History

Grade 7

Kalmárné O. Marianna
2015.

1
2
3
 Revision

Put the events into chronological order:

........ English Revolution

........ Hungarian Revolution and War of Liberty
........ Discovery of America
........ French Revolution
........ Battle against the Turks in Mohacs
........ Reformation
........ Age of Reforms in Hungary
........ War of Liberty in Hungary with the leadership of Rákóczi

Who was who?

Stephanus Rex
Miltiades
Hannibal
Voltare
Charlemagne
Alexander the Great
The Sun King
Robespierre
Stephenson
Magellan
Johannes Guttenberg
Martin Luther

Are these statements true or false? Correct the false ones:

The Industrial Revolution started in America.

The War of Independence was fought between England and France.

The Boston Tea Party was the beginning of the American Civil War.

Sir Frances Drake sailed around the Earth:

Henry VI had eight wives.

Louis XIV built a magnificent palace in Versailles.

Peter the Great travelled to Nederland to learn how to build ships.

In the Ancient Democracy everybody could vote.

Napoleon was exiled two times.

Prince Wellington won the battle in Moscow.

4
Use the Map of the World

1.Mark the following rivers into the map of the World:

Nile, Tiger, Euphrates, Ganges, Indus, Yellow River, Blue River, Danube, Thames,

2.Mark the following cities into the map of the World:

Budapest, Athens, Rome, London, Paris, Moscow, Berlin, Boston,

3.Mark the route of Dareios, the Persian king into Greece

4.Mark the route of Hannibal from Cartridge to Italy

5.Mark the route of Columbus into the New World

6.Mark the route of Magellan around the World

Collect English words about the economy:

Collect English words about society:

Collect English words about inventions:

Collect English words about war and fighting:

5
 Unit 1
Unification of Italy and Germany

There were three new movements in the 19th century:

Imperialism: is a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonization, use of
military force.
Liberalism: is a political philosophy on ideas of liberty and equality. Liberals support ideas such as
free and fair elections, civil rights, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free trade, and private
property.
Nationalism: is a feeling of common identity shared by a group of people joined together by a
common language, customs, culture, ethnic origins and history.

The unification of Italy:

In the Middle Ages Italy was not a united country. It was made up of many small states, several under
Austrian rule. It prevented the development of economy. During the 1830s and 1840s there were a
number of uprising led by Garibaldi. However, the unification of the country was carried out by
Camillo Cavour, the liberal prime minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont. Sardinia. Backed by the
French, Cavour provoked a war in 1859, which ended in Austrian defeat. As a result, most of
northern Italy voted to join Piemont. Meanwhile, in the south, Garibaldi’s troops captured Sicily and
Naples, and the southern states joined the northern union. The first parliament of the united Italy
opened in 1861.

The unification of Germany:

The character of the new German state was determined by the fact that it was united by the
conservative and militaristic monarchy of Prussia, with Otto von Bismarck as prime minister.
Bismarck first turned against Austria, because it wanted to keep its leading role among the many
separate German states. Austria’s defeat in 1866 excluded the Habsburgs from German affairs. The
victory made it possible for Bismarck to incorporate the northern states into a North German
Confederation. This was soon followed by Prussia’s victory over France, which convinced the
southern German states that they should join too. In 1871, the King of Prussia was proclaimed
Emperor (Kaiser) of the united Germany.

Fill the chart:

Italy Germany
Political situation in the early
19th century
Dominant state in the territory
Way of unification
(peaceful/by war)
Against
Carried out by (state)
Led by (person)
Backed by (state)
New state born in (year)
Form of new state

6
What happened in Hungary in 1867? How can you connect these facts to the Hungarian history?
What do they mean in Hungarian?

policy
extending a country’s power
influence
colonization
use of military force
political philosophy
ideas of liberty
equality
liberals support ideas
free and fair elections
civil rights
freedom of the press
freedom of religion
free trade
private property.
feeling of common identity
shared by a group of people
joined together by a common language
customs
ethnic origins
to prevent the development
economy
uprising led by
unification
was carried out by Cavour
to be backed by the French
to provoke a war in 1859
to be ended in Austrian defeat
to voted to join
to join the union
to be determined by the fact that
to keep its leading role among
separate German states
to exclude - kizárni
affairs – ügy, kapcsolat
confederation - államszövetség

to incorporate - egyesít

to convince - meggyőzni

to proclaim -kinyilvánít

7
 Unit 2
Civil War in the United States of America

By the mid-19th century the northern and southern states of the U.S.A. were growing apart. The
North was richer and more industrialised while the South, with its economy based on huge
plantations of cotton and sugar, was dependent on slavery.
From the beginning of the 19th century slaves could escape from the southern states to the
northern states or to Canada with the help of the Underground Railroad. It was not a train, it was a
secret network of people, homes, and hideouts. It was very dangerous. Not only for the slaves who
were trying to escape, but also for those trying to help them. It was against the law to help escaped
slaves and, in many southern states, the helpers could be hanged. Travelling on the Underground
Railroad was difficult. Slaves often travelled by foot at night. They sneaked from one station to the
next, hoping not to get caught. Stations were usually around 10 to 20 miles apart. Sometimes they
had to wait at one station for a while until they knew the next station was safe and ready for them.

The Civil War was fought between the United States of America and the Confederate States of
America, a collection of eleven southern states (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama,
Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee)that left the Union in
1860 and formed their own country in order to protect the institution of slavery.
The northern states thought that the southern states were wrong to leave the Union and initiated
a war that raged across the country for four years. Abraham Lincoln was the President of the United
States during the Civil War. Lincoln declared that he would do everything necessary to keep the
United States united as one country. He refused to recognize the Southern States as an independent
nation and the Civil War erupted in the spring of 1861. In 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation, which freed the slaves in the country.
At first the army of the Confederate States with the leadership of General Lee won battles after
battles, but the North had more money, more factories, more horses, more railroads, and more
food. These advantages made the United States much more powerful than the Confederate
States. However, the Confederates were fighting very hard and their soldiers and generals
frequently proved to be more skilled. After four years of struggle, the last major Confederate armies
surrendered to the United States in 1865. The war bankrupted the South, left its roads, farms, and
factories in ruins. More than 620,000 men died in the Civil War.
President Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth while attending a play at the Ford
Theatre in Washington D.C. He died the next day on April 15, 1865. On the day he was shot, Lincoln
told his bodyguard that he had dreamt he would be assassinated.

institution intézmény to initiate-d elkezdeni to rage-d tombolni

to declare-d kinyilvánít to refuse-d visszautasítani to recognise-d elismerni
to issue-d kiadni emancipation felszabadítás proclamation nyilatkozat
to prove-d bizonyították skilled képzett struggle harc
to bankrupt-ed tönkretenni to assassinate-d meggyilkolni

8
1.Write a composition about an escape with the help of the Underground Railroad. (150 words)
bad conditions of the slaves on the plantation
decision of the escape
difficulties of the journey
new life in canada

9
 Unit 3
Queen Victoria

Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1837-1901) and empress
of India (1876-1901). Her reign was the longest of any monarch in British history and came to be
known as the Victorian era.
Victoria's first language was German. At three years old she learnt to speak English and French.
Later she learnt to speak Hindustani because she was ruler of India as well.
Victoria didn't go to school. She was taught at home. As well as learning languages, Victoria studied
history, geography, and the Bible. She was taught how to play the piano and learned how to paint, a
hobby that she enjoyed into her 60s
Victoria later described her childhood as "rather melancholy". Her mother was extremely protective,
and Victoria was raised largely isolated from other children under the so-called "Kensington System",
an elaborate set of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and her ambitious and domineering
comptroller, Sir John Conroy, who was rumoured to be the Duchess's lover. The system prevented
the princess from meeting people whom her mother and Conroy deemed undesirable.
She inherited the throne at the age of eighteen, after her father's three elder brothers had all
died, leaving no legitimate, surviving children. The United Kingdom was already an established
constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power.
She became the first sovereign to take up residence at Buckingham Palace.
At the age of 21, Victoria married her cousin, Albert of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, a German Prince. They
married in 1840 at the Chapel Royal in St. James's Palace.
Her husband Albert died in 1861 at the young age of 42. She mourned his death for almost 10 years.
For the rest of her reign she wore black.
Whilst Victoria was Queen there was a tremendous change in the lives of British people:
Britain became the most powerful country in the world, with the largest empire that had ever
existed, ruling a quarter of the world's population.
The number of people living in Britain more than doubled, causing a huge demand for food, clothes
and housing. Factories and machines were built to meet this demand and new towns grew up,
changing the landscape and the ways people lived and worked.
Railways, originally built to transport goods, meant people could travel easily around the country
for the first time. Queen Victoria's reign saw advances in industry, science (Charles Darwin's theory of
evolution), communications (the telegraph, popular press) and other forms of technology; the
building of railways and the London Underground, sewers, and power distribution networks; the
construction of bridges.
Queen Victoria survived seven assassination attempts.
According to one of her biographers, Victoria wrote an average of 2500 words a day during her adult
life. From 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed diary, which had 122 volumes.
Victoria had nine children, 40 grand-children and 37 great-grandchildren, scattered all over
Europe. Most of Queen Victoria's children married into other royal families of Europe, so she was
known as the "Grandmother of Europe".

elaborate bonyolult to devise-d kidolgozni to deem-ed tart v.-nek

undesirable nemkívánatos to scatter-ed szétszórni sewer szenyvízcsatorna

10
1.Write 10 questions about Queen Victoria?

