe and portrays scenes of fashionable Parisians in a café, showcasing his versatility as
an artist.
The Blood Compact
Juan Luna's painting "The Blood Compact" illustrates the Sandugo, a historical blood compact
ceremony between Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi and the chieftain Sikatuna in Bohol.
The painting symbolizes unity and diplomacy between the two parties and serves as a significant
moment in Philippine history.
Works of Amorsolo
Dalagang Bukid
Fernando Amorsolo's painting "Dalagang Bukid" portrays a young Filipino woman in traditional rural
attire against a scenic backdrop. It is a celebrated work that captures the beauty and simplicity of
rural life in the Philippines during the early 20th century, reflecting Amorsolo's signature style of using
light and color to create an inviting and nostalgic atmosphere.
The Making of the Philippine Flag
Fernando Amorsolo's "The Making of the Philippine Flag" depicts a significant moment in Philippine
history when the country's flag was being crafted. The painting celebrates the spirit of patriotism and
national identity, with its subjects embodying the pride and determination of the Filipino people in their
quest for independence.
Planting Rice
Fernando Amorsolo's "Planting Rice" is a renowned artwork that depicts Filipino farmers laboring in a
rice paddy. It celebrates the simplicity and dignity of rural life in the Philippines, showcasing the hard
work and cultural significance of rice cultivation in the country.
The Bombing of the Intendencia
Fernando Amorsolo's "The Bombing of the Intendencia" is a painting that depicts a significant event in
Philippine history during World War II when the Intendencia building in Manila was bombed by
Japanese forces. The artwork captures the destruction and chaos of war and serves as a historical
record of this event.
IV. Conclusion
- In conclusion, the works of Juan Luna and Fernando Amorsolo, two prominent Filipino artists
from different periods, offer a rich tapestry of Philippine art and culture. Juan Luna's paintings,
created during Spanish colonial rule, are marked by their historical and political themes,
emotional depth, and a strong sense of nationalism. On the other hand, Fernando Amorsolo's
art, produced in the early 20th century, celebrates the simplicity and beauty of rural Filipino life
with a unique style characterized by luminescent light and warm colors. Together, their works
reflect different historical contexts and aspects of the Philippines' cultural heritage, leaving a
lasting impact on Philippine art and identity.
Raiders Of The Sulu Sea
In
Presented to:
(instructor)
Presented by:
October 13, 2023
THE RAIDERS OF SULU SEA
Summary of the Raiders of Sulu:

They were known in history as brutal savages, fearless slave raiders and above all - pirates.
Hailing from the Sulu Sea region in the Southern regions of the Philippines, the Ilanun, Balangingi
Samal & Taosug tribes raided and plundered settlements in the Philippines, Borneo, Java, the Straits
of Malacca and all-over Southeast Asia in the search for human cargo to feed the growing demands
of the slave trade in the 16th to 19th century. They wielded deadly weapons, were well organized and
built formidable fast warships that ran circles around the bigger and heavier Western ships. These
men, either sanctioned by their respective Sultanates or their own tribal leaders, defied colonial
occupation and rule, instigating a wave of terror throughout the archipelago for more than 300 years.
But there is evidence that they were not merely the savages they were made out to be. Some
historians have argued that these were indigenous people merely defending their way of life from the
conquering colonial forces to keep their Muslim culture. Others have said that we need to put this
violence and slave raids into the proper perspective. This is a story of men who clung fiercely to their
faith, eluding a technologically superior foe. It is also a story of how these men who lived by the
sword, eventually died by it.
: Content and Contextual Analysis

- It is a product of a co-production agreement between Media Authority of Singapore and Korean
Broadcasting Commision
 First released on 2007 for Q channel Korea
 Directed by: Idzwan Othman
Idzwan Othman
 Singaporean based Director.
 Prominent director
 Won best documentary Award at the 1st
 Singaporean Short Film Award held at Singapore
Key informants:
Dr. Samuel Tan Icella Gloria Strada
-Historian - Art Historian
-National historical Institue - Zamboanga Del Norte
Barbara Watson Andaya Dr. Julius Bautista
- Historian -Historian
-National University of Singapore -Aia Research Institue
- National University of Singapore
Halmar Abubakar Dr. Margarita Cojuanco
- Taosug Descendant - Author
- Jolo Sulu - Kris Valor
CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
It is the 18th Century, and life from some of the coastal inhabitants of the Philippines was anything but
idyllic. For without warning, they could be attacked by the merciless Illanuns –the raiders of the Sulu
Sea. These raiders were fearless and fiercer in battle even against better armed, technologically
superior colonial forces. To the western colonists, these raiders are nothing but barbaric pirates; and
they were hunted down and such. But there is speculation that these raiders are not the savages they
were made out to be, but nearly indigenous people defending their way of life against the foreign
oppressor. There is little doubt that these raiders were skilled fighters and deadly swordsmen, but
they are also expert sailors and builders of formidable vessels of war. These raiders are not just
bandits but a well-organized force that could attack with the precision of strategy, giving these
western colonial forces a run for their lives. On December 8th, 1720, the Southern regions of
Mindanao were occupied by Spanish soldiers that were then identified as Zamboanga City. It sits at
the tip of the Southwest peninsula of the Philippines that is protected by the city’s Fort Pilar –a ten-
meter-high wall that acted as a defense fortress. The Fort served as the base of operations to check
on slave-raiding going on the north and back. King Dalasi was the King of Bulig in Maguindanao who
led in attacking the Fort Pillar together with the forces of the Sulu Sultanate; burned the town around
the Fort, cut down the line of provisions for the Spaniards, and began a war against the soldiers
inside the Fort. Dalasi’s raiders fight with a vengeance and desire to rip Zamboanga City off the
Spanish Forces. They really had to suppress the Spanish presence here in the peninsula because
the Fort was their base of operations. According to some historians, slave raiding happened in the
Philippines long before the Western Powers arrived, but it was never widespread productivity. The
arrival of the Spanish and the desire to dominate trade in the region triggers slavery. The Spanish
refer to the slave raiders as Moros. If they weren’t from different tribes, they would challenge the
Spanish authority for occupancy. The pirates that were described by the Colonial Powers involved
activities of different tribes in the Mindanao Area as well as the Sulu Archipelago. These 3 Muslim
Groups were the Balangingi-Samal Tribe, the Illanuns, and the Taosugs. The Illanuns and Balangingi-
Samal group were both long-standing seafaring communities and would often join forces with the
Taosugs that is known for its fierce warriors. All of the piratical attacks and retaliatory attacks
conducted from Sulu and Maguindanao always carried these contingents.
CONTENT ANALYSIS
The documentary film addressed the resistance of the People in the South, the Moros, from the
Spanish-American Colonial forces in the Southern region of the Philippines.
1. The Moro People are not really pirates or rebels but indigenous people who demonstrated
resistance from the Spanish forces.
2. The most celebrated attack was the December 8th, 1970 attack by King Dalasi.
3. The Moro act was an act of retaliation against the foreign occupier and was sanctioned by the
sultanates in the name of a higher course: Islam.
4. Spaniards were concerned about the commercial interests of the region and to propagate
Christianity.
5. Slave-raiding was part of the bigger regional trade in the Islands of Southeast Asia.
6. Artifacts originating from China that was found in Butuan City are proof of the great distances
travelled by the Sea farers of Sulu and the trading activities they were involved in.
7. The Western Colonial Ruling sand open-armed conflicts in the Southern region of the Philippines
cause the impoverishment of Muslim Areas economically and religiously.
THE THREE RAIDER TRIBES:

