belligerents must still respect IHL even
Why Russia Invaded
Ukraine?
Invasi Rusia terhadap Ukraina
Awalnya satu kesatuan dalam “Uni
Soviet”  Walaupun sebenarnya, latar
belakang, budaya, bahasa, dll mereka
tuh beda  Pas USSR runtuh
-Rusia ngerasa Ukraina masih bagian
nya
-Ukraina ngerasa dia bukan lg bagian
dari USSR/Rusia.
Ketika Rusia mau invasi Ukraina 
Ukraina minta tolong sama USA 
ditolong USA u/ attack Rusia  Korut
dg ideologi yg sama dg Rusia (Komunis)
ikutin marah temennya diattack 
Korut bales attack USA & Ukraina.
Many people still suffering in this
armed conflict  bombing, etc
Both of country have their own
strong statement  but can we still
involve IHL on this armed conflict? Yes,
because in art 1 .. “in all circumstances.
IHL is specifically designed to apply in
situations of armed conflict.
The belligerents (pihak yg terlibat dalam
armed conflict) therefore cannot justify
failure to respect IHL by invoking
(mengacu/memohon) the harsh nature
(sifat kejam) of armed conflict; ----
they must comply (mematuhi) with
their humanitarian obligations in all
circumstances. – That’s why the
if it is violated by their adversary
(lawan) ;non reciprocity of
humanitarian law (reciprocity; timbal
balik – jadi pelanggaran IHL oleh satu
pihak tidak membenarkan pihak lain
untuk juga melanggar IHL sebagai
bentuk balasan atau imbalan.
(?)Why we called it as “Armed
Conflict” ,not war?
 Kenapa kita nyebutnya konflik
bersenjata, bukan perang.
 Karena istilah "perang" sering
kali berarti adanya pernyataan
resmi (official statement) antara
dua atau lebih negara, yang
dapat memicu berbagai
konsekuensi hukum
internasional yang lebih rumit.
 Because the terminology about
“War” usually means that
there’s a precident who make
an official statement that the
country itself declare they want
to have a war ,and this kind of
official statement can trigger
several things ,including make a
more complicate international
humanitarian law and etc
 But, Armed conflict  They
don’t state a war directly by a
official statement. Ex:
American; pearl harbour (war) –
but now, they just do armed
conflict. –ex: getting included in
Vietnam war, Korean war, and
Russian-Ukraine war.
IHL  Applicable for international Vocabulary
armed conflict even the underclear nor
Frameworks = Kerangka kerja/dokumen
unrecognized conflict.
utama yg mengatur perilaku pihak2
yang terlibat dalam konflik bersenjata,
especially for protecting victims of war,
Why we need IHL? rescuing civilians, and regulating the
use of military force (kekuatan militer)
To protect people that don’t involve 
in the conflict
The 2 main frameworks in
To huminiliaze people humanitarian law are:
To eliminate and unnecessary 1. Geneva Conventions
suffering of all parties involved in A series of international
armed conflict agreements (Serangkaian
perjanjian inter) that first agreed
2 Concept in IHL/HHI? upon in 1864 and later revised
in 1949.
-Jus in Bello (a law concept that apply
There are 4 main conventions
in warfare. That’s why its kinda related
within (dalam) the Geneva
to IHL ,because in IHL we study about a
Conventions:
law that we can use when there’s
1. Convention on the
actually a war.
Treatment of the Wounded
-Jus ad bellum (a law concept about and Sick.
validity and legality of a country in 2. Convention on the
using an armed force based on VII Protection of War Victims at
Chapter of United Nations charter)  Is Sea.
that right or wrong to do a armed 3. Convention on the
force?  how to implementing this Treatment of War Prisioners
concept “Jus ad bellum” to start a war? on Land
4. Convention on the
Protection of Civilians in
Relations of IHL with Times of War
These 4 conventions form the
Other Law basis of inter humanitarian law
-Public International Law (4 Konvensi ini membentuk
dasar hk humaniter inter).
-International Criminal Law
-International Human Rights Law
 2. Additional Protocols to the
Geneva Conventions
In addition to the Geneva
Conventions, there are several
Additional Protocols that further
regulate the protection of war
victims.
1. Protocol Additional 1 & 2
(1977) ;Elabaorate on the
rights and protection of war
victims. (including civilians
and medical
personnel/personel medis).
2. Protocol Additional 3 (2005)
;Treaties governs the use of
distinctive (berbeda/khusus)
emblems (lambang/tanda
pengenal) in armed conflicts
to protect medical
personnel and facilities.