11
 Unit 4
How did India come under foreign British Rule?

India became an independent nation on August 15th, 1947. That fact makes you wonder how did
they get to be ruled by this foreign power that came there on ships as merchants and slowly became
rulers?
The answer is complicated but it takes us back to 1600 AD when The British East India company
was given a Royal Charter to pursue trade in the East Indies. Competing European kingdoms all had
subjects trading with the kingdoms of India, these foreign merchants would befriend kings and serve
as a foreign diplomat in their courts.
The Portuguese were the first in the region and was mostly restricted to the west coast they the
first to open a factory in India in 1579.
The next to follow were the French who settled on the East coast.
Then came the British who also began to acquire land and build factories with permissions from
different Rajas.
The foreign trading companies used their diplomatic relations with local kings to protect their
interests against traders from other kingdoms. They also helped their patrons overthrow their
enemies in return for privileges over land and commerce.
They expanded their trade from there and invited traders to settle near their factory itself. They
also persuaded the Emperor, to allow them to trade without paying taxes.
In 1756 the British intended on colonising India. This led to the very famous Battle in 1757, which the
English won because they bribed the army chief and other top officials of his court.
After the Battle the British realised that they could put puppet kings whom they could control.
At first the British East India company brought over private mercenaries to help them fight these
battles, even employing native Indians to protect the company’s properties.
But when the Indian soldiers also revolted in 1857, the English monarchy sent in English troops. In
1858 the British monarchy took over supervising the military affairs in the region.
In 1876, Queen Victoria was crowned Empress of India. It became the Jewel in the Crown of the
British Empire and the largest colony under British Rule. Indian soldiers fought for the British in both
World Wars while India was a large source of tea, cotton, indigo and spices.

charter engedély to pursue-d folytatni to acquire-d szerezni

subject alattvaló to restrict-ed visszaszorítani permission engedély
relation kapcsolat interest érdek to overthrow megbuktatni
privilege előjog commerce kereskedelem to expand-ed kiterjeszteni
to persuade rábeszélni to intend-ed szándékozni to bribe-d megvesztegetni
mercenary zsoldos native bennszülött property tulajdon
to revolt-ed fellázadni to supervise-d felügyelni affair ügy
source forrás

12
1.Image that you are a very wealthy English capitalist in the end of the 19th century. But you want
more profit. You decided to set up a factory in India. What would you do? Where? How?

13
 Unit 5
The Causes of the First World War

There are many reasons why the World went to war in 1914. These are some of the more important
reasons:

Britain and Germany were competing to have the most powerful navy in the world. This caused
tension in Europe.

The Scramble for Africa (when European countries had tried to get as many colonies as they could)
had led to many small conflicts around the world.

The French were very distrustful of the Germans as a result of the war in 1870-1871 that the
Germans had won.

The alliance systems were set up.

Nationalism - many people thought that their country was better than others: and thought that
they'd be able to win a war very easily if there was one.

The Balkan region of Europe was claimed by both Russia and Austria (it was in general under
Austrian control). This meant that the Russians and the Austrians would both be eager to enforce
their authority over this region.

A desire for independence - many people in Europe lived in countries that were part of empires.
They didn't all like being ruled by people with different languages and religions and this led to
conflicts that could (and did) involve other nations.

The spark that caused the 1st World Was war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in
Sarajevo. He was the heir to the Austrian throne and was murdered by Serbian nationalists.

cause ok reason ok to compete-ed versenyezni

tension feszültség scramble versengés distrustful bizalmatlan
to claim-ed igényelni eager mohó authority hatalom
desire vágy independence függetlenség to involve-d bevonni
spark szikra assassination merénylet archduke trónörökös
heir örökös

What was the strongest cause?

Would the World War had broken out if Archduke Franz Ferdinand hadn’t been assassinated?
Why?

14
 Unit 6
Archduke Franz Ferdinand's Assassination, 28 June 1914

In an event that is widely acknowledged to have sparked the outbreak of World War I, Archduke
Franz Ferdinand, nephew of Emperor Franz Josef and heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was shot
to death along with his wife, Sophie, by a Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo in 1914.
The great Prussian statesman Otto von Bismarck, the man most responsible for the unification of
Germany in 1871, said at the end of his life that "One day the great European War will come out of
some damned foolish thing in the Balkans." It went as he predicted.
The archduke travelled to Sarajevo in June 1914 to inspect the imperial armed forces in Bosnia and
Herzegovina in the Balkan region that were annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908. On June 28, 1914
Franz Ferdinand and Sophie were touring Sarajevo in an open car, with surprisingly little security,
when a Serbian nationalist Nedjelko Cabrinovic threw a bomb at their car; it rolled off the back of the
vehicle and wounded an officer and some bystanders. Later that day, on the way to visit the injured
officer, the archduke's procession took a wrong turn, where the 19-year-old Gavrilo Princip,
happened to be walking.
Seeing his opportunity, Princip fired into the car, shooting Franz Ferdinand and Sophie at point-blank
range. Princip then turned the gun on himself, but was prevented from shooting it by a bystander
who threw himself upon the young assassin. A mob of angry onlookers attacked Princip, who fought
back and was wrestled away by the police. Meanwhile, Franz Ferdinand and Sophie lay fatally
wounded in their limousine as it rushed to seek help; they both died within the hour.

Memoir of Count Franz von Harrach

As the car quickly reversed, a thin stream of blood spurted from His Highness's mouth onto my right
check. As I was pulling out my handkerchief to wipe the blood away from his mouth, the Duchess
cried out to him, "For God's sake! What has happened to you?"At that she slid off the seat and lay
on the floor of the car, with her face between his knees. I had no idea that she too was hit and
thought she had simply fainted with fright. Then I heard His Imperial Highness say, "Sophie, Sophie,
don't die. Stay alive for the children!"At that, I seized the Archduke by the collar of his uniform, to
stop his head dropping forward and asked him if he was in great pain. He answered me quite
distinctly, "It is nothing!"His face began to twist somewhat but he went on repeating, six or seven
times, ever more faintly as he gradually lost consciousness, "It's nothing!"Then came a brief pause
followed by a convulsive rattle in his throat, caused by a loss of blood. This ceased on arrival at the
governor's residence. The two unconscious bodies were carried into the building where their death
was soon established.

responsible felelős to predict-ed megjósolni to annex-ed bekebelezni

procession kíséret opportunity lehetőség point blank range közelről
attempt kísérlet witness szemtanú subsequently később
memoir emlékirat to reserve-d megfordulni handkerchief zsebkendő
distinctly jellegzetesen consciousness öntudat unconscious eszméletlen
establish-ed kinyilvánít

Imagine that you are a witness of the assassination. Write about your first reaction, your first
thought, your feelings.

15
 Unit 7
World War I.

It was a military conflict lasting from 1914 to 1918 which involved nearly all the biggest powers
of the world.
What started out as a local European war soon became a global war. It was the first war that
involved nations (28 to be exact) from around the world, and is commonly called The Great War.
The war divided Europe into two armed camps - on one side was the Triple Alliance made up of
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy, and their enemy was the Triple Entente of France, Russia and
Great Britain. As other countries began to join sides, the Triple Alliance became known as the Central
Powers and the Triple Entente became the Antant (Allied Forces).
World War I. was triggered on 28 June 1914 by the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand
of Austria and his pregnant wife Sophie. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was the nephew of
Emperor Franz Josef and heir to the throne of Austria and Hungary. The assassination was planned
by a Serbian terrorist group, called The Black Hand and the man who shot Franz Ferdinand and his
wife was Gavrilo Princip.
Most of the actions took place in the trenches. They were dug deep into the ground in a zigzag
pattern to protect soldiers from advancing enemies. Soldiers spent an average period of eight days in
the trench, where they were constantly under threat of attack from shellfire, snipers and diseases.
Soldiers experienced everything from Trench Fever (a painful infection caused by lice poop) to Trench
Foot, which caused a fungal foot infection that could result in amputation.
At the start of the First World War many of the soldiers and Generals were prepared for a short
open war. The weapons that the services were equipped with reflected this. Rifles and swords were
the most common assault weapons provided for the new recruit in 1914: swords mainly for the
officers. Pistols and bayonet's were also common pieces of basic weaponry. WWI was different from
previous wars because later soldiers used efficient weapons like machine guns, artillery, tanks and air
force.
The tank was a brand new idea. Early prototypes were slow, cumbersome and prone to
breakdown. Often the soldiers following the tanks into battle overtook the advancing tank.
The pilots of the First World war flew in very flimsy planes with open cockpits. These planes were
made from a variety of materials including wood, canvas and several different metals. During the war
a number of technological advances were made. The machine gun was placed at the front of the
plane and fired between the propeller blades. Previously a gunner had to sit in the plane and fire to
the sides. Engineers also made planes faster and more manoeuvrable in the air. This led to them
being used for some attacks on enemy positions as well as for scouting.
Chemical weapons were first used in World War I. The chemical was mustard gas.
Military operations began in three major areas in Europe - the western front (France/Belgium), the
eastern front (/Poland/Russia) and the southern front (Serbia/Italy).
During the war 65 million soldiers were mobilized, 8 million soldiers died and 21 million were
wounded. The peace armistice was signed on November 11th in 1918. By the end of the war four
empires — the Russian, the Ottoman, the German, and the Austro-Hungarian had collapsed because
of the war.
In 1919, The Treaty of Versailles officially ended the War. The Treaty required that Germany
accept full responsibility for causing the war; make reparations to some Allied countries; surrender
some of its territory to surrounding countries; surrender its African colonies; and limit the size of its
military. The Treaty also established the League of Nations to prevent future wars. The League of
Nations helped Europe rebuild and fifty-three nations joined by 1923. But the U.S. Senate refused to
let the United States join the League of Nations, and as a result, President Wilson, who had
established the League, suffered a nervous collapse and spent the rest of his term as an invalid.

16
local helyi commonly általánosan alliance szövetség
trench lövészárok to advance-d előrehaladni sniper orvlövész
disease betegség louse, lice tetű, tetvek fungal gombás
recruit újonc efficient hatékony artillery tüzérség
cumbersome nehézkes flimsy gyenge cockpit pilótaülés
to scout-ed felderíteni peace armistice fegyverszünet responsibility felelősség
to surrender-ed megadni magát surrounding környező league szövetség
to prevent-ed megakadályozni casualty áldozat

Answer the questions:

When did the Great War start?

When was it finished?

How many countries took part in it?

What were the common names of the two armed camps?

Which countries allied in them?

1…….

2……

There were lots of conflicts but what was the last straw?

Which terrorist group’s member assassinated the heir of the Austria – Hungary’s throne?

Why did the soldiers dag trenches?

What were the difficulties of living in trenches?

Why was it a new type of war?

Name the modern weapons?

Name the main fronts?

How many casualties were of the Great War?

When was the peace armistice signed?

When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?

Why was the League of Nations established?