Balangingi-Samal Tribe
- The Balangingi, also known Northern Sama or Northern Sinama, is an ethnolinguistic group living
on the Greater Sulu Archipelago and the southern and western coastal regions of the Zamboanga
peninsula in Mindanao. n the early nineteenth century, an entire ethnic group, the Samal Balangingi
of the Sulu-Mindanao region, specialized in state-sanctioned maritime raiding, attacking Southeast
Asian coastal settlements and trading vessels.
The Illanun Tribe

- The Illanun, called Iranun and Ilianon as well, are closely related culturally and linguistically to the
Maranao and Maguindanaon. The Illanun language is part of the Austronesian family that is most
closely related to Maranao. When the Spaniards left, however, contact between the Maranao and
Illanun decreased. The majority of Illanun live along the coastline in the of the towns of Nulingi,
Parang, Matanog, and Barira in Maguindanao Province, Mindanao; along the Iliana Bay coast, north
of the mouth of the Pulangi River; and all the way to Sibugay Bay in Zamboanga del Sur and even the
western coastal plain of Borneo. Illanun, a Malay term meaning “pirate,” is appropriate for the people
of this ethnic group, who were once regarded as the fiercest pirates in the Malay area.
The Taosug Tribe

This native tribe, the first group in the archipelago to be converted to Islam, possess a courage
that is beyond doubt, their bravery is supposed to be unquestionable, therefore the Tausug are often
named Tau Maisug or brave people. They are proud Muslims renowned for their fierce resistance in
the face of Spanish Conquerors, for 300 years the Tausug and the Spanish were engaged in almost
continuous warfare, which ended when the Spaniards left the Philippines. The Tausug regards
themselves superior to other Philippine Muslims and still live a combative way of life, running away
from a fight is considered shameful. One old Tausug proverb says: Hanggang maybuhay, may pag
asa, meaning; Never admit defeat as long as you live
The Ancient Maritime Vessels of the Moro People