HISTORY, LEGAL
FRAMEWORK & Mahabharata details various
SOURCES
HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF IHL
1. ANCIENT TIME (Zaman Kuno)
Pre-Medieval (Pre Abad
Pertengahan)
Ancient India  Mahabharata (one
of the great epics in ancient Indian
literature that portrays the conflict
between 2 groups of brothers The
Pandavas vs The Kauravas (The
Kurukshetra War—terjadi setelah
upaya2 negosiasi damai gagal
u/menyelesaikan perselisihan antara
kedua belah pihak).  The connection
between The history of Mahabharata
and IHL can be seen in the concept of
“Dharma Yudha” or “Righteous War”
(ˈrīCHəs; Perang yg adil) that applied in
this war. 
There are several aspects on in that
relevant to IHL:
1. Justice in war
the Pandavas consider their
war to be just because they
believe they are fighting for
their rightful claim to the throne
that has been unjustly taken by
the Kauravas. This reflects the
concept in IHL that legitimate
war (perang yang sah) can be
waged (dilaksanakan) to defend
legitimate rights (hak2 yg sah).
2. Ethics in Conflict
ethical norms that should be
followed in warfare. These
include rules on how to treat
captured adversaries (musuh yg
tertangkap), the protection of
non-combatant (tidak
bertempur) civilians, and
guidelines on the fair use of
weaponry (persenjataan).
3. Treatment of Prisoners of War
(Tawanan Perang)
 Mahabharata also depicts (də
ˈpikt; menggambarkan)
situations where prisoners of
war are treated with ethics and
 respect, similar to the principles that time. In Europe,
of IHL that regulate about the Christianity, including the
treatment of prisoners of war. concept of Christendom
(Christianization of Europe),
dominated, while in the Islamic
2. IHL in Medieval Time (Abad world, there was an expansion
Pertengahan) of the Caliphate, which
•The importance of religions in controlled large territories in the
all aspect of life. ; in this period, Middle East, North Africa, and
religions have an important role Spain during this period. Both of
in all aspect especially in these religions had a significant
thoughts, culture, and social impact on politics, culture, and
structure at that time history in their respective
regions.
• Feudalism  Chivalry
Principle (Kode Kavalier) ; this "They who have waged
refers to the feudal system that (mengobarkan) war in
dominated the social obedience (ketaatan) to the
organization in Europe during divine command (dəˈvīn;
the Middle Ages. perintah ilahi), or in conformity
In this system, nobles (kənˈfôrmədē; kesesuaian) with
(bangsawan) owned land and His laws, have represented
provided (memberikan) (diwakili) in their persons the
protection to their subjects in public justice or the wisdom
exchange for loyalty and (kebijaksanaan) of government,
service. and in this capacity have put to
death wicked men (menghukum
The Chivalry Principle/The Code mati org jahat); such persons
of Chivalry was a set of norms & have by no means violated the
ethics followed by knights commandment (tidak
(kesatria) at that time, melanggar perintah), "Thou
emphasizing (menekankan) shalt not kill."(engkau tidak
values such as bravery, honesty, boleh membunuh) (St
and the protection of the week. Augustine - City of God)
This sentence shows that in a
• Big2  Christianity certain role or situation,
(Christendom) & Islam individuals have executed
(Caliphate). ; this refer to the 2 wicked (ˈwikid; nakal ) people,
major (besar) religions that had and they firmly (ˈfərmlē; dg
a significant influence during tegas) believe that they have
 not violated the commandment
“Thou shalt not kill”, which is
one of the moral or religious
commandments (kə
ˈman(d)mənt) that prohibiting
murder.  bcs they considered
it as a law enforcement
(penegakan hukum) action
rather than murder in a sense
that violates (melanggar)
certain ethical or moral
principles.
•IHL in Holy Quran
Qur’ān 2 : 190  “And fight in
the way of God those who fight
against you and do not
transgress (melanggar), indeed
God does not like transgressors.
SOURCES OF IHL
Art.38 ICJ Statute
dispute: diˈspyo͞ ot : perselisihan
EARLY CODIFICATION OF IHL
(Kodifikasi awal – penggabungan byk
aturan ke dalam 1 dokumen/kode yg
terstruktur)
This early codification refers to the
systematic organization and explanation
of rules that regulates about conduct
(Kun-dukt ; tingkah laku—biasanya dlm
konteks ada kode etik aturan yg
berlaku //kalau behaviour u/ perilaku
sehari2) of parties involved in armed
conflicts.
IHL aims (bertujuan) to minimize the
suffering of civilians and combatants
(kəmˈbatnt; pejuang) during times of
war by establishing legal norms and
guidelines (pedoman).
American Civil War (1861-1865) 
Union Army (Federal Government –
North)  General Order 100 (Lieber
Code)  How to Conduct (tingkah
laku) in Wartime.  Martial Law,
Military Jurisdiction, Treatment of
Deserters, Spies & POW.