17
 Unit 8
Life in the trenches

Trenches were long, narrow ditches dug into the ground where soldiers lived all day and night.
There were many lines of German trenches on one side and many lines of Allied trenches on the
other. In the middle, was No Man's Land, so-called because it did not belong to either army. Soldiers
crossed No Man's Land when they wanted to attack the other side.
Soldiers in the trenches did not get much sleep. When they did, it was in the afternoon during
daylight and at night only for an hour at a time. They were woken up at different times, either to
complete one of their daily chores, to dig trenches, to collect the wounded or to fight. During rest
time, they wrote letters and sometimes played card games.
The trenches were very muddy and smelly. There were many dead bodies buried nearby and the
latrines (toilets) sometimes overflowed into the trenches. Millions of rats infested the trenches and
some grew as big as cats. There was also a big problem with lice that tormented the soldiers on a
daily basis.
Here you can read some descriptions of the trench-life from soldiers’ memoirs:

“A good standing trench was about six foot deep, so that a man could walk upright during the day
in safety from rifle-fire. In each bay of the trench we constructed fire-steps about two feet higher
than the bottom of the trench, which enabled us to stand head and shoulders above the parapet.
During the day we were working in reliefs, and we had an hour’s sleep, when we could, on a wet and
muddy fire-step, wet through to the skin ourselves.
If anyone had to go to the company on our right in the daytime he had to walk through thirty yards
of waterlogged trench, which was chest-deep in water in some places.”
“It was 9 a.m. and the so-called trench was full of corpses and all sorts of equipment. We stood
and sat on bodies as if they were stones or logs of wood. Nobody worried if one had its head stuck
through or torn off, or a third had gory bones sticking out through its torn coat. And outside the
trench one could see them lying in every kind of position. There was one quite young little chap, a
Frenchman, sitting in a shell-hole, with his rifle on his arm and his head bent forward, but he was
holding his hands as if to protect himself, in front of his chest in which there was a deep bayonet
wound. And so they lay, in all their different positions, mostly Frenchmen.”
“A heap of five corpses lay just this side of the barrier; we were constantly having to tread on
them to try to squash them down in the mud, because, in consequence of the gunfire, we couldn’t
get them out of the trench. Our feelings gradually became quite blunted.”

Here is a description of a German trench:

“When I dropped into the Hun trench I found it a great place, only three feet wide, and at least eight
feet deep, and beautifully made of white sandbags, back and front. At that spot there was no sign of
any damage by our shells, but a number of dead Huns lay in the bottom. There was a sniper’s post
just where I fell in, a comfortable little square hole, fitted with seats and shelves, bottles of beer,
tinned meats and a fine helmet hanging on a hook.”

ditch árok chore házimunka to infest-ed eláraszt

louse, lice tetű to torment-ed kínozni rifle puska
parapet mellvéd relief megkönnyebbülés gory véres
shell akna to tread, trod taposni to squash-ed bepréselni
gradually fokozatosan to blunt-ed eltompul sniper orvlövész

18
Imagine that you are a British soldier. Write a letter to your mother, wife or fiancé (menyasszony)
between two battles from the trenches.

19
 Unit 9
Sergeant Stubby (1916 or 1917- March 16th 1926)

Fill the gaps with the given words:

than, allowed, named, attacks, life, tail ,celebrity, scanning, battles, soldiers, the, of,
immobilize, hero, owner, major, quietest ,during, his, coat,

We don’t know anything about Stubby's early………………...He was wandering through an army
training session in Connecticut. After befriending the soldiers, one in particular ………………….………
Corporal Robert Conroy took a shine to the dog. Conroy named him Stubby, probably on account of
his short and stubby……………... Legend has it that Corporal Conroy was so smitten with Stubby that
when it came time to ship out to the Western Front, he smuggled …………………… dog onto the vessel
bound for France. Even when he was discovered, he was …………………………..to remain with Conroy
and so found himself on the Western Front in the thick of combat.

Stubby remained with the 102nd Infantry, 26th Division, known as the Yankee division. He was
present at many………………………... He survived a number of injuries, including those from shrapnel
and gas………………………….. It is said he became so well-known and admired that he was treated in Red
Cross hospitals, as human …………………………………were.

Having survived gas attacks, he became very sensitive to the smell …………………….gas, and with his
sensitive dog nose, was able to detect gas much earlier ………………………..his human comrades and
alert them in time. His acute doggy hearing, allowed him the advantage of hearing even the
…………………………..sounds from advancing enemy and so Stubby proved excellent at silently alerting
…………………………..comrades when he could hear the enemy was near. His ……………………………triumph
was hearing a German spy who had tried to sneak into Conroy's camp …………………………….the dead of
night. The loyal Stubby managed to grab the intruder's leg and …………………………..him until Conroy
and other soldiers came to imprison the German. He also asserted himself as a 'mercy' dog,
………………………………the battle fields for injured soldiers and comforting them whilst they lay dying or
alerting paramedics to the wounded.

Stubby was named a………………………., to the point where, after the liberation of Chateau Thierry, the
women of the town made him a special……………………………., for which his many medals and service
chevrons were displayed. Stubby returned home a hero and became somewhat a
……………………………in the USA. He received more medals than any other soldier dog and even
outranked his……………………………. Stubby was even awarded lifetime membership of the American
Legion and participated in every march until his death in 1926, all the while, remaining in the care of
Corporal Robert Conroy. Conroy himself enrolled at Georgetown University to study law. Such was
the country's pride in Stubby that on his death in 1926, the New York Times presented an obituary.

stubby tömpe to be smitten with megszeretni to smuggle-d csempészni

vessel hajó infantry gyalogság division hadosztály
shrapnel gránát, szilánk to admire-d csodálni to treat-ed kezelni
to alert-ed riasztani acute éles comrade bajtárs
to assert-ed erősít chevron rendfokozat to enroll-ed jelentkezni
obituary gyászjelentés sergeant őrmester

20
Write 15 questions about Stubby:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

21
 Unit 10
The Lusitania

The Lusitania made her maiden voyage from Liverpool to New York in September 1907. Her
construction had begun in 1903 with the goal of building the fastest liner. Her engines produced
68,000-horse power. She was called the "Greyhound of the Seas" she soon captured the Blue Ribbon
for the fastest Atlantic crossing.
The British Admiralty had secretly subsidized her construction and she was built to Admiralty
specifications with the understanding that at the outbreak of war the ship would be taken to
government service. As war clouds gathered in 1913, the Lusitania quietly entered dry dock in
Liverpool and was fitted for war service. This included the installation of ammunition magazines and
gun mounts on her decks. The places under the deck, were ready for the addition of the guns when
needed.
On May 1, 1915, the ship departed New York City for Liverpool. Unknown to her passengers but
probably no secret to the Germans, almost all her hidden cargo consisted of munitions. As the fastest
ship, the luxurious liner felt secure in the belief she could easily outdistance any submarine. But the
menace of submarine attack reduced her passenger list to only half her capacity.
On May 7, the ship neared the coast of Ireland. At 2:10 pm a torpedo fired by the German
submarine U 20 slammed into her side. A mysterious second explosion ripped the liner apart. Chaos
started. The ship sank so quickly that lifeboats crashed into passengers crowded on deck, or dumped
their loads into the water. Most passengers never had a chance. Within 18 minutes the giant ship
slipped beneath the sea. One thousand one hundred nineteen of the 1,924 aboard died. The dead
included 114 Americans.
Walter Schwieger was the captain of the U-Boat that sank the Lusitania. He watched through his
periscope as the torpedo exploded and noted the result in his log.
In the ship's nursery Alfred Vanderbilt, one of the world's richest men, and playwright Carl
Frohman tied life jackets to "Moses baskets" holding infants in an attempt to save them from going
down with the ship. The rising water carried the baskets off the ship but none survived the
turbulence created as the ship sank to the bottom. The sea also claimed Vanderbilt and Frohman.
The sinking enraged America. President Wilson protested strongly to the Germans. Secretary of
State William Jennings Bryan, a pacifist, resigned.
In two years America declared war against Germany. They said the cause of it were the killed
American passengers on the board of Lusitania. But in 1917 Russia asked for an armistice because it
had enough problems with the revolution. So the Allied Forces became weaker than the Central
Powers. So the American bankers wanted back their money lend to the English and the French.

maiden voyage első út goal cél liner óceánjáró hajó

greyhound agár ribbon szalag Admiralty Tengerészet
subsidize-d támogatni ammunition lőszer magazine lőszertár
menace veszély submarine tengeralattjáró playwrite drámaíró
to tie-d kötni infant csecsemő to enrage-d feldühíteni
to protest-ed tiltakozni secretary titkár pacifist háború ellenes
to resign-ed lemondani log hajónapló

1.Answer the questions:

What did the Lusitania make in 1907?

What was the aim of the builders?

22
How strong was she?

What was her nickname?

What prize does the fastest ship get in a speed competition?

Why did the Admiralty make changes in her construction?

What did the engineers install to the liner?

Why wasn’t the ship full of passengers?

Where did the attack happen?

How did the German submarine’s captain watch the result of the attack?

Who was Alfred Vanderbilt?

What was he doing in the last minutes of his life?

What happened with the babies?

Who was the president of the USA during the I. World War?

Why did William Jennings Bryan, the Secretary of State, resign?

Why did the USA declare war against the Central Powers?

2.Image that you are a survivor of the attack? What would you write into your diary?

23
 Unit 11
End of the I. World War

By the end of the I. World War the German forces were exhausted and running out of food and
supplies. On 11 November, in 1918 they requested an armistice. An armistice is when both sides
agree to stop fighting while a peace treaty is negotiated. The Allies agreed to the armistice and at 11
AM on 11 November (it is the 11th month), in 1918 the fighting in I. World War came to an end.
The Allied Nations met in Paris at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 to decide the fate of
Germany and the Central Powers. Although a number of nations took part in the negotiations, the
major decisions and discussions were between the leaders of the "Big Four" nations which included
Georges Clemenceau (Prime Minister of France), David Lloyd George (Prime Minister of Great
Britain), Woodrow Wilson (President of the United States), and Vittorio Orlando (Prime Minister of
Italy). Each of the four nations had different opinions on how Germany should be treated. President
Woodrow Wilson felt that the best solution was to use his Fourteen Points. He thought that Germany
should not be blamed for the war or punished too harshly. However, French Prime Minister Georges
Clemenceau felt that Germany was responsible for the war and should take the blame and be forced
to pay large reparations.
The Treaty of Versailles was signed between the Allied Powers and Germany on 28 June, in 1919.
This officially ended World War I. The treaty was extremely harsh on Germany. It forced Germany to
"accept the responsibility for causing all the loss and damage" of the war. Germany was forced to
disarm, give up land to France, and to pay reparations of 132 billion Marks (around $442 billion in
2014 money).
The map of the World changed significantly after I. World War. Four European Empires
disappeared including the German, Russian, Ottoman, and Austro-Hungarian Empires. Several new
independent countries were formed including Poland, Finland, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia.
Russia became the Soviet Union and the Ottoman Empire later became the country of Turkey.
Germany also had to give up his provinces to France.
As part of the Paris Peace Conference, an organization called the League of Nations was formed.
The League of Nations was formed in an effort to establish world peace. Its member countries hoped
to prevent wars by helping to settle disputes between countries. The League also aimed to establish
fair labour conditions, improve global health, control the global arms trade, and protect minorities in
Europe. The League was officially founded by the Treaty of Versailles and had 42 founding member
countries.
Germany joined the League of Nations in 1926, but many Germans were very resentful of the
Treaty of Versailles. Germany and Japan withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933. Italy
withdrew three years later. The League of Nations was unable to stop Germany, Italy, and Japan from
expanding their power and taking over smaller countries.
Many believe World War I never really ended, and that World War II never would have
happened if not for World War I.

exhausted fáradt armistice fegyverszünet peace treaty békeszerződés

to negotiate-d tárgyalni negotiation tárgyalás fate sors
to treat-ed bánni v.-vel to blame-d for hibáztatni harshly durván
responsible felelős reparation jóvátétel, javítás to sign-ed aláírni
responsibility felelősség to disarm-ed lefegyverezni significantly jelentősen
province gyarmat league szövetség to establish-ed megalapít
dispute tárgyalás minority kisebbség resentful megbántott

24
Why did Germany ask for an armistice?

What is the definition of the word – armistice?