- The Moro People used compasses, browsed telescopes, and the stars to navigate the seas. They
are also knowledgeable about the monsoon of the region and use them to travel extensively during
the month of August and October in a period called “The Pirate Season.”
1. Lanong
- Lanong is a large outrigger warship used by the Iranun and the Banguingui people of the
Philippines. It could reach up to 30 m (98 ft) in length with 6 meters wide hounds, each at cannons
mounted at the bar and had two biped shear masts which doubled as boarding ladders. It has 24 oars
at each side rowed by captures slaves that served as their flagships.
2. Garay
- Garay is a traditional native warship of the Banguingui people in the Philippines. These are the fast-
attack boats of the Samalian Tribes. They were made of Bamboo wood and Nipa Palm and could
carry more than 100 sailors. The ship was 25 meters long and 6 meters across and hounds the power
magazine and cannon at the barrel. With 30 to 60 oars in each side, the Garay was faster than any
other sea-going vessel of its time. In the 18th and 19th centuries, they were commonly used for piracy
by the Banguingui and Iranun people against unarmed trading ships and raids on coastal settlements
in the regions surrounding the Sulu Sea. They are smaller, faster and more maneuverable speeding
boats replaced from the juangas. The name means "scattered" or "wanderer" in the Sama language
of the Banguingui.
Salisipan
- Kakap (also known as salisipan) is a canoe-shaped boat which sometimes have outriggers. They
are often used by the Iranun and Banguingui people of the Philippines for piracy and for raids on
coastal areas. They are usually part of fleets with larger motherships like pangajava, garay, or lanong
warships. Among Malays, this type of boat is used as a boat of war or passenger boat. Raiding fleets
are used as auxiliary vessels. These boats were used to collect manpower and ships from friendly
raiding bases along the way; eventually, building a fearsome, organized sea force.
Fort Pillar
-
- In 1718–1719, it was rebuilt by the Spaniard engineer Juan Sicarra upon the orders of Spanish
Governor General Fernando Manuel de Bustillo Bustamante y Rueda and was renamed as
Real Fuerte de Nuestra Señora del Pilar de Zaragoza (Royal Fort of Our Lady of the Pillar of
Zaragoza) in honor of the patron virgin of Spain, Our Lady of the Pillar. A year later Dalasi, king
of Bulig, and 3,000 Moro pirates attacked the fort; the defenders repulsed the attack.
Ancient Weapons of the Moro People
1. Kalis / Kris
- It is a type of double-edged Filipino sword, often with a "wavy" section The kalis's double-edged
blade can be used for both cutting and thrusting. The sword is more than 300 years old, and it was
used during the time of the Spanish colonization. It is a weapon for warfare and servility. It is 2 meters
in length and was carried not only by slave raiders into battle but also nobles and high-ranking
officials of southern Sultanates. It’s double-edge blade is used for easier slashing and penetration to
the bone that would stick so it’s very hard to pull.
2.Barong
-Barong or Barung is the one Taosug warriors use to cut off an M-14 and a carabiner because its
blade is thick. It is a deadly weapon and a sword with a single-edge leaf-shape blade made of thick
type of steel. It is also a 1-meter-long weapon that was used to enclose hand to hand battle to cut
Spanish firearms down to size. This weapon is used by Muslim Filipino ethnolinguistic groups like the
Tausug, Sinama or Yakan in the Southern Philippines.
3.Kampilan
-Kampilan is the longest sword that was used by the Illanuns. It is a heavy, single-edge sword that
has two horns projecting from the blunt side of the tip which was used to pick up the head of the
decapitated body. The Kampilan has a distinct profile, with the tapered blade being much broader and
thinner at the point than at its base, sometimes with a protruding spikelet along the flat side of the tip
and a bifurcated hilt which is believed to represent a mythical creature's open mouth. At about 36 to
40 inches (90 to 100 cm) long, it is much larger than other Filipino swords.
4. Armor
-The armor was made from carabao horn. Its steel plate was molded to fit the body and held together
by chain mail. It could also deflect the blows from a sword but useless against firearms. The Ancient
Weapons of the Spanish Forces.
5. Musket
-The musket could fire 90 meters. It was inaccurate and took several stages steps to reload.
6. Cannons
-
- It is a type of gun classified as artillery that launches a projectile using propellant. In the past,
gunpowder was the primary propellant before the invention of smokeless powder in the 19th
century. Cannons vary in caliber, range, mobility, rate of fire, angle of fire, and firepower.
Different forms of cannon combine and balance these attributes in varying degrees, depending
on their intended use on the battlefield.
Evidence
A Historiography documentary film “ Raiders Of Sulu” depicting the Southeast Asia flourishing
free trading in the area.  Adverse effects/ retaliation when Spaniards wanted to control the economy
as well as to colonize and Christianize Depicting how the Spaniards defended the city with the Fort
Pilar Showed what was claimed then as pirates of the Sulu Sea from Mindanao, Philippines, how
these raiders were actually plying their trade before and during the Spanish colonization of the
Philippines.
Conclusion
- The raiders of Sulu were known as slave traders, pirates, and thieves, targeting any Foreign
cargo ship they can capture for slave and goods, even Spain who was colonizing the
Philippines the name of their tribe was still kept intact, their identities, and religion. These tribes
became one to fight for their dignity as Muslims, and defended the land with all might.
Plasencia, Customs Of The Tagalog

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Plasencia, Customs Of The Tagalog

Custom of Tagalog was one of his writings that tackles everyday living of the ancient
Filipinos, their social status, customs, traditions and beliefs of the tagalog. It also provided
the first form of Civil Code used by local governors to administer justice. What Plasencia is
trying to say about the customs of Tagalog is that there is no equal rights or treatment for
the slaves. The powerful ones treated the smaller ones or the slaves harshly. The author,
Juan de Placencia was, not a native Tagalog but a Spanish friar who first arrived in the
Philippines in 1577 and given a tasked by the king of spain to record and document the
customs and traditions of the people in the Philippines based on, his own observation and
judgments and wrote the custom of tagalog to put an end to some injustices being
committed against the native by certain government officials. Custom of Tagalog was one of
his writings that tackles everyday living of the ancient Filipinos, their social status, customs,
traditions and beliefs of the tagalog. It also provided the first form of Civil Code used by
local governors to administer justice. In the text, to avoid discussing the conflicting reports
of the natives through a knowledgeable monitoring to attain truthfulness. This topic is
important for determining how the Spaniards will govern the Filipinos during the Spanish
era. Although it has lesser value in the modern world right now, it is still important for us to
trace the roots of who we are in the past.
II. Content Analysis & Context Analysis

 Born to the illustrious family of Portocarreros in Plasensia in the region of Extremadura, Spain
in the early 16th century. He was one of the seven children of Pedro Portocarrero, a captain of
a Spanish schooner. Juan de Plasencia grew up during the period known as the Siglo de Oro,
a Golden Age when arts and literature flourished in many parts of Spain, among them his
native Extremadura. Fray Joan de Puerto Carrero, del convento de Villanueva de la Serena.
Was his real name. ARRIVAL IN THE PHILIPPINES Fray Juan de Plasencia came together
with the first batch of Franciscan missionaries in the Philippines. Arrived at a port in Cavite, a
few kilometers south of Manila on the 2nd of July 1578.
 The tribal gathering in Tagalog is called the barangay. Natives inferred that the reason for
giving themselves this name arose from the boat as they reached this land.
 The primary account included a detailed description of the caste system within the barangay
consisting of three social classes: nobles (Maharlika), commoners (Aliping Namamaay), and
slaves (Aliping Sagigilid), as well as their functions and limitations within and outside of the
barangay.
 In terms of dowries and marriage between individuals of the same and different (Maharlika and
Alipin), social class, rules and customs were also heavily described.
 The primary source thoroughly discussed the division of children between spouses or two
different barangays (if the couple came from different barangays).
 Laws, sentences, and punishment for individuals at-fault within the barangay were also
presented and between two barangays, like in birth and marriage.
 The account provided information about the worship of the Tagalogs. They use drums to beat
the feast, and during this time, the barangay or family unite to worship, which they call
"nagaanitos."
 The Tagalogs also have a series of idols whom they worship for particular settings.
 Bathala means "all-powerful," or "maker of all things," which they worship the most.
 The form of burial of the Aetas or Negritos (Negritos) was also stated.
 Discussed the idea of Life after the Rest of the native Tagalogs.
 Maca – or Paradise for who just, valiant, morally upright, and virtuous
 Casanaan – or Place of punishment, grief, and affliction. A place of anguish for the
wicked with the devil called Sitan.
 Plasencia's account is mainly descriptive since it was supposed to illustrate the daily lives of
the Tagalogs.
 The original work itself is a product of observations and judgments. Therefore, it is probable
that Juan de Plasencia's work might contain partiality in presenting his observations and
assessments.
III. Evidences
Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4.

