REFERENCES IN

TROPICAL PLANNING
DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY-DASMARINAS
 CLIMATE
Climate refers to the long-term patterns
and average conditions of temperature,
humidity, wind, precipitation, and other
atmospheric elements in a specific
region or on Earth as a whole.

It represents the average weather

conditions over a prolonged period,
typically 30 years or more, and is used
to describe the prevailing atmospheric
conditions in a particular area.
World Climate Map
 CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION MAP
The most commonly used climate map is the Köppen climate
classification, developed by Russian climatologist of German
descent and amateur botanist Wladimir Köppen (1846 – 1940),
which divides the world into five major climate regions, based
on:

1. Average annual precipitation,

2. Average monthly precipitation, and
3. Average monthly temperature.

SOURCE : (Wikipedia, 2018q)

 Wladimir Köppen – Geiger Climate Classification Map

Later, the climatologist

Rudolf Geiger (1954,
1961) introduced some
changes to the classification
system, which is thus
sometimes called the
Köppen–Geiger climate
classification system.
The Köppen climate classification
scheme divides climates into five main
climate groups:

A (tropical),
B (dry),
C (temperate),
D (continental), and
E (polar).[11]

The second letter indicates the

seasonal precipitation type, while the
third letter indicates the level of heat.

• Summers are defined as the 6-month

period that is warmer either from April–
September and/or October–March while
• Winter is the 6-month period that is
cooler
 Classification
There are 4 major climate zones:

1. TROPICAL (hot humid)

2. TEMPERATE
3. SUBTROPICAL (hot arid)
4. COLD
1. Tropical zone from 0°–23.5°(between the tropics)
The tropical zone is a region near the Earth's equator known for its hot and humid
climate, lush vegetation, and unique ecosystems.

Here are the key characteristics of the tropical zone in summary:

1. Location: The tropical zone is located between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5 degrees north
of the equator) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 degrees south of the equator).

2. Climate: The tropical zone has a tropical climate characterized by high temperatures
year-round. It experiences minimal temperature variations between seasons, with warm
to hot temperatures.

3. Humidity: The tropical zone is known for its high humidity levels, resulting from warm
ocean waters and abundant rainfall.

4. Precipitation: Rainfall in the tropical zone is abundant and often occurs in the form of
heavy, frequent, and intense rain showers. This climate pattern is associated with the
intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ).
2. Subtropics from 23.5°–40°

• The subtropics receive the highest

radiation in summer, since the
Sun's angle at noon is almost
vertical to the Earth, whilst the
cloud cover is relatively thin.
• These regions receive less
moisture (see trade winds), what
increases the effect of radiation.

• Therefore, most of the deserts in

the world are situated in this zone.
In winter, the radiation in these
regions decreases significantly,
and it can temporarily be very cool
and moist.
3. Temperate zone from
40°–60°

• In the temperate zone, the solar

radiation arrives with a smaller
angle, and the average
temperatures here are much
cooler than in the subtropics.
The seasons and day length
differ significantly in the course
of a year. The climate is
characterized by less frequent
extremes, a more regular
distribution of
the precipitation over the year
and a longer vegetation period -
therefore the name "temperate".
4. Cold zone from 60°–90°

•The polar areas between 60°

latitude and the poles receive less
heat through solar radiation, since
the Sun has a very flat angle toward
the ground. Because of the changes
of the Earth axis angle to the Sun,
the day length varies most in this
zone. In the summer, polar days
occur. Vegetation is only possible
during a few months per year and
even then is often sparse. The
conditions for life in these regions
are very hard.
There are seven major types of
biomes on earth base on climatic
zones.

Biomes of the World

• Tropical Rainforest.
• Temperate Forest.
• Desert.
• Tundra.
• Taiga (Boreal Forest)
• Grassland.
• Savanna.

A biome is an area classified according to the species that live in that location.
Temperature range, soil type, and the amount of light and water are unique to a
particular place and form the niches for specific species allowing scientists to define the
biome.
 SUBDIVISION OF TROPICAL
CLIMATE
• "Warm humid" typically refers to a climate or weather
condition characterized by high temperatures and high
Warm humid humidity levels. This combination of warmth and humidity
can create a hot and muggy or sticky feeling.

• "Hot dry" typically refers to a climate or weather condition

characterized by high temperatures and low humidity
Hot dry levels. This combination creates a hot and arid or dry
environment.

• A composite climate that combines features of both warm

humid and hot dry climates would exhibit characteristics of
both high temperature and humidity as well as low
Composite humidity and aridity. Such a composite climate could vary
depending on the relative dominance of warm humid or hot
dry conditions.