When was the I. World War ended?

Where was the peace treaty signed?

Who was the leader of the USA?

…. of France?

…. of the UK?

…of Italy?

How many points did president Wilson have?

Whose will was the strongest?

What kind of treaty was signed on Germany?

What did they have to do? (Check from your Hungarian book)

Name the new independent countries?

Which empires disappeared from the map of the World?

What was the aim of the League of Nations?

25
 Unit 12
Lenin

Vladimir Ilich Lenin, founder of the Russian Communist party, leader of the Bolshevik Revolution
of 1917, and first head of state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was also a political thinker
whose theories shaped Communist thought and influenced all factions of the Marxist movement.
Lenin was born as Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov in 1870, in the provincial city of Simbirsk on the Volga
River. By all accounts, Lenin's middle-class family was warm and loving. Lenin's father was a
secondary-school teacher who rose to become a provincial director of elementary education.
His mother also taught. Both were deeply concerned with the popular welfare, and Lenin, along with
his two brothers and two sisters, absorbed at an early age both a desire to learn and an intense
commitment to improving the lives of ordinary Russians. In 1887, shortly after the death of his
father, Lenin's older brother Aleksandr was arrested in Saint Petersburg for plotting against the tsar.
He was convicted and hanged. The tragic event affected young Vladimir deeply, but there is no
reason to believe that it caused him to enter to the revolutionary movement. Instead, he immersed
himself in radical writings, particularly those of Karl Marx, and continued his education. Graduating
from high school with a gold medal, he entered the University of Kazan but was exiled because of his
developing radical views. In 1891, however, he passed the law examinations at the University of Saint
Petersburg as an external student, scoring first in his class. He practiced law for a short time in
Samara before devoting himself full time to revolutionary activities.
Between 1893 and 1902, Lenin studied the problem of revolutionary change in Russia from a Marxist
perspective and worked out the essential features of what has come to be called Leninism.
Convinced with other Marxists that the development of industrial capitalism in Russia held the key to
radical social change. Lenin remained troubled by the inability of Russian workers to develop a
radical consciousness capable of effective political action. To solve the problem Lenin thought that a
well-organized revolutionary party was needed.
Between 1893 till 1917, Lenin worked underground in Russia and abroad for the revolutionary cause.
During this time the Social Democratic party was formed; within it developed an uncompromising
revolutionary group, the Bolsheviks, and of this group Lenin was the leading spirit. In April 1917, he
and his fellow exiles returned. After the October Revolution, he headed the new government having
to face both war and anarchy.
Lenin moved quickly to consolidate Bolshevik power. He reorganized the various party factions into
the Russian Communist party, established a secret police, the Cheka, and totally reconstituted the
poor Russian economy along Marxist principles. In order to bring the country out of the war, he
accepted a humiliating peace treaty with Germany in 1918. That same year civil war broke out, and
he was forced to put a Red Army in the field against dissident forces. The dissidents, known as the
Whites, were supported by the Allies (Antant) and were not defeated until 1921.
By that time the Russian economy was in ruins, and discontent was dangerously wide spread among
peasants and workers. Lenin continued to press forward with terror toward his goal of a Marxist
Russia - and eventually a Marxist world.
In 1922 Lenin suffered a stroke that left him partially paralyzed. A series of strokes followed, and he
died in 1924, at the age of 53.

faction frakció provincial vidéki by all accounts mindent összevetve

to be concerned érdeklődni commitment ekötelezett welfare jólét
plot összeesküvés to convict-ed elítélni to immerse-d belemerül
to graduate-d érettségizni, diplomázni to exil-ed elűzni external külső, levelező
to convince-d meggyőzni consciousness tudatosság to reconstitute-d visszaállítani
principe elv humiliating megalázó peace treaty békeszerződés
dissident másvéleményű discontent elégedetlenség

26
What did Lenin found?

What was his original name?

What kind of family was he born in?

What was the end of his older brother, Aleksandr?

Who was Lenin’s hero?

Why was he exiled from university?

Where did he work as a lawyer for a short time?

What did he think about the social changes in Russia?

What does it mean: He worked underground?

When did he return to Russia from exile?

What kind of difficulties did Russia have after the revolution in 1917?

What was Cheka, the later KGB?

What kind of treaty did Russia accept with Germany?

Who were the Whites?

Who were discontented in the early twenties?

What method did he use to reach his goal?

How did he die?

27
 Unit 13
Stalin

Joseph Stalin ruled the Soviet Union for more than two decades, instituting a reign of terror while
modernizing Russia and helping to defeat Nazism.
On 18 December, 1879, in the Russian peasant village of Gori, Georgia, Iosif Vissarionovich
Dzhugashvili (later known as Joseph Stalin) was born. The son of a cobbler, and a washerwoman,
Joseph was a frail child. At age 7, he contracted smallpox, leaving his face scarred. A few years later
he was injured in a carriage accident which left arm slightly deformed. The other village children
treated him cruelly. Because of this, Joseph began a quest for greatness and respect.
His mother wanted him to become a priest. In 1888, she managed to enroll him in church
school in Gori. Joseph did well in school, got a scholarship to the Theological Seminary in 1894. A
year later, Joseph came in contact with a secret organization that supported Georgian independence
from Russia. Some of the members were socialists who introduced him to the writings of Karl Marx
and Vladimir Lenin. Joseph joined the group in 1898.
He left the Seminary in 1899. Joseph chose not to return home, but stayed in Tiflis, devoting his
time to the revolutionary movement. For a time, he found work as a tutor and later as a clerk at the
Tiflis Observatory. In 1901 he worked full-time for the revolutionary movement. In 1902, he was
arrested for coordinating a labour strike and exiled to Siberia, the first of his many arrests. It was
during this time that Joseph adopted the name "Stalin," meaning steel in Russian.
Though never a strong orator like Vladimir Lenin or an intellectual like Leon Trotsky, Joseph
Stalin was good at operations of the revolution, calling meetings, publishing leaflets and organizing
strikes and demonstrations. After escaping from exile, he was marked by the Okhranka, (the tsar's
secret police) as an outlaw and continued his work in hiding, raising money through robberies and
kidnappings. Stalin took part in the 1907 Tiflis bank robbery, which resulted in several deaths and
250,000 rubles stolen (approximately $3.4 million in U.S. dollars).
In February 1917, the Russian Revolution began. By March, the tsar had abdicated the throne
and was placed under house arrest. In April 1917, Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin said that the
people should rise up and take control by seizing land from the rich and factories from the
industrialists. By October, the revolution was complete and the Bolsheviks were in control.
The Soviet government went through a violent period after the revolution the leaders fought for
position and control. In 1922, Stalin was appointed to the newly created office of general secretary of
the communist party. It gave Stalin control over all party members, which allowed him to build his
base. He strengthened his power so that nearly all members of the central command owed their
position to him. By the time anyone realized what he had done, it was too late. Even Lenin, who was
gravely ill, was helpless to regain control from Stalin.
After Lenin's death, in 1924, Stalin set out to destroy the old party leadership and take total control.
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, Stalin changed the agrarian policy by organizing collective farms.
Stalin believed that collectivism would accelerate food production. But millions were killed in forced
labour or starved during the ensuing famine. Stalin also set in motion rapid industrialization that
initially achieved huge successes, but over time cost millions of lives and vast damage to the
environment. Any resistance was met with swift and lethal response; millions of people were exiled
to the labour camps of the Gulag or were executed.
As war clouds rose over Europe in 1939, Stalin made a seemingly brilliant move, signing a
nonaggression pact with Adolph Hitler and Nazi Germany.

28
How long did Stalin Rule The Soviet Union?

What nationality was he?

What did his parents do?

Why did the village children treat him cruelly?

What did his mother hope?

How did he meet the writings of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin?

What kind of jobs did he do in the Tiflis Observatory?

What does the word Stalin mean in Russian?

What was the tsar's secret police?

How did he raise money for the communist party?

What was the newly created office in the communist party in 1922?

What kind of power did he have?

Why couldn’t Lenin stop the raise of Stalin?

What did Stalin believe would accelerate food production?

What was Gulag?

What did he sign with Hitler?