Chieftain (Datu) Nobles (Maharlika) Commoners (Aliping Slaves (Aliping
Namamahay) Saguiguilir)
Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8.

Balangay Marriage customs Religious belief Superstitious beliefs
Figure 9. Figure 10. Figure 11.
Economic Life Language and Padre Juan de
System of Writing Plasencia
IV. Conclusion
The Customs of the Tagalogs'' mainly focuses on the government, administration of

justice, slaves, inheritance and dowries. Juan de Plasencia mentioned in his account that
every Barangay, a tribal gathering consists of 30-100 families together with their slaves,
have their own Dato, at the top of the social status, who governed the people and was the
captain in their wars, followed by the Maharlikas, commoners and slaves. Plasencia
described how children were divided between the married Maharlika and slaves
(Namamahay or Sa Guiguilid). Plasencia also noted the dowry system that was practiced
by the native Tagalogs—dowries were given by the men to the women’s parents before
marriage. Moreover, Plansencia mentioned the worships of the tagalogs noting that the
Filipinos have no temples but they have what they call Simbahan which means “a place of
adoration” because this is where they gather when they wish to do a feast, called Pandot or
Worship. He also mentioned that Filipinos worship idols and one of them is what they call
Bathala which signifies “all powerful” or “maker of all things”. They also worship the sun, the
moon and even the stars. They have idols such as LIC-HA, Dian Masalanta (the patron of
lovers), Lacapati and Indianale (patrons of cultivated lands), they also paid reverence to
Buayas. He commented that Filipinos are very liable to find auguries in things they
witnessed and also practiced divination. In addition, the manner of burying also differs
based on the status of the deceased as what Plasencia described. They also have
distinctions among the priests of the devils such as: Catolonan, Sonat, Mangaguay,
Manyisalat, Mancocolam, Hocloban, Silagan, Magtatangal, Osuan, Mangagayoma,
Pangatahojan. Filipinos also believe in ghosts which they call Vibit, Tikbalang and Patianac.
However, he noted here that such beliefs were already erased through the teaching of the
holy gospel.
Commission on Independence, Filipino Grievances
Against Governor Wood

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Commission on Independence, Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood
I. SUMMARY OF THE TOPIC

Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood is a joint resolution by legislators against
Governor Wood's handling of government operations. The paper is a letter of protest or petition, with
some points being exaggerated to undermine the Wood administration. Wood acknowledged the
"Conley case" was a cover for his disagreement with Filipino politicians, who argued that Quezon was
responsible for the cabinet crisis. The resolution was drafted after Wood's Executive Order No. 37
eliminated the Board of Control, affecting legislators' authority to regulate businesses. The document
argues that Wood was arbitrary, oppressive, and undemocratic, and aims to persuade Americans to
protect their political rights.
II. CONTEXTUAL AND CONTENT ANALYSIS
CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS
• Historical Context of the Source
Since 1898, Filipinos in the Philippines have pressed American colonial authorities for independence.
The Jones Law, which was passed in 1916 and Francis Burton Harrison's nomination as governor
general, altered the political climate by pledging independence after the establishment of a
permanent administration. By offering an alluring cash package to Americans who willingly left their
jobs in the Philippines under the Retirement Act of 1915, the bureaucracy was able to become more
Filipino.
Politicians in the Philippines made an effort to show that they were capable of running their own
government during Wood's time in office. However, the Democrats' loss in the 1920 presidential
election had a catastrophic impact on Filipinos' desire for independence.
Leonard Wood and William Cameron Forbes were appointed by President Warren Harding to
investigate the Philippines, but their findings revealed the widespread corruption and patronage
networks that existed in government-owned businesses throughout the Harrison administration.
Quezon and other Nationalista Party members took offense to the report because they thought
Filipino leaders were dishonest and incompetent.
Soon after leaving the U.S. Wood was chosen to be the governor general of the Philippines in 1921.
He kept an eye on the actions of local officials, corrected wrongdoings, and expanded the governor
general's authority. Politicians in the Philippines, however, did not like Wood's reforms and reassertion
of American authority, which sparked the Cabinet Crisis of 1923.
On July 21, 1923, when Wood reinstated Ray Conley, the head of the Manila police force's vice
section who was suspected of collecting money from gambling lords, the anti-Wood feeling among
Filipino lawmakers was shattered. Ramon Fernandez, the mayor of Manila, and Jose P. Laurel, the
secretary of justice, both resigned after learning that Conley had been exonerated.
Gov. Wood made attempts to regain the support of Filipino officials who left their positions in his
administration but was unsuccessful. In a telegram to President Harding, Quezon and his friends
announced their intention to send a delegation to explain Wood's contempt for the advantages and
rights accorded to Filipinos by the previous administration.
•The Author's Background