 During the American civil war
(1861-1865), the union army
represented (ˌreprə
ˈzent;mewakili) the Federal
Government of the North in the
conflict against (melawan) the
Confederate States (negara
konfederasi) of the South. This
context is significant because it
set the stage for the
development of IHL within the
Union forces (kekuatan pihak
amerika).
 Intinya perang saudara amerika
antara Pemerintah Federal di
Utara /Union/The united states
 of america (yg dipimpin o/
Presiden Abraham Lincoln) &
Negara Konfederasi di Selatan—
ex: Florida, Texas, Virginia, dll (yg
dipimpin o/ Presiden Jefferson
Dalvis)  The war happens
because there is a contradiction
about several fundamental
things, the main contradiction is
the difference in views
regarding (mengenai) slavery
(perbudakan) and state rights
(hak2 negara).
 Many civillian die because of it
 Union soldies starts to think
how to treat properly civillian
that affected by it  Around
that time, A germany came to
US and finally able to becomes a
minister (Franz Lieber)  He’s
one of the main supporter of
IHL  That’s why, after that he
makes a ethics code called
“Lieber Code/General Orders
No. 100)
 The Lieber Code addressed
(mengatasi) various aspects of
conduct during wartime. It
outlined rules and principles for
military operations, including
the treatment of civilians,
prisoners of war, and other
individuals affected by the
conflict.
 It also included critical (penting)
aspects such as the application
of martial law, the jurisdiction
of military tribunals (pengadilan
militer), and the treatment of
individuals like deserters
(pengecut), spies (mata2), and
prisoners (tawanan) of war. It
emphasized (ˈemfə
ˌsīzd ;menekankan) humane
(manusiawi) treatment and the
protection of certain rights,
even in the midst (di tengah) of
armed conflict.
 This code was established on 24
April 1863 during American
Civil War  by Franz Lieber
THE HAGUE CONVENTIONS
1899
1. Convention for the Pacific Settlement
(penyelesaian) of International
Disputes (Perselisihan)
2. Convention with respect to the Laws
and Customs of War on Land
3. Convention for the Adaptation to
Maritime Warfare +3 Declarations
1907
1. Hague Convention III Concerning the
Opening of Hostilities (pembukaan
perang)
2. Hague Convention IV Concerning the
Laws and Customs of War on Land
3. Hague Convention V Concerning the
Rights and Duties (kewajiban) of
Neutral Powers (negara netral) and
Persons in Case of War on Land (HCV);
4. Hague Convention VI Concerning the
Status of Enemy Merchant (dagang)
Ships at the Outbreak (Pecahnya) of
Hostilities (HC VI);
5. Hague Convention VII Concerning the
Conversion (Konversi/perubahan) of
Merchant Ships into Warships (kapal
perang) (HCVII);
6. Hague Convention VIII Concerning
the Laying (peletakan) of Automatic
Submarine Contact Mines(HCVIII); 
Naval mines (ranjau laut)
7. Hague Convention IX Concerning
Bombardment (Pengeboman) by Naval
Forces in Times of War (HC IX);
8. Hague Convention XI Concerning
Certain Restrictions with Regard
(tentang) to the Exercise (penggunaan)
of the Right of Capture (hak
penangkapan) in Naval War (perang
laut)(HC XI);
9. Hague Convention XIII Concerning
the Rights and Duties of Neutral
Powers in Naval War (HC XIII).
GENEVA CONVENTIONS
1864 Geneva Convention  wounded
armies in the field
1906 Geneva Convention  (revising
1864)
1929 Geneva Conventions  POW
(Prisioner of war; tahanan perang)
1949  4 Geneva Conventions
1977  2 Additional Protocols
2005  Additional Protocol
THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS
1949
Conventions
1. The First Geneva Convention for the
Amelioration of the Condition of the
Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in
the Field (first adopted in 1864, revised
in 1906, 1929 and finally 1949);
2. The Second Geneva Convention for
the Amelioration (perbaikan dlm
konteks kondisi ;əˌmēlēəˈrāSH(ə)n) of
the Condition of Wounded, Sick and
Shipwrecked (terdampar) Members of
Armed Forces at Sea (first adopted in
1949, successor of the Hague
Convention (X) 1907);
3. The Third Geneva Convention
relative to the Treatment of Prisoners
of War (firstadopted in 1929, last
revision in 1949);
4. The Fourth Geneva Convention
relative to the Protection of Civilian
Persons in Time of War (first adopted in
1949, based on parts of the Hague
Convention (II) of 1899 and Hague
Convention (IV) 1907).
Additional Protocols
1. Protocol I (1977) relating to the
Protection of Victims of International
Armed Conflicts;
2. Protocol II (1977) relating to the
Protection of Victims of Non-
International Armed Conflicts;
3. Protocol III (2005) relating to the
Adoption of an Additional Distinctive
Emblem  Not yet entry into force….