29
 Unit 14
Hitler

Adolf Hitler was born in 1889, in Upper Austria on the Austrian-German border.
His father was a customs official, his mother came from a poor peasant family. Life was financially
comfortable for the Hitler family but his father was a domineering character. At primary school Hitler
was a clever, popular child. He left the secondary school with no qualifications at 16.
Hitler dreamt of a career as an artist. His father had rejected the idea but after he died in 1903 Hitler
tried to make his dream a reality.
He applied to the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts but was rejected. Shortly after, Hitler's beloved
mother died. He moved to Vienna and started a bohemian life: sleeping in hostels and painting
postcards. Here he began to develop many of the views which would later characterise his ideology
and desire to unite Germany and Austria. The anti-Semitic politics of Vienna's mayor, Karl Lueger,
were particularly influential.
Hitler hated the multi-ethnic composition of Austria's ruling Habsburg Empire. Determined to
avoid military service, he moved to Munich in 1913.
Hitler was keen to prove his loyalty to Germany. In August 1914 the world plunged into a war unlike
any seen before. Hitler quickly enlisted. In the army he finally found purpose; a cause with which he
could wholly identify. Serving in both France and Belgium, he was twice decorated for bravery. In
1916, Hitler was wounded at the Somme, one of the bloodiest battles of the war.
In 1918 Hitler was wounded for a second time following a British gas attack. While recovering, the
unthinkable happened – Germany surrendered.
Like others, Hitler was enraged by what he saw as the betrayal of an undefeated German Army by
Jews and socialists at home. He decided to go into politics.
When the Treaty of Versailles was signed in summer 1919, Germany was forced to accept the
responsibility for the war. Still in the army, Hitler was sent to report on an emerging far-right group,
the German Workers' Party (later renamed the Nazi Party). Finding he agreed with their nationalist,
anti-Semitic beliefs, he joined. Hitler’s oratory skills helped him rise quickly through the ranks of his
new party
After the World War I.Germany’s government was on the brink of collapse. Hyperinflation saw the
price of a loaf of bread rise from 250 marks to 200 billion. Hitler wanted to start a revolution in
Munich. The Bavarian Prime Minister addressed a meeting of businessmen at a beer hall in Munich.
Hitler burst in with his storm troopers (the SA). The next day, Hitler led 3,000 men onto the streets.
But the police were waiting. 16 Nazis and 3 policemen died in the battle. Hitler was arrested and
sentenced to five years in prison. Hitler served just nine months of his sentence. Here he wrote Mein
Kampf, defining his political vision.
For him, the state was not an economic entity but racial. He declared the superiority of a white
Aryan race. Mein Kampf outlined the central tenets of a Germany under Nazi control – military
expansion, elimination of "impure" races and dictatorial authoritarianism.
After the failure of his revolution Hitler looked to the ballot box. In 1928 the Nazis won just 2.6% of
the vote. When the American stock exchange collapsed in 1929 in Germany unemployment rose to
six million and parties on both the extreme left and right saw support skyrocket.
Now as a German citizen, Hitler led the Nazis to become the largest party in Germany with over 37%
of the popular vote in the elections of July 1932.
German President von Hindenburg's concern at growing Communist support persuaded him to
give Hitler the post of Chancellor in January. Hitler quickly consolidated his position. By March he had
dictatorial powers, which allowed him to pass laws without Reichstag approval. Political parties,
organisations and unions un-associated with the Nazis were soon disbanded. But Hitler needed the
support of the army to fulfil the vision he had outlined in Mein Kampf so he had the opposing leaders
of the SA killed in one night. It is called “the night of the long knives”. He could not tolerate

30
opposition to his plans to make Germany ready for war. After President Hindenburg died in August,
Hitler became the Führer. Hitler was now in total control.
Since 1933 the Nazis had tried to exclude Jews and other 'undesirables' from public life.
Then Hitler set his sights beyond Germany's borders.
In 1938 Hitler triumphantly led Nazi troops into Austria, achieving his goal of unifying the country
of his birth and the country he ruled. His next target was the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.
After that Hitler looked east to Poland. But first he had to make a deal with Stalin's USSR.
Hitler was willing to set aside his hatred of Communism for strategic gain. The two powers agreed
the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact in late August in 1939. Hitler believed his path was clear and on
1 September the invasion of Poland began. So the 2nd World War started.
As Germany's military situation worsened, opposition to Hitler grew among the army elite. Many
of his previously loyal commanders wanted him dead.
Hitler was increasingly paranoid, and frequently modified his schedule at the last moment. But on 20
July 1944 an opportunity came at last. Hitler was meeting with top military leaders at the Wolf's Lair
field headquarters. A senior army officer, Claus von Stauffenberg, left a bomb in a briefcase in the
conference room. At 12.42 pm it went off. A scribe and three officers died. Hitler was lucky to escape
with only minor injuries, shielded from the full force of the blast by an oak table.
As Soviet troops closed in on his bunker in Berlin, Hitler accepted the inevitability of his defeat. He
set into action his plan to take his own life. Hours beforehand, he married Eva Braun, who had
remained by his side for 11 years. They were wed early on the morning of 29 April 1945. The next
day, after 3.30 pm, they bit into thin glass vials of cyanide. Hitler then shot himself through the head.
The man responsible for untold suffering, who had almost single-handedly brought the world to the
very brink of destruction, was dead.

Where was he born?

What did he want to be?

Why was he decorated twice?

How many times was he wounded?

Why did he join the Nazi Party?

How many years was he sentenced after his “revolution”?

What did he do in the prison?

How many percent of the vote did the Nazis win in 1928?

How many percent of the vote did the Nazis win after the collapse of the American stock exchange?

What happened with the political parties, organisations and unions un-associated with the Nazis?

How was he called when he was in total control of Germany?

What did one of the members of the army elite do at the Wolf's Lair?

How did he die?

31
 Unit 15
The Wall Street crash

Wall Street got its name from the wall built against the Indians in the 17th century. When the city
of New York expanded the citizens ruined the wall and created a street on its place. You can find
banks and offices here. On Sundays this part of the city is absolutely empty because the employees
are at home for the weekend.
The "Roaring 20s" that followed the end of World War I was a period of prosperity for most
Americans. As the economy grew, stock prices soared. By the end of the decade, as many as 25
million Americans had placed money in the stock market in order to share in the wealth. The best
part of the process was that you didn’t need a lot of cash you could buy your stock on margin. That is,
borrow the money for your stock purchase using the value of the stock itself as collateral. It is
estimated that by 1929, the total amount of debt had reached six billion dollars. It was a house of
cards that remained erect as long as stocks continued to increase in value. However, if stock prices
plummeted, the whole rickety structure could collapse.
The tremors that would eventually destroy this flimsy economic edifice made their first rumblings
in September 1929. The market dropped sharply at the beginning of the month but rose again only to
drop and rise again. The rollercoaster ride continued in October as the beginning of the month saw
another drop followed by another burst of strength. Then came Black Thursday – October 24 – when
a drop in stock prices triggered a burst of panic-selling so frantic that it overwhelmed the Stock
Exchange’s ability to keep track of the transactions. "This was real panic." In previous evening
somebody was a wealthy man in the morning of Black Thursday the same person became a poor one.
A lot of people committed suicide.
The factories produced goods but they couldn’t sell them. The owners of the factories sent away
the employees. People couldn’t find a job, so they didn’t get salary. The shops were full of goods, but
people couldn’t buy them because they didn’t have money. The economy collapsed. People were
hungry but the farmers poured the milk into the canals. The grain was burnt in locomotives.

There were three ways against the crisis:

In the USA President Roosevelt declared the New Deal. The state, which was rich started building
roads, power stations, organised jobs for poor people, so the unemployment decreased. People got
money and they could buy goods.

Britain and France had lots of colonies. They took the surplus of goods to Africa and Asia and could
sell them there.

But Germany and Italy (you know they were unified in the end of the 19th century) didn’t have
colonies and they were poor after the First World War. There a new type of party got the power and
they promised a way out of the crisis. They were the Fascists. They started to strengthen the army
and prepared to the war.

margin árfolyam különbözet collateral biztosíték to plummet elmélyül

rickety rozoga tremor remegés flimsy gyenge
edifice épület rumbling dörgés to trigger beindít
suicide öngyilkosság employee alkalmazott unemployed munkanélküli
salary fizetés to collapse-d összedőlni to decrease-d csökkenni
surplus felesleg

32
Answer the questions:

What kind of buildings are there in Wall Street?

Why did a period of prosperity follow the end of World War I in America?

Why did Americans place money in the stock market?

What does it mean: ”you have debt”?

What does it mean: “The rollercoaster ride continued in the market.”?

What happened on Black Thursday?

Why did a lot of people commit suicide?

Why did the owners of the factories send away their employees?

Why couldn’t people buy things although the shops were full of goods?

What happened with the milk and grain?

Why didn’t the farmers give their milk and grain to the poor, hungry people?

Why could the USA stop the crisis?

How could Britain and France stop the crises?

Germany and Italy didn’t have colonies and they were poor after the First World War. What
happened there after the crisis?

33
 Unit 16
The Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) broke out when the Spanish army in Morocco when a few of
the most influent generals of the Spanish Army, led by General Francisco Franco, rose up against the
democratically elected Republican government, presided over by Manuel Azaña.
Allegiances were not always clear-cut during this conflict. Essentially, the Left side was supported
by workers, peasants and trade unions, but also the Spanish government, Socialists, Communists and
Anarchists. The Right was supported by rebellious factions of the army, industry, landowners, the
middle classes and the Catholic Church. For various and somewhat contradictory reasons, the Left
received the support of the Soviet Union and European democracies, while the Right were armed
and equipped by the Fascist governments of Germany and Italy.
The Spanish Civil War was both fierce and bloody. Although the resources of the two sides were
equal, the Right were better organized and received extensive material aid from Germany. The Left
received very little assistance from the Soviet Union and, moreover, were divided by internal
conflicts between Communist, Socialist and Anarchist factions.
While European and North American volunteers fought for the Republic in the framework of the
International Brigades, and a number of foreign artists and intellectuals supported the Left cause,
including Ernest Hemingway (who was working as a reporter and photographer), the Nationalists
were finally triumphant.
General Franco's victory marked the beginning of a forty-year dictatorship in Spain (1939-1975).
In the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War, Hitler sought Franco's support for his own military
campaign. The Spanish Civil War had been a training field for the Second World War.
Under the Franco regime Spain suffered international isolation. In 1955 the country was accepted as
a member of the United Nations, and in 1970 General Franco named prince Juan Carlos his successor
as the future king of Spain, thereby re-establishing the monarchy. Upon the dictator's death in 1975
King Juan Carlos I was crowned and the country set out on the long journey back to full democracy in
Spain.

Influent befolyásos allegiance hűség to comprise-d tartalmazni

peasant paraszt trade union szakszervezet to support-ed támogatni
contradictionary ellentmondásos resource forrás equal egyenlő
intellectual értelmiségi volunteer önkéntes triumphant győztes
to suffer-ed szenvedni regime rendszer isolation elszigetelés
to accept-ed elfogadni successor utód re-establish-ed visszaállítani

34
Answer the questions:

Why did the leaders of the Spanish army rise up?

Who was Francisco Franco?

Who was Manuel Azaña?

Why did the civil war break out?

When?

Who supported Franco?(country, people)

Who supported Azaña?(country, people)

What adjectives would you use to describe this war?

What did Hemingway do in Spain?

Which side won?

What did Hitler try out In Spain?

What does “international isolation” mean?

Who did Franco name as his follower?