Gregorio Zaide:
His birthday is on 25th of May on the year 1907. He was a politician, historian, and author from the
Laguna town of Pagsanjan. He completed his Master of Arts coursework at the University of the
Philippines in 1931. In 1934, he also attended the University of Santo Tomas to earn his Bachelor of
Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degrees.
From 1971 until 1975, he presided as mayor of Pagsanjan. One of the International Association of
Historians' founders of Asia. The Commission on Independence authorized the Filipino Grievance
Against Governor Wood on November 17, 1925. A piece of writing that was intended to criticize
and/or impeach Governor General Leonard Wood. He died on October 31, 1986.
•Sources Relevance and Meaning
A group of Filipino lawmakers created the declaration as a means of protest, and the Commission on
Independence eventually ratified it on November 17, 19626. This was done to remove Governor
Wood from his post in the nation due to his involvement in illegal activities and treatment of the
Filipino people. This serves to demonstrate that the Filipino people should have the freedom to
govern their own country without interference from other nations or persons. It demonstrates the need
for Filipinos to uphold their values and fight for them. To know how to be independent and to
remember that don't trust people easily because we didn't know their real intensions.
CONTENT ANALYSIS
• Author's Main Argument
This document contains a joint resolution that expresses the legislators' displeasure with the way that
Governor Wood has handled the government's business. Whereas the Filipinos anticipated that with
the assistance of the Americans, they would be able to conserve and develop the nation for the
benefit of the people, things actually turned out to be the opposite. This document was a kind of
protest and also it is an impeachment against the governor.
Author's Main Claim

One of the purpose of this document is to help us to be aware of this and to educate people on what
is the exact thing occurred and the effects the governor's actions have had. For those who had been
rendered blind by the regime of dishonesty, it served as an eye-opener.
• Appropriate Technique Depending on the Source
The historical text was written on November 10, 1926. It was also approved by the Commission on
Independence on November 17, 1926.
III. EVIDENCES
Recently, this course of action resulted in the issuance of Executive Order No. 37, by which he
attempted to invalidate the legislation establishing the Board of Control and assumed its duties. When
we think back on the succession of usurpations he had previously perpetrated, the seriousness of this
final action becomes more clear.
21 Arbitrary/ Usurpation Acts of Wood:
 He has refused to assent to laws which were the most wholesome and necessary for the
public good.
 He has set at naught both the legal authority and responsibility for the Philippine heads of
departments.
 He has substituted his constitutional advisers for a group of military attaches without legal
standing in the government and not responsible for the people.
 He has reversed the policy of Filipinizing the service of the government by appointing
Americans even when Filipinos of proven capacity were available, He has obstructed the
carrying out of national economic pohcies duly adopted by the Legislature, merely because
they are in conflict with his personal views.
 He rendered merely perfimctory the power of the Legislature to pass the annual appropriation
law by reviving items in the law of the preceding year, after vetoing the correspondent items of
the current appropriation act, in flagrant violation of the Organic Law
 He has made appointments to positions and authorized the payment of salaries therefor after
having vetoed the appropriations for such salaries.
 He has used certain public funds to grant additional compensation to public officials in clear
violation of the law.
 He has arrogated upon himself the right of exercising the powers granted by law to the
Emergency Board after abolishing said board on the ground that its powers involved an
unlawful delegation of legislative authority.
 He has unduly interfered in the administration of justice. He has refused to obtain the advice of
the Senate in making appointments where such advice is required by the Organic Act
 He has refused to submit the Senate appointment for vacancies occurring during the recess of
the Legislature in contravention of the Organic Act.
 He has continued in office nominees whose appointments had been rejected by the Senate
 He has usurped legislative powers by imposing conditions on legislative measure approved by
him.
 He has, in the administration of affairs in Mindanao, brought about a condition which has given
rise to discord and dissension between certain groups of Christian and Mohammedan
Filipinos.
 He has by his policies strained relations between resident Americans and Filipinos. He has
endeavored, on the pretext of getting the government out of business, to dispose of all the
companies capitalized by the government worth many millions of the people's money to
powerful American interests.
 He has sanctioned the campaign of insidious propaganda in the United States against the
Filipino people and their aspirations. He has attempted to close the Philippine National Bank
so necessary to the economic development of the country.
 He has adopted the practice of intervening in, and controlling directly, to its minute details, athe
affairs of the Philippine Government, both insular and local, in violation of self-government.
 He has insistently sought the amendment of our land laws approved by the Congress of the
United States, which amendment would open up the resources of the commiry to exploitation
by predatory interests.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
To conclude, it demonstrates the difficulties and struggles the Filipino people faced in their fight for
freedom. Since Aguinaldo declared it, they have demanded the Americans in a variety of methods.
They made an attempt to do it violently, but it didn't work in their favor because Americans are a
powerful nation with greater military firepower. Since Americans like it this way because it is non-
violent and simpler to handle, they turn to some behaviors like getting involved in politics and utilizing
their positions to push for independence. However, they were unaware of this as time went on.
Filipinos grow more mature and experienced. They demonstrated this by gaining the confidence to
engage in a debate with a high-ranking American official, such as Governor Wood, on an equal
footing. Despite the fact that they were military officers, they did not hesitate to voice their concerns
and even to list the actions that they believed Governor Wood had taken beyond the bounds of the
law. On the other hand, because it highlights some wrongdoing by Filipinos, The Wood Doings also
contributes to the history of the Philippines. This indicates that certain Filipino officials are concealing
their wrongdoings by accusing governor Wood in this way.
Pigafetta, First Voyage Around The World

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Pigafetta, First Voyage Around The World