THE PARTIES OF GENEVA
CONVENTIONS’49
Indonesia? Parties to GC I-IV, but not
additional Protocol  Law No. 59 Year
1958  Accession to 4 all 4 Geneva
Conventions.
OTHER INTER LEGISLATIONS
RELATED TO IHL
Perundang2an inter lainnya yg
berhub. dg IHL
Methods and Means of Warfare
• Geneva Protocol on Asphyxiating (ə
ˈsfiksēˌāting ; gas bikin sulit napas) or
Poisonous (ˈpoiz(ə)nəs; beracun) Gases,
and of Bacteriological Methods, 1925
This protocol restricting and banning
the use of chemical and biological
weapons
• Convention on the Prohibition of
Biological Weapons, 1972
Banning development
(pengembangan), production, and
acquisiton (ˌakwəˈziSH(ə)n ; perolehan)
of biological weapons.
• Convention prohibiting Chemical
Weapons, 1993
• Anti-Personnel Mine (Ranjau darat)
Ban Convention, 1997 // Ottawa Treaty
• Convention on Cluster Munitions
(sejenis senjata yg dirancang untuk
melepaskan sejumlah bom kecil2 di
area yg luas pd saat yg sama—bahaya
karena kadang pas jatuh tuh beberapa
ga meledak—jd misal pas perang dah
berakhir –bisa aja sewaktu2 dia baru
meledak), 2008 ;
• Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear
Weapons, 2017
Cultural Property
• Hague Convention for the Protection
of Cultural Property, 1954
Even if we’re in conflict, we still need
to protect cultural property. Ex:
museums, historical buildings, and any
other cultural sites -- so it’s not gonna
be damage or destroy by the warfare.
• Hague Protocol for the Protection of
Cultural Property, 1954
(+) additional protocol – extends its
protection by including cultural poverty
in it and give additional steps about
how to protect cultural heritage.
• Second Hague Protocol for the
Protection of Cultural Property, 1999
(+) additional protocol – emphasize
the important of preventing illegal
trade in cultural property during armed
conflict
Other treaties relating to IHL
• Convention for the Protection of all
Persons from Enforced Disappearance
(Penghilangan paksa), 2006
ICC STATUE
International Criminal Court Statue
(Statuta Mahkamah Pidana Inter) //
Rome Statue.  Individu dpt dituntut
scr pidana berdasarkan hk. inter.
For those who violate IHL  Criminal
liability (individual or
Commander/komandan responsibility)
 International Criminal Court Statute
(Rome Statute 1998): (Art. 5ICC Statute)
a. Genocide (Art.6)
b. Crimes against Humanity (Art. 7) 
Kejahatan terhadap kemanusiaan.
c. War Crimes (Art. 8)
d. Crimes of Aggression (Art. 8) 
involve the planning, initiation, or
execution (pelaksanaan) of acts of
aggression by a state against the
sovereignty (ˈsäv(ə)rən(t)ē; kedaulatan),
territorial integrity, or political
independence of another state.
BINDING POWER OF IHL
LEGISLATIONS
Kekuatan mengikat dr peraturan IHL
• For States parties to the conventions
or protocols  Treaty Obligation 
Wajib  States that have ratified or
acceded (menyetujui—dlm konteks
menyetujui permintaan/permohonan)
to these treaties are legally obligated to
comply (mematuhi) with the provisions
(ketentuan) contained therein.
• States non parties to the conventions
or protocols  Customary
International Law (vide ICJ North Sea
Continental Shelf Case 1969  State
Practice & Opinio Juris
 States that are not parties to
specific IHL conventions or protocols
may still be bound (terikat) by the
relevant (ˈreləvənt) customary rules
(Hk. kebiasaan) of IHL. This means that
even if a state has not formally ratified
or acceded to a treaty, it can still be
held accountable for violations of
customary IHL if its actions or omissions
(kelalaian) breach (brēCH; melanggar)
these established (əˈ stabliSHt –naik-
turun bacanya; diterapkan) rules.
• The rest…???
Martens Clause; "In cases not covered
(tercakup) by international (ˌin(t)ər
ˈnaSH(ə)n(ə)l) agreements, civilians
and combatants (kəmˈbatnt) remain
under (tetap berada di bawah..) the
protection and authority of the
principles of international law derived
(dəˈrīvd; berasal) from established
custom (kebiasaan yang telah
ditetapkan), from the principles of
humanity and from the dictates of
public conscience (hati nurani;
ˈkän(t)SHəns).“: Art 1(2), AP I 1977

CLASSIFICATIONS OF
ARMED CONFLICT
Why differentiate? (ˌdifəˈren(t)SHēˌāt)