35
 Unit 17
Why did World War II Start?

Since 1933, Germany had been ruled by Adolf Hitler and his political party, the Nazis. They
wanted to take revenge for Germany’s defeat in the Great War by expanding Germany’s empire. And
they wanted to come over the economical crisis by producing weapons and organising a big army. In
1938, the Nazis invaded Austria and Czechoslovakia.
In 1939 the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact was secretly concluded. It meant that Germany
claimed the western part of Poland and The Soviet Union claimed its eastern part.
Germany created pretence to start the war. In Gleiwitz, at the boarder of Poland there was a radio
station. They took some prisoners wearing Polish uniform and killed them there. At 3 am the German
radio announced that Poland invaded Germany. There wasn’t a living soul in the world who believed
this fact because the Polish army was very weak and the German army was very strong, but on 1st
September 1939, over a million Nazi troops invaded Poland.
The UK and France had promised to help the Poles so they gave Hitler an ultimatum by
threatening war if his troops did not withdraw by 3rd September. Hitler ignored this threat and so
war was declared. Two week later the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the East.
Most families in the UK heard the news on the radio, announced by the Prime Minister, Neville
Chamberlain at 11:15am. He told them, “This country is at war with Germany”. In England lots of
posters were printed with slogans about the war and how to behave. One of them was: ”Keep calm
and carry on!” But more than 1 million copies of this special poster were forgotten in a store and
they were found after 2000. That is why you can see this slogan nowadays .
World War II was fought between two major alliances (groups of countries), which at the start of
the war were:
the Axis Powers, including: Germany, Italy and Japan
the Allies, including: France, the UK and some of its Commonwealth and China
After Poland the Germans quickly invaded Denmark and Norway (April 1940), Luxemburg, the
Netherlands and Belgium (both in May) and then conquered half of France by June. The Allies tried
to disrupt them but failed. Chamberlain was replaced by Winston Churchill as Prime Minister of the
United Kingdom in May 1940 because the British were unhappy with his work.
After the invasion of France Hitler started the Sealion Operation. It was against Britain, and the
Bombing of England started but the country didn’t surrender.
In June 1941, The Soviet Union joined the Allies, after Germany attacked it.
On 11December 1941, four days after Japan carried out a huge attack on the American naval
base at Pearl Harbour in Hawaii, the United States also joined the Allies. The war had become global.
Some countries did not join the war but stayed neutral. They included: Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and Ireland.
In Britain in 1939 National Services Act forced all males between 18 and 41 who weren't working
in a reserved occupation (e.g. dock workers, bakers, scientists, railway workers and utility workers –
water, gas, electricity) were called up to do National Service and fight for their country.

revenge megbosszulni to conclude-d megkötni pretence ürügy

to announce-d kihirdetni to claim-ed igényelni to threaten-ed fenyegetni
slogan jelmondat alliance szövetség axis tengely
to disrupt-ed megakadályozni blitz bombázás to surrender-ed feladni
harbour kikötő neutral semleges occupation foglalkozás
utility közhasznú

36
Answer the questions:

When did Hitler come to power in Germany?

Which countries were invaded without weapons?

What did Molotov and Ribbentrop agree about?

Why did everybody know that the action in Gleiwitz was only pretence?

When did the Second World War break out?

Why do you think Hitler ignored the threat of Britain and France?

Who was the Prime Minister of Great Britain during the Second World War?

Which countries were in Axis Powers?

Which countries were in Allies at first?

Which country joined the Allies?

Why?

Which countries were invaded by Hitler in 1940?

Where did Japan attack the USA?

Name the neutral states:

How old men had to join the army in Britain?

Why didn’t dock workers, bakers, scientists, railway workers and utility workers have to join the
army?

37
 Unit 18
Sir Winston Churchill

Fill the gaps with the given words:

member, nanny, officer, people, educated, cold, childhood, back, energised, allow, leaders, only,
rebellious, called,

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British
politician who was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from
1951 to 1955. He was one of the greatest wartime ..................of the 20th century, Churchill was also
an ......................in the British Army, a historian, a writer, and an artist. He is the ..................British
Prime Minister to have won the Nobel Prize in Literature, and was the first person to be made an
honorary citizen of the United States.
In his ......................he lived in Dublin, where a governess tried teaching him reading, writing, and
arithmetic (his first reading book was .........................'Reading Without Tears'). With limited contact
with his parents, Churchill became very close to his...................... She served as his confidante, nurse,
and mother substitute.
Independent and .....................by nature, Churchill had a poor academic record in school, for which
he was punished. He was ................................at three independent schools.
Churchill was rarely visited by his mother, and wrote letters begging her either to come to the school
or to ......................him to come home. His relationship with his father was very...........; he once
remarked that they barely spoke to one another.
After the outbreak of the Second World War on 3 September 1939, the day Britain declared war on
Germany, Churchill was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty and a ......................of the War Cabinet,
as he had been during the first part of the First World War. When they were informed, the Board of
the Admiralty sent a signal to the Fleet: "Winston is..........................."

The war ...........................Churchill, who was 65 years old when he became Prime Minister. An
American journalist wrote in 1941: "The responsibilities which are his now must be greater than
those carried by any other human being on Earth. One would think such a weight would have a
crushing effect upon him. Not at all. The last time I saw him, while the Battle of Britain was still
raging, he looked twenty years younger than before the war began ... His uplifted spirit is transmitted
to the .............................."
Churchill's speeches were a great inspiration to the British. His first speech as prime minister was the
famous "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears, and sweat". One historian has called its effect
on Parliament as "electrifying"; the House of Commons that had ignored him during the 1930s "was
now listening, and cheering". His other famous words was:
“... we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing
confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we
shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the
streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.”
Churchill's good relationship with United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt—between 1939 and
1945 they exchanged 1,700 letters and telegrams and met 11 times; Churchill estimated that they
had 120 days of close personal contact. America helped with food, oil and munitions via the North
Atlantic shipping routes. It was for this reason that Churchill was relieved when Roosevelt was re-
elected in 1940. Upon re-election, Roosevelt immediately set about implementing a new method of
providing military hardware and shipping to Britain without the need for monetary payment. Put

38
simply, Roosevelt persuaded Congress that repayment for this immensely costly service would take
the form of defending the US;
Although Churchill's role in the Second World War had generated much support for him amongst the
British population, he was defeated in the 1945 election. Many reasons for this have been given, key
among them being that a desire for post-war reform was widespread amongst the population and
that the man who had led Britain in war was not seen as the man to lead the nation in peace.

member tag nanny dajka rebellious lázadó

literature irodalom honorary citizen díszpolgár governess nevelőnő
confidante bizalmas substitute pótlék to beg-ged könyörögni
to be appointed kinevezni responsibility felelősség toil küszködés
sweat izzadtság confidence magabiztosság to estimate-d megsaccolni

Answer the questions:

What kind of speeches did he have?

What could he offer for the British?

Why did the House of Commons ignore him in the 1930s?

Why were his speeches very simple?

What kind of relationship was between Churchill and Roosevelt?

How many times did they have a conference?

Why did the USA give a lot of goods without payment to the UK?

Why wasn’t he elected again in 1945 although he won the II. World War for the British?

39
 Unit 19
The Dunkirk evacuation

The Dunkirk evacuation, known as the Miracle of Dunkirk, was the evacuation of Allied soldiers
from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, France, between 27 May and 4 June 1940. The operation
became necessary when large numbers of British, French, and Belgian troops were cut off and
surrounded by the German army during the Battle of France in World War II.
After the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, the British
Expeditionary Force was sent to aid in the defence of France. Germany invaded Belgium and the
Netherlands on 10 May 1940, and attacked France through the Ardennes and rapidly drove to the
English Channel. By 21 May, the German forces had trapped the British, the remains of the Belgian
forces, and three French armies in an area along the northern coast of France. Commander, General
John Vereker immediately saw that evacuation across the Channel was the best course of action, and
began planning a withdrawal to Dunkirk, the closest location with good port facilities.
On the first day of the evacuation, only 7,669 men were evacuated, but by the ninth day a total
of 338,226 soldiers had been rescued by a fleet of over 800 boats. Many of the troops were able to
embark from the harbour's protective mole onto 39 British destroyers and other large ships, while
others had to wade out from the beaches, waiting for hours in the shoulder-deep water. Some were
ferried from the beaches to the larger ships by the famous little ships of Dunkirk, a flotilla of
hundreds of merchant marine boats, fishing boats, pleasure craft, and lifeboats called into service for
the emergency.
The British lost 68,000 soldiers during the French campaign and had to abandon nearly all of
their tanks, vehicles, and other equipment. In his speech to the House of Commons Churchill
reminded the country that "we must be very careful not to assign to this deliverance the attributes of
a victory. Wars are not won by evacuations." The events at Dunkirk remain a prominent folk memory
in the United Kingdom.

Allied szövetséges harbour kikötő to surround-ed megadni magát

facility felszereltség to embark-ed behajózni mole bucka
to abandon-ed elhagyni to assign-ed meghatározni deliverance megszabadulás
attribute jellegzetesség prominent kiemelkedő

Answer the questions:

Who was evacuated from Dunkirk?

What kind of soldiers were carried to England?

Why was it necessary to transport them?

When was Poland invaded?

What kind of geographical phenomenon are the Ardennes?

Where were the British troops trapped?

Why did General John Vereker chose Dunkirk to collect his troops?

What happened on the first day of evacuation?

40
How many soldiers were saved?

Where did they have to wait?

How could the soldiers get on the destroyers?

What were the famous little ships of Dunkirk?

What happened with the tanks, vehicles and other equipment?

Name as many kind of ships as you can:

Imagine that you are an English soldier on the shore of the English Channel. You have been waiting
for a transport for 5 days:

41
 Unit 20
The Blitz

The Blitz (from German, "lightning") is the word used in English to describe the period of strategic
bombing of the United Kingdom by Nazi Germany during the Second World War.
Between 7 September 1940 and 21 May 1941 there were major air raids (attacks in which more than
100 tonnes of high explosives were dropped) on 16 British cities. Over a period of 267 days, London
was attacked 71 times, Birmingham, Liverpool and Plymouth eight times.
The bombing did not achieve its intended goals of demoralising the British into surrender or
significantly damaging their war economy. The eight months of bombing never seriously hampered
British production, and the war industries continued to operate and expand. The Blitz did not
facilitate Operation Sea Lion, the planned German invasion of Britain. By May 1941 the threat of an
invasion of Britain had passed, and Hitler's attention had turned to Operation Barbarossa in the East.
In comparison to the Allied bombing campaign against Germany, the Blitz resulted in relatively few
casualties; the British bombing of Hamburg in July 1943 alone inflicted about 42,000 civilian
casualties, about the same as the entire Blitz.
Luftwaffe attacked RAF (Royal Air Force) to gain air superiority as a prelude to invasion. This
involved the bombing of English Channel convoys, ports, and RAF airfields and supporting industries.
Destroying RAF Fighter Command would allow the Germans to gain control of the skies over the
invasion area.
The Luftwaffe's poor intelligence meant that their aircraft were not always able to locate their
targets, and attacks on factories and airfields failed to achieve the desired results. The most
important existing communal shelters were the London Underground stations.
The WVS (Women's Voluntary Services for Civil Defence) was set up in the event of air raids. They
organised the evacuation of children, established centres for those displaced by bombing, and
operated canteens.

air raid légitámadás to surrender-ed megadni magát significantly jelentősen

to hamper-ed akadályoz to facilitate elősegít casualty áldozat
to inflict-ed okoz prelude előzmény to gain-ed elér
intelligence hírszerzés communal shelters óvóhely voluntary önkéntes

Answer the questions:

What does Blitz mean?