In Seville, Pigafetta heard of Magellan's planned expedition and decided to join, accepting the title
of supernumerary, and a modest salary of 1,000 maravedís. During the voyage, which started in
August 1519, Pigafetta collected extensive data concerning the geography, climate, flora, fauna and
the native inhabitants of the places that the expedition visited. His meticulous notes proved invaluable
to future explorers and cartographers, mainly due to his inclusion of nautical and linguistic data, and
also to latter-day historians because of its vivid, detailed style. The only other sailor to maintain a
journal during the voyage was Francisco Albo, Victoria's last pilot, who kept a formal logbook.
Return
Pigafetta was wounded on Mactan in the Philippines, where Magellan was killed in the Battle of
Mactan in April 1521. Nevertheless, he recovered and was among the 18 who accompanied Juan
Sebastián Elcano on board the Victoria on the return voyage to Spain. Upon reaching port in
Sanlúcar de Barrameda in the modern Province of Cadiz in September 1522, three years after his
departure, Pigafetta returned to the Republic of Venice. He related his experiences in the "Report on
the First Voyage Around the World" (Italian: Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo), which
was composed in Italian and was distributed to European monarchs in handwritten form before it was
eventually published by Italian historian Giovanni Battista Ramusio in 1550–59. The account centers
on the events in the Mariana Islands and the Philippines, although it included several maps of other
areas as well, including the first known use of the word "Pacific Ocean" (Oceano Pacifico) on a map.
The original document was not preserved. However, it was not through Pigafetta's writings that
Europeans first learned of the circumnavigation of the globe. Rather, it was through an account
written by a Flanders-based writer Maximilianus Transylvanus, which was published in 1523.
Transylvanus had been instructed to interview some of the survivors of the voyage when 28
Magellan's surviving ship Victoria returned to Spain in September 1522 under the command of Juan
Sebastian Elcano. After Magellan and Elcano's voyage, Pigafetta utilized the connections he had
made prior to the voyage with the Knights of Rhodes to achieve membership in the order.
 On March 16, 1521, Magellan and his crew arrived in the Philippines island, or what they called
the islands of Ladroni. They first reached the island of Zamal (Samar).
 On March 18, 1521, there came some natives giving signs of joy for the presence of the crew of
Magellan. The native Filipinos did welcome the foreigners warmly. As described by Pigafetta,
“they exhibited great signs of pleasure at seeing us.
 The primary source itself is not an essay but a narrative depiction of the events that occurred.
 The journal was written from the author’s experience or memory during Ferdinand Magellan’s
voyage worldwide, most specifically in the Philippine Islands.
 It was very detailed and supplied a lot of information. The narrative was in “in media’s res.” It
started during the Battle of Mactan then proceeded to a flashback when Magellan and his Crew
came to the island and their experiences during their stay.
 It contains vivid descriptions of the pre-colonized Filipinos’ lives and cultures, such as their food,
rich natural resources, appearance, livelihood, and religion. It only proves that there were already
civilizations and political systems, even before they came to the archipelago.
 Magellan and his crew were the people who converted some of the natives to Christianity.
Consequently, they were also the ones responsible for the first Mass in
 the Philippine Islands. Ferdinand Magellan, indeed, died in the Philippines.
III. Evidences
IV. Conclusion
In conclusion, Antonio Pigafetta's participation in Ferdinand Magellan's historic first voyage

around the world is a fascinating chapter in the history of exploration and human curiosity.
Pigafetta served as the expedition's recorder, and his thorough recording of the journey gave us
priceless insights into the unknown landscapes, varied civilizations, and dangers that early
explorers had to face. Magellan himself was killed in battle on the voyage, but his ambitious
expedition proved that the globe could be circled by sea and that the world was much larger than
had previously been imagined. Although Magellan was wrong when he thought there was a
practical way of reaching Moluccas by sailing west, he did discover the full extent of the globe.
Actually, he didn't even intend to travel in a circle, just to get to the Spice Islands. His voyage was
clear proof that the Earth is round. His legacy still remains with us, and his travels have been
called the greatest of all conquests undertaken in the 15th and 16th century. As well as numerous
islands and waterways, penguins, guanacos, and even clouds have been named after him.
Pigafetta's accounts of the first voyage around the globe serve as a last reminder of the value of
recording and preserving our own explorations. These courageous people left behind a lasting
legacy that deepened our awareness of the world and its diverse tapestry of cultures and
landscapes. They also highlighted the ongoing human fascination with exploring the unknown.
McCoy, Political Caricatures
Of The American Era

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Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Period by Alfred McCoy
Summary of the Topic:
Political cartoons and caricature are a rather recent art form, which veered away from the
classical art by exaggerating human features and poking fub at its subject. Cartoon became an
effective tool of publicizing opinion through heavy use of symbolism, which is different from verbose
written editorial and opinion pieces. The key idea of the said piece depicted the impact of American
democracy on Philippine society, highlighting issues such as dynastic politics, patronage, economic
disparity, and the transition from a Catholic Spanish Filipino society to an American assimilated one.
So, Alfred McCoy together with Alfred Roces, compiled political cartoons published in newspaper
dailies and periodicals in his book Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era (1900-
1941).
Context Analysis:
Author’s name: Alfred “AI” William McCoy
Author’s Background: American Historian and Educator. He specializes in the history of the
Philippines, foreign policy of the United States, European colonization of Southeast Asia, illegal drug
trade, and Central Intelligence Agency covert operations.
Time the piece was created: during the American colonization era between years 1900-1941
Content Analysis:
Author’s intent: Alfred McCoy and Artist-writer Alfredo Roces wanted to expose and publicize political
issues in the Philippines during the American era.
Author’s biases: Despite being an American, McCoy established his work wanting to speak up in
behalf of the Filipino people who were under the Americans by that specific time being. At same time
revealing the effect of a democratic government initiated by the Americans
classical art by exaggerating human features and poking fun at its subjects. Cartoon became an
effective tool of publicizing opinions through heavy use of symbolism, which is different from a
verbose written editorial and opinion pieces.
Alfred McCoy, together with Alfred Roces, compiled political cartoons published in
newspaper dailies and periodicals in his book Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the
American Era (1900 – 1941).
Political cartoons and caricature are a rather recent art form, which veered away from the classical art
by exaggerating human features and poking fun at its subjects. Cartoon became an effective tool of
publicizing opinions through heavy use of symbolism, which is different from a verbose written
editorial and opinion pieces.
Alfred McCoy, together with Alfred Roces, compiled political cartoons published in newspaper
dailies and periodicals in his book Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era
(1900 – 1941).
Evidence:
PHILIPPINE CARICATURES
CONCLUSION:
The main purpose of the caricature was to expose and publicize political issues in the
Philippines during the American Era. McCoy interpretation of this cartoons points out the injustices
and repression of political dissidents in the administration that time. The Philippine Cartoons: Political
Caricature of the American period paved the way into establishing a powerful tool towards public
awareness and opinion. His presentation of these issues and conflicts offers an understanding of the
Philippine state specifically socio-political issue and scandals. It has also opened eyes for Filipinos to
see how the Americans fought for democracy to be implemented in this country. However, the
cartoons depicted political issues during the American government. Now, it holds a special place
alongside other remarkable events that happened in the past that remains in the hearts of the
Filipinos even up to this day.
President Corazon Aquino’s Speech before the U.S. Congress
Speech of Her Excellency Corazon C. Aquino President of the
Philippine
During the Joint Session of the United States Congress
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President Corazon Aquino’s Speech before the U.S. Congress

Speech of Her Excellency Corazon C. Aquino President of the Philippine
During the Joint Session of the United States Congress
i.Summary
- President Corazon Aquino of the Philippines delivered a historic speech before the U.S.
Congress on September 18, 1986. In her address, she expressed gratitude for American
support during the People Power Revolution that ousted dictator Ferdinand Marcos in which
she highlighted the human rights abuses under the Marcos regime, including censorship,
repression, and extrajudicial killings. She emphasized the values of democracy, freedom, and
human rights. Aquino called for continued U.S. assistance in rebuilding the Philippines and
promoting democracy in the region. Her speech marked a significant moment in U.S.-
Philippines relations and reinforced the commitment to democracy in the Asia-Pacific region.
ii. Context and Content Analysis
Author’s Background
- Maria Corazon Conquanco-Aquino
- Born on January 25, 1933 in Tarlac Province, North of Manila
- In 1954, she graduated at Mount St. Vincent College in New York City with a bachelor’s
degree in French and Mathematics.
- In 1955, she married Benigno Simeon Aquino Jr.
- In February 1986, Cory Aquino ran for the presidential election, opposing Ferdinand Marcos.
- The 11th and first woman President of the Philippines.
- Mother of Asian Democracy
- Her presidential term lasted for 6 years (Feb. 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992)
- She died on August 1, 2009 at the age of 76 due to colon cancer
Historical Background
- The speech was assumed to be written between April- September of 1986 in the Philippines.
- It was delivered on September 18, 1986 in Washington D.C., U.S. Congress
- 3 years after the assassination of Benigno Simeon Aquino Jr. the situation of the Philippines is
7 months free from the martial law era that lasted for 14 years.
Author’s Intent
- To appeal for financial assistance and economic aid to help rebuild the country after years of
corruption and mismanagement under the Marcos regime.
- She emphasized the importance of democracy and the rule of law in her country.
- To declare the freedom of the Filipinos from the Marcos regime
- To mark a new beginning for the Filipinos and to its government.
Source’s Relevance and Meaning Today
- Understanding the History of the Philippines
- Validation of the People Power Revolution
- Inspiration for Other Movements
- Strengthened U.S. – Philippines Relations
- Promotion of Human Rights
- Serve as an Evidence About Reality of Marco’s Dictatorship
- Changed the Philippines’ Perception About Women
Author’s Main Argument
- To officially declare and mark the freedom of the Filipino people and to express how the
Filipino citizens unite to take back the democracy that was taken away from the during the
Marcos’ era.
Point of View
- A newly elected democratic leader who had come to power through a peaceful revolution.
- A victim and witness of the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos
Biases
- The speech was in favor of her government and her political agenda.
- Asking for support from U.S. could be perceived as biased toward American Interests
Evaluation of Author’s Claim

- Corazon Aquino’s claim was based on her experiences.
- And also, it was based on people’s evident situation.
- She strongly impacted her nation, and she became an inspiration.
iii. Evidence (pictures, map, document etc.)

iv. Conclusion
President Corazon Aquino’s speech in 1986 marked a pivotal moment not only in the history of
the Philippines but also in the broader global context of democracy and human rights. As the first
female president of the country and a symbol of the People Power Revolution, her address held
immense significance. In conclusion, President Corazon Aquino’s speech before the U.S. Congress
was a compelling testament to the enduring values of democracy and human rights. It strengthened
the bonds between Philippines and the United States and inspired people worldwide to stand up for
freedom and justice. Her legacy continues to serve as a reminder of the importance of leadership
rooted in democratic principles.
N.H.I., Documents Of The 1898 Declaration of
Philippine Independence
In
Presented to:
(instructor)
Presented by:
October 13, 2023
N.H.I., Documents Of The 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence
I. Summary
The "Documents of the 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence" refer to a collection of
historical documents and records associated with the proclamation of Philippine independence from
Spanish colonial rule on June 12, 1898. This was written by Ambrosio R. Bautista, “War Counselor
and Special Delegate-Designate” of the revolutionary Philippine government.
History:
 The Philippine Revolution began in 1896.

 A truce called the Pact of Biak-na-Bato was signed in 1897, requiring Spain to pay
the revolutionaries.
 In 1898, the Spanish-American War began, and the United States defeated the
Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay.
 Emilio Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines to aid American forces against the
Spanish.
The Proclamation on June 12:
 Independence was proclaimed in Cavite, with the Philippine flag unfurled.

 The Act of Declaration of Independence was read by Ambrosio Rianzares
Bautista.
 It was signed by 98 people, including a U.S. Army officer who witnessed the
event.
Ratification:
 The proclamation was ratified by municipal presidents from various provinces on

August 1, 1898.
 The Malolos Congress modified the declaration to address concerns about U.S.
protection.
Struggle for Independence:
 The declaration was not recognized by the United States or Spain.

