Topic: Classification and Identification of Data

Introduction (Cantos)
(Caculitan)
Types of Data
In research, there are two types of Data: Qualitative Data and Quantitative Data.
Qualitative is descriptive while quantitative is numerical.
Quantitative can be used in time, counting, measurement.
Qualitative is descriptive based on observation, can be used in describing colors,
smell, or texture.
On the other hand, Data can be categorized into several types based on different
characteristics and attributes. The main types of data include:
1. Numerical Data: Numerical data consists of numbers and can be further
classified into two subtypes:
 Discrete Data: These are distinct and separate values, often representing
counts of items. For example, the number of people in a household.
 Continuous Data: Continuous data can take any value within a given
range. Examples include temperature, height, and weight.
2. Categorical Data: Categorical data represents categories or labels. It can be
further divided into:
 Nominal Data: Categories with no inherent order or ranking, such as
colors or types of animals.
 Ordinal Data: Categories with a specific order or ranking, but the
differences between them are not well-defined. An example is education
levels (e.g., high school, bachelor's, master's).
3. Text Data: Textual data consists of unstructured text, such as documents,
articles, or social media posts. Analyzing and extracting insights from text data
often involves natural language processing (NLP) techniques.
4. Time Series Data: Time series data represents values collected or recorded over
time at specific intervals. It's commonly used for analyzing trends and patterns in
data, such as stock prices, weather data, or economic indicators.
5. Spatial Data: Spatial data is associated with geographic locations and can
include data like GPS coordinates, maps, and geospatial information used in
applications like geographic information systems (GIS).
6. Binary Data: Binary data consists of only two values, typically 0 and 1,
representing true/false, yes/no, or on/off conditions. It's often used in computer
science and digital systems.
7. Image and Video Data: These data types represent visual information, with
images composed of pixels and videos as a sequence of images over time.
 Computer vision and video analysis are used to process and understand such
data.
8. Audio Data: Audio data represents sound and can be analyzed for various
purposes, including speech recognition and music analysis.

(Concepcion)
9. Financial Data: Financial data includes information related to financial
transactions, market data, and economic indicators. It's crucial for economic and
financial analysis.
10. Biological Data: This type of data encompasses genetic, genomic, and
biological information used in fields like genetics, genomics, and bioinformatics.
11. Network Data: Network data represents relationships and connections between
entities. Social networks, computer networks, and transportation networks are
examples of such data.
12. Sensor Data: Sensor data is generated by sensors and devices, often in real-
time. This data can include information from IoT devices, environmental sensors,
and more.
13. Healthcare Data: Healthcare data includes medical records, patient information,
and health-related statistics. It's crucial for healthcare research and patient care.
14. Machine-Generated Data: Data generated by machines, sensors, and
automated systems, such as log files, telemetry data, and industrial sensor data.
15. User-Generated Data: Data created and shared by users, such as social media
posts, comments, and product reviews.
16. Geological Data: Geological data includes information about the Earth's
composition, structures, and geological features. It's used in geology and earth
sciences.
17. Environmental Data: Environmental data covers information about the
environment, including climate data, pollution levels, and natural resources.
The type of data and its characteristics determine how it should be collected,
processed, analyzed, and used for various applications, including research, business
intelligence, and decision-making.

(Carpio)
Discrete Data are countable whole numbers. It does not take negative values or values
between fixed points.
These values are typically counted or enumerated and do not have a continuous range.
Discrete data can only take specific, separate, and often whole-number values.
Examples:
 - the number of students in a class
- the number of cars in a parking lot

Continuous Data take fractional (non-whole number) values that can either be a
positive or a negative. Continuous data is typically measured and can include values
such as fractions or decimals.
Examples:
- height
- temperature
- weight

(Cruz)
Levels of Measurement of Data
1. Nominal: At the most basic level of measurement, data is sorted into clear
groups or labels. These could be things like colors, types of fruits, or gender.
2. Ordinal: This level involves categorizing data with a natural order or ranking, but
the intervals between categories are not uniform. For example, survey responses
like "strongly disagree," "disagree," "neutral," "agree," and "strongly agree."
3. Interval: Data at this level maintains a consistent order with equal intervals
between values. However, there's no true zero point. A classic example is
temperature in degrees Celsius, where the difference between 20°C and 30°C is
the same as between 30°C and 40°C, but 0°C doesn't signify the complete
absence of temperature.
4. Ratio: At the highest level of measurement, data maintains a consistent order,
equal intervals, and a true zero point. Examples include age, weight, and income.
With ratio data, you can sensible say that one value is twice or three times as
much as another.
The choice of measurement level determines the statistical methods and operations that
can be used with the data.

10 Items, Quiz (Agapito)