How many month was it continued?

What does the expression “air raid” mean?

Name the highly suffered cities!

Why did the Germans bomb these cities?

What was the aim of the bombing?

What was the Operation Sea Lion?

Why could the Allied bombing campaign against Germany be harder than the Blitz?

42
Why could not the Luftwaffe locate their targets?

Where were the most effective communal shelters?

Why was the WVS set up?

Imagine that you are at home with your family when you hear the sound of the sirens and the
engines of the German Stukas. You have to run to the shelter. Report about this event:

43
 Unit 21
Operation Barbarossa

In Mein Kampf and in numerous speeches Adolf Hitler claimed that the German population
needed more living space. Hitler's Lebensraum policy was mainly directed at the Soviet Union. He
was especially interested in the Ukraine where he planned to develop a German colony. The system
would be based on the British occupation of India: "What India was for England the territories of
Russia will be for us..”
When Hitler lost interest in the Battle of Britain, because the British didn’t surrender, he turned
to East and focussed on his desired attack on the Sovjet Union.
On 22 June, 1941, Nazi Germany and its Axis allies began a massive invasion of the Soviet Union
named Operation Barbarossa. It was the largest military attack of World War Two.
Hitler had long had his eye on Soviet resources. Although Germany had signed a non-aggression pact
with Stalin Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact) in 1939, both sides remained suspicious of one another. Even
so, the Soviets were unprepared for the sudden “blitzkrieg” attacks across a border that was nearly
3000 km long, and they suffered horrible losses.
The German forces, made up of three million men and 3,400 tanks, advanced in three groups.
The north group headed for Leningrad, the centre group for Moscow and the southern forces into
the Ukraine, to Baku for fossil fuel. Within a single week, German forces advanced 350 km into Soviet
territory, destroyed nearly 4,000 aircraft, and killed, captured, or wounded some 600,000 Red Army
soldiers. By December of 1941, German troops were within sight of Moscow, and they laid siege to
the city. They wanted to celebrate Christmas there but, when the notorious Russian winter
(nicknamed "General Winter") set in, German advances stopped. In the very cold weather the precise
German tanks and weapons froze, went wrong, but the Russians could use their not so good, loose
equipment. It was one of the largest, deadliest military operations in history. By the end of winter
Germany had suffered some 775,000 casualties. Despite massive advances, Hitler's plan to conquer
the Soviet Union before winter had failed, at great cost, and that failure was one of the turning
points in the war.

numerous számos to claim-ed kinyilvánította precise precíz

occupation megszállás to surrender-ed megadni magát operation hadművelet
resource nyersanyag forrás although bár to remain-ed maradni
border határ to suffer-ed szenvedni siege ostrom
casualty áldozat

44
 Unit 22
Pearl Harbour

You may have seen the Hollywood movie starring Ben Affleck and Josh Harnett in 2001 about
Pearl Harbour, but how much do you actually know about this important moment in American
history?
At first, Japan thought they would be able to take oil and resources from other Asian countries
but that soon proved to be too big a task. They knew that the United States had set up a naval base
in Hawaii to monitor the war activity in the Pacific Ocean, which made any further invasions difficult
for Japan. This is the reason they launched the attack on Pearl Harbour. For months before the
bombing, Japanese troops worked on a very secretive plan to take out the naval base at Pearl
Harbour. Finally, on 7th December , in 1941, approximately 181 fighter planes flew over Oahu and
began their attack.
The attack on Pearl Harbour was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese
Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, in the morning at 7:48. The
attack led to the United States' entry into World War II. The attack was intended as a preventive
action in order to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from interfering with military actions the Empire of
Japan.
The attack was in before the morning assembly. The two young soldiers in front of the radar
located the forthcoming aeroplanes, and they reported them to their superior, but everybody
thought that the planes were Americans carrying supply. Nobody took it seriously.
The base was attacked by 353 Japanese fighters, bombers and torpedo planes in two waves,
launched from six aircraft carriers. All eight U.S. Navy battleships were damaged, with four being
sunk. All but one were later raised, and six of the eight battleships returned to service and fought in
the war. The Japanese also sank or damaged three cruisers, three destroyers, an anti-aircraft training
ship, and one minelayer. 188 U.S. aircraft were destroyed; 2,402 Americans were killed and 1,282
wounded.
Important base installations such as the power station, shipyard, maintenance (karbantartó
egység), and fuel and torpedo storage facilities, as well as the submarine piers and headquarters
building (also home of the intelligence section) were not attacked. Japanese losses were light: 29
aircraft and five submarines lost, and 65 servicemen killed or wounded. One Japanese sailor was
captured.
The attack came as a shock to the American people. President Roosevelt said: “the day that will
live in infamy,” The attack led directly to the American entry into World War II in both the Pacific and
European theatres. The following day (8th December), the United States declared war on Japan.
After the attack, several journalists, authors, and retired military personnel argued that parties high
in the U.S. and British governments knew of the attack in advance and may have let it happen (or
even encouraged it) with the aim of bringing America into war. However, this Pearl Harbour advance-
knowledge conspiracy theory is rejected by most mainstream historians.
Due to the fact that the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit
warning, the attack on Pearl Harbour was judged to be a Japanese war crime.
After the bombing of Pearl Harbour, the American government ordered all people of Japanese
ancestry to leave the west coast of the United States. If they did not have anywhere to go, they were
sent to Internment Camps where they were forced to live until the war was over.

to launch-ed elindítani approximately körülbelül to prevent-ed megelőzni

cruiser cirkáló minelayer aknafektető headquarter főhadiszállás
theatre hadszíntér to encourage-d bátorítani to reject-ed elvetni
explicit határozott ancestry leszármazás infamy becstelenség

45
Answer the questions:

Who played the main role in the famous film about Pearl Harbour?

Where did the Japanese want to get resources for their industry?

Why did the United States set up a naval base in Hawaii?

When did the Japanese attack?

Why didn’t anybody take the image on the radar screen seriously?

How many sunk battleships were restored?

How many Japanese soldiers got into prison that day?

What happened after the attack?

What happened with the Japanese people living in the USA?

Imagine that you are a Pearl Harbour survivor. Write your memoir about this event. (150 words)

46
 Unit 23
Monty and North Africa

Bernard Law Montgomery was born in London in November 1887. In 1907 he entered the Royal
Military College at Sandhurst. In the First World War he was shot twice, once in the chest and once
in the knee. After recovering he returned to the western Front in France.
At the beginning of the Second World War he commanded the South Eastern Army (covering
Kent, Surrey and Sussex). It was here that Montgomery earned his reputation for 'training, training
and more training' and he raised the morale of the British Army expecting invasion after being
repelled (visszaszorít) at Dunkirk. His clear thinking, organisational skills and new ideas were noted
and on the 10th August 1942 Montgomery embarked (behajóz) for North Africa and took command
of the Eighth Army. In North Africa Montgomery did the same as in the South East of England. Among
his immediate changes were the bringing together of the RAF and the Eighth Army headquarters
which were several miles apart when he arrived. This symbolised Montgomery`s dedication to the
use of combined arms in war. Training was high on Montgomery`s priorities. The Eighth Army was
extremely demoralised by the fact that it had retreated hundreds of miles across the Desert and was
now expecting an attack from a superior Army equipped with very good weapons and commanded
by Erwin Rommel whose reputation as the 'Desert Fox' was formidable (félelmetes). Montgomery
raised morale with lots of training and raised confidence and competence of his soldiers.
During the Second World War, the North African Campaign took place in North Africa from 10
June 1940 to 13 May 1943. The campaign was fought between the Allies and Axis powers, because
lots of countries had colonial interests in Africa dating from the late 19th century. At El Alamein was
the most important battle in North Africa. Montgomery played a tactical battle that suited him
perfectly. Rommel faced with a chronic shortage of fuel and supplies and a far numerically superior
Eighth Army as well. He wasn’t able to stop the full power of Montgomery`s Army.
After victory by the Allies in the North African Campaign, the stage was set for the Italian Campaign
to begin. The invasion of Sicily followed two months later.

Where did Montgomery get his military education?

What kind of injuries did he survive?

When did he got them?

What was his most important priority to organize a strong army?

Why is important to combine arms in a war?

What was the nickname of the German commander?

Why did the English soldiers were afraid of the German army in North Africa?

How long did it last the North African campaign?

Why was this territory important for both sides?

What problems did the Germans have?

Where was the II. World War continued after the victory in North Africa?

47
 Unit 24
D-Day: The Invasion of Normandy

targets, Europe ,called, affect, behind, Canada, successful, equipment, water, of, wave, order,
planned, strategic, stage , huge, where, knew, parachutes, Resistance,

The overall military operation was .................... “Operation Overlord”. The actual landings at
Normandy were called “Operation Neptune”.

On June 6, 1944 the Allied Forces of Britain, America, .................., and France attacked German
forces on the coast of Normandy, France. With a .....................force of over 150,000 soldiers, the
Allies attacked and gained a victory that became the turning point for World War II
in...................................
To prepare for the invasion, the Allies amassed (felhalmoz) troops and ........................... in
Britain. They also increased the number of air strikes and bombings in German territory. Right before
the invasion, over 1000 bombers a day were hitting German................................ They bombed
railroads, bridges, airfields, and other ............................places in order to hinder (akadályoz) the
German army.
The Germans ........................that an invasion was coming. They could tell by all the forces that
were gathering in Britain as well as by the additional air strikes. What they didn’t know was
...................................the Allies would strike. In order to confuse the Germans, the Allies tried to
make it look like they were going to attack north of Normandy at Calais.
Although the D-Day invasion had been ............................for months, it was almost cancelled due
to bad weather. General Eisenhower finally agreed to attack despite the overcast skies. Although the
weather did have some ...............................on the Allies ability to attack, it also caused the Germans
to think that no attack was coming. They were less prepared as a result.
The first .........................of the attack began with the paratroopers. These were men who jumped out
of planes using........................................ They jumped at night in the pitch dark and
landed.................................... enemy lines. Their job was to destroy key targets and capture bridges
in order for the main invasion force to land on the beach. Thousands of dummies were also dropped
in ....................................to confuse the enemy.
In the next .............................of the battle thousands of planes dropped bombs on German
defences. Soon after, warships began to bomb the beaches from the......................... While the
bombing was going on, underground members of the French .................................... sabotaged the
Germans by cutting telephone lines and destroying railroads.
Soon the main invasion force of over 6,000 ships carrying soldiers, weapons, tanks, and equipment
approached the beaches......................... Normandy.
American troops landed at Omaha and Utah beaches. The Utah landing was ............................., but
the fighting at Omaha beach was fierce. Many US soldiers lost their lives at Omaha, but they were
finally able to take the beach.
By the end of D-Day over 150,000 soldiers had landed in Normandy. They pushed their way
inland allowing more troops to land over the next several days. By June 17th over half a million Allied
soldiers had arrived and they began to push the Germans out of France and back to Germany. They
didn’t stop till Berlin.