 The Philippine-American War ensued, ending with U.S. control over the
Philippines.
 The Philippines gained independence from the United States on July 4, 1946,
officially celebrated on June 12 as Independence Day since 1964.
II. Content and Context Analysis
CONTENT ANALYSIS
- Type of Source
The appropriate technique of Documents of the 1898 Declaration of Philippine
Independence was written.
- Author's Main Argument
The main argument of the Documents of the 1898 Declaration of Philippine Independence
was indeed to declare independence from Spanish colonial rule. He believed that such a
move would inspire the people to fight more eagerly against the Spaniards and, at the
same time, lead the foreign countries to recognize the independence of the country.
- Identify Bias
Political Bias
CONTEXT ANALYSIS
- Historical Context of the Source
This document was written in May–June 1898, during the Spanish-American War. It
contains a short 2,000-word, 16-page document that was prepared, written, and read by
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanish Proclaimed on June 12 in Cavite El Viejo
(Kawit,Cavite) between 4 and 5 in the afternoon.
- Author's Background
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista y Altamira also known as "Don Bosyong" was born on
December 7,1830 at Binan, Laguna Captaincy General of the Philippinesand died at the
age of 72 on December 4, 1903. He was a Filipino lawyer and author of the Declaration of
Philippine Independence. He is a distant relative to the Rizal family and the Bonifacio
family.
- Author's Intent
The author's intent in the Documents of the 1898 Declaration of the Philippine
Independence was to formally declare the Philippines as an independent and sovereign
nation, to end Spanish colonial rule, to seek international recognition, to inspire and
mobilize the Filipino people, and to establish a republic.
- Sources Relevance and Meaning Today
This serves as evidence of the country's declaration of sovereignty and independence
from the excesses and injustices of Spanish colonial control. The 1898 Declaration of
Philippine Independence Documents are still significant today as markers of national
pride, inspiration, teaching resources, and reassurances of the country's unwavering
dedication to justice and independence.
III. Evidences
IV. Conclusion
In conclusion, the remarkable era in Philippine history can be witness in the N.H.I., Document
of the 1898 Declaration of Independence by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista y Altamira, which
details all the events leading up to our formal declaration of independence, serves as a
testament to the Philippines' unwavering commitment toward achieving independence from
Spain. The Filipino people's strong dedication to independence and self-determination is in this
important historical document that was proclaimed by Emilio Aguinaldo on June 12, 1898, in
Kawit, Cavite. It was a bold proclamation of freedom from Spanish colonial control as well as the
aspirations of the Filipino people for self-governance. Although the 1898 Declaration of
Philippine Independence was a magnificent accomplishment, it also marked the start of an
uncertain period in Philippine history as the U.S. began to rule the nation following the Spanish-
American War. This declaration remains the foundation of Filipino national identity and a source
of encouragement for those who continue to advocate despite subsequent difficulties and
changes in colonial rulers. Today, on June 12, the Philippines celebrates Independence Day,
which it serves as a reminder of the Filipino people's perseverance and continuing desire for
true independence. The N.H.I., Document of the 1898 Declaration of the Philippine
Independence, is a prized piece of Filipino heritage and a representation of their will to control
their future since it is a tribute to the country's historical struggles and ongoing drive for self-
determination.

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Content & Context Analysis

RIPH (Readings in Philippine History)

Elena C. Bernabe, MPM, DM-CAR

Angelica Maye C. Duquiatan

BSN 1 – Queen of Angels

October 13, 2023

ii. Contextual and Content Analysis

iii. Evidences (pictures, map, documents etc.)

Figure 1: Philippine Revolution and Battles Figure 2: Battle of Imus

Figure 5: Battle of Perez Dasmarinas Figure 6: Tejeros Convention

Figure 7: Retreat to Montalban Figure 8: Republic of Biak-na-Bato

and Pact of Biak-na-Bato

Figure 10: Dictatorial Government

Content & Context Analysis

RIPH (Readings in Philippine History)

Elena C. Bernabe, MPM, DM-CAR

Angelica Maye C. Duquiatan

BSN 1 – Queen of Angels

October 13, 2023

II. Content & Context Analysis

14 Rules of Kartilya ng Katipunan ni Emilio Aguinaldo

III. Evidence (pictures, maps, documents etc.)

Figure 1. Katipuneros and Katipuneras. Figure 2. First flag of the Katipunan.

Figure 3. Katipunan Ideology. Figure 4. The 14 code of conduct in

Figure 5. Bonifacio Decalogue (Written by Figure 6. The original author of Kartilya

Content & Context Analysis

RIPH (Readings in Philippine History)

Elena C. Bernabe, MPM, DM-CAR

Angelica Maye C. Duquiatan

BSN 1 – Queen of Angels

October 13, 2023

I. Summary of the Topic

The Parisian Life

The Making of the Philippine Flag

The Bombing of the Intendencia

Content & Context Analysis

RIPH (Readings in Philippine History)

Elena C. Bernabe, MPM, DM-CAR

Angelica Maye C. Duquiatan

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THE RAIDERS OF SULU SEA

Summary of the Raiders of Sulu:

: Content and Contextual Analysis

THE THREE RAIDER TRIBES:

The Illanun Tribe

The Taosug Tribe

The Ancient Maritime Vessels of the Moro People

Plasencia, Customs Of The Tagalog

Content & Context Analysis

Angelica Maye C. Duquiatan

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Plasencia, Customs Of The Tagalog

II. Content Analysis & Context Analysis

Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4.

Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8.

The Customs of the Tagalogs'' mainly focuses on the government, administration of

Commission on Independence, Filipino Grievances

Against Governor Wood

Content & Context Analysis

Elena C. Bernabe, MPM, DM-CAR