48
Answer the questions:

What is called the “D-Day”?

Where did the Allied Forces attack?

Why was it surprising for the Germans?

Right before the invasion how many aeroplanes a day were hitting German targets?

What were the main targets?

Why was the weather an important factor of the invasion?

Who are the paratroopers?

Why were thousands of dummies dropped?

What did the members of the French Resistance do?

What happened at Omaha and Utah beaches?

Which was successful?

49
 Unit 25
The Holocaust

breeding, included, leader, starvation, available, terrible, blamed, laws, was, businesses,
murdered, do, superiority, sharing, innocent, Jews, attacks, forced, fenced, over,

The Holocaust is one of the most ........................events in human history. It occurred during World
War II when Hitler was ....................of Germany. Six million Jewish people were
................................by the Nazis. This included as many as 1 million Jewish children. Millions of other
people that Hitler didn't like were killed as well. This ..........................Polish people, Catholics, Gipsies,
communists, homosexuals and handicapped people. It is thought that the Nazis murdered as many as
17 million ................................people.
Hitler hated Jewish people and ................................them for Germany losing World War I. He
considered Jewish people to be less than human. Hitler also believed in the ...........................of the
Aryan race. He wanted to use Darwinism and ...............................to create a race of perfect people.
Hitler wrote in his book Mein Kampf that when he became ruler he would rid Germany of all
the........................... Not many people believed he would really ...................this, but as soon as he
became Chancellor he started his work against the Jews. He made ..............................that said Jews
had no rights. Then he organized ...............................on Jewish businesses and homes. On 9
November, 1938 many Jewish homes and ...............................were burnt down or vandalized. This
night ................................called the Kristallnacht or "Night of Broken Glass".
During World War II when the Nazis took ......................a city in Europe they forced all of the Jewish
people into one area of town. This area was called a ghetto and was ............................ with barbed
wire and guarded. There was little food, water, or medicine.................................. It was also very
crowded with multiple families sometimes ..................................a single room to live in.
All Jewish people were eventually to be brought to concentration camps. They were told they were
relocating to a new and better place, but this was not the case. Concentration camps were like prison
camps. People were ............................to do hard labour. The weak were quickly killed or died
of.................................... Some camps even had gas chambers. People would be led into the
chambers in large groups only to be killed with poison gas.
Many Jewish people hid from the Nazis during World War II. They were hid by non-Jewish families.
Sometimes they pretended to be a part of the family and sometimes they hid in hidden rooms or in a
basement or attic. Some were able to escape across the border into a free country, but many hid for
years sometimes in the same room.

There are many stories of Jewish people striving to survive during the Holocaust and the heroes who
helped them.

Anne Frank's Diary - This diary tells the real life story of a young girl named Anne Frank. She and her
family hid from the Nazis for two years before they were betrayed and captured. Anne died in a
concentration camp, but her diary survived to tell her story.

Schindler's List - This movie tells the story of Oskar Schindler, a German businessman who managed
to save the lives of over one thousand Jewish people who worked in his factories.

50
Answer the questions:

What does Holocaust mean?

How many innocent people were killed by the Nacis?

Why did Hitler blame the Jewish people?

What did Hitler also believe in?

What was the title of Hitler’s book where he wrote his ideas?

What happened at "Night of Broken Glass"?

What is a ghetto?

Where was a ghetto in Budapest in the Second World War?

What did people have to do in Concentration camps?

Where were the Hungarian Jews taken?

How were people killed in gas chambers?

How did non –Jewish people save life of the Jewish?

Why is Anna Frank famous for?

What is the film Schindler's List about?

51
 Unit 26
The Atomic Bomb

theories, yet, set, ironically, nicknamed, frightened, leaders, refused, dropped, research,
equivalent, would, surrendered, President, atom, added, announced, funding, real, exploded,
slow, figured, itself,

At the start of World War II in 1939 the atomic bomb had not .....................been invented. However,
scientists discovered about that time that a powerful explosion might be possible by splitting an
..........................
Albert Einstein came up with many of the ..................................that helped scientists in making the
atomic bomb. When he realized that such a bomb could be made, he was ..................................about
what might happen if Hitler and Germany learned how to make the bomb first. He wrote a letter to
US ................................Franklin Roosevelt telling him about the atom bomb. As a result, Roosevelt
..................up the Manhattan Project.
The Manhattan Project was the name for the .................................and development program for the
atomic bomb. It started small, but as the bomb became more ..........................., the United States
..................................scientists and funding to be sure they were the first to have the bomb
.............................., many of the scientists involved in making the bomb had arrived from Germany.
By the end of the project, .................................had reached $2 billion and there were around 200,000
people working on the project.
On July 16, 1945 the first atomic bomb was ....................................in the New Mexico desert. The
explosion was massive and the .........................................to 18,000 tons of TNT. Scientists
....................................that the temperature at the centre of the explosion was three times hotter
than at the centre of the sun.
When President Harry Truman heard of the bomb’s success he wrote “We have discovered the most
terrible bomb in the history of the world”.
By the time the first atomic bomb had been made, Germany had already ..................................and
World War II in Europe was over. Japan was defeated as well, but would not surrender. The US was
contemplating (szándékozni) an invasion of Japan. Army .....................................figured that
anywhere from 500,000 to 1 million US and Allied soldiers ...................................die in an invasion.
President Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb instead.
On August 6, 1945 an atomic bomb named Little Boy was ........................on Hiroshima, Japan. The
explosion was huge, the city was destroyed, and tens of thousands of people were killed. The bomb
was dropped by a plane named the Enola Gay which was piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbetts. The bomb
................................was over 10 feet long and weighed around 10,000 pounds. A small parachute
was on the bomb in order to ....................its drop and allow the plane time to fly away from the blast
zone.
Despite witnessing the terrible destruction of the bomb on Hiroshima, Emperor Hirohito and Japan
still ......................................to surrender. Three days later, on August 9, 1945, another atomic
bomb................................... Fat Man, was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. Again the devastation was
horrible.
Six days after the bombing of Nagasaki, Emperor Hirohito and Japan surrendered to US forces. The
Emperor .................................this on the radio. It was the first time most Japanese had heard his
voice.

Interesting Facts

 The lead scientist on the Manhattan Project was J. Robert Oppenheimer. He is often called
the "father of the atomic bomb".
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  The first bomb dropped on Hiroshima was made from uranium. The bomb dropped on
Nagasaki was made from plutonium, which was even more powerful than uranium.
 Hiroshima was chosen because it was a large port city with an army base. It also had not
been damaged much by earlier bombings. This would show just how powerful the new
weapon was.

Answer the questions:

Why was Albert Einstein afraid when he realized that an atomic bomb could be made?

What was the Manhattan Project?

How much did it cost?

How many people worked on this project?

When was the first experimental atomic bomb exploded?

Where?

How hot was the temperature at the centre of the explosion?

Why did President Truman decide to drop the atomic bomb?

Why did the USA drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima?

When did it happen?

What was called Enola Gay?

Why was a parachute put on the bomb?

Why was the second bomb dropped?

How did the Japanese people know that the war was ended?

Who is called the "father of the atomic bomb"?

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 Unit 227
Women of World War 2

patriotic, systems, including, forces, campaign, role, keep, missions, combat, brave, munitions, character,
licenses, hospitals, mail, there, vehicles, previously, WASPs, cargo,

Women played an important .......................in World War II. Although they did not enter ............................as
soldiers, many women helped by serving in the armed....................... They also helped to ....................the
country together at the home front. Women worked in factories producing ships, tanks, .......................and
other much needed products for the war effort. Many women served in the
armed forces during the war. Some served as nurses in the Army. This could be a dangerous job as some nurses
worked in ......................that were close to the war front. They served in a variety of areas ...........................field
hospitals, ship hospitals, medical transport planes, and evacuation hospitals. Many soldier's lives were saved by
these ............................nurses.
Women served in non-combat areas such as mechanics repairing.........................., army post offices
sorting....................., and working in communications and warning..........................
Women also served as pilots as Women's Air Force Service Pilots or...................... These were women who
already had pilot's.......................... They flew military planes between army bases and flew
............................planes carrying supplies. This freed up men pilots for combat..................................
In order to inspire women to work in the factories, the US government came up with the "Rosie the Riveter"
(szegecselő)............................ Displayed on posters and magazines, Rosie the Riveter was a
...........................that portrayed a strong ................................woman who worked in the factories to help the
country. ..........................was even a popular song called "Rosie the Riveter". The campaign was successful as
hundreds of thousands of women entered the work force taking on jobs that had been ..........................done by
men.

Eleanor Roosevelt - The First Lady and wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Eleanor was a strong supporter
of the troops and for civil rights. She opposed the internment camps of the Japanese Americans and was active
in boosting moral on the US home front.

Queen Elizabeth – The family of Queen Elisabeth II. was a symbol of unity for the British against Hitler. They
were a great source of moral for the troops.

Tokyo Rose - This was the name given to the Japanese women who voiced radio propaganda to the US Troops
fighting Japan. They tried to demoralize the troops by continuously telling them that they could not win the
war.

Eva Braun - Eva was Hitler's mistress. She married him at the end of the war, right before they committed
suicide together.

Sophie Scholl - Sophie was a German woman who actively opposed the Nazis and the Third Reich. She was
arrested for protesting the war and later executed. She is considered a great hero giving her life to try and stop
the Nazis.

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Történelem 7. Horváth Péter Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó 2008.
Történelem 8. Horváth Péter Nemzeti Tankönyvkiadó 2009.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/
http://www.kidspast.com/
http://www.ducksters.com/history/
http://primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/history